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We are talking about a kind of “embodiment” of the image of a Ukrainian classic in modern media text. We are considering examples of contemporary popular media culture, transforming the image of Taras Shevchenko. Advertising is one of the genres of modern mass culture that actively reformats literature, including and Shevchenko’s canon. For the most part, Shevchenko’s image is embodied in the so-called social advertising. Its purpose and objective is to proclaim and strengthen moral, ethical, aesthetic values of the Ukrainian people through the image of Kobzar. It is symptomatic that the next input of Taras Shevchenko’s image in the socio-political context takes place at the time of the Orange Revolution and during Euromaidan. This update is based primarily on harmony of Kobzar’s value orientations with those of modern Ukrainian society: fellowship, freedom, patriotism – these are the key programs upon which the dialogue of generations is build. The image of the classic is embodied in various forms of popular media culture, actualizing a kind of dialogue with the classic via language of the recipient. The embodiment of Taras Shevchenko’s image in the new art forms actively takes place in urban literary topos. A new form of modern pop art, which is called for embodying the image of the classic, is the so-called digital painting. A whole block of modern media texts is being created under the laws of the postmodern game with program irony, parody and pastiche. Another kind of transfer of classical paradigm through the media language is the creation of literary works based on original literary works (fanfic). Members of Taras Shevchenko’s fandom diversely reassess Kobzar’s image as a personality. The examples considered here motivate the modern receptive “Shevchenko’s portrait”. Numerous examples of popular literature through the game, intertextual and intermedial techniques, parody and others involved in the creation of a new myth. This myth can be called „Our Shevchenko”, it becomes a sign and evidence of continuous dialogue between classics and the present.
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The given article treats the creative work of two emigrant poets Yevhen Malaniuk (Ukrainian diaspora) and Boris Poplavsky (Russian diaspora). The study concerns the transformation of biographical experience in a trope. “Emigrant's state” of both poets acts as an internal factor of their selfidentification. The ontological potential of texts is read in the context of the theme, the status of “exile” (the new scientific paradigm, which defines the situation related to expatriation). Exile generates a specific form of culture, since emigration certainly makes the writer marginal against the new (Another), not yet accepted (or not accepted at all) culture. We need to understand how a creative personality reacts to such changes and how adaptation / not adaptation to the “new life” influences on the creative work. The impossibility of fit into the new world guides the artist to his own inner space. A comparison of two, supposedly completely different poets, as B. Poplavsky and Y. Malaniuk is not paradoxical, considering the commonality of the key moments in the biographies of both former compatriots and in fact peers: it is a saving escape from the Bolshevik reality and implicitation in another society. There is every reason to consider it as common denominator of the typology of exile in general. The artists draw closer together typologically by devotion to their own national culture, their poetic purpose, the coherence of their common theme of exile, the imitation of the modernist tradition of new poetic writing, which indicates a comparative analysis of their heritage. Exile gives not only the theme but also distorts the worldview of the artist trying his existence. The influence of logic of the marginal consciousness of an exile poet on the trope lyrics system is also analysed. The theme of “paradise lost” is read from a special existential viewpoint.
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The choice of a problem for the present research is related to the topicality of investigating the issues of semantic peculiarities and relatedness of speech verbs in Latvian linguistics. Such research was initiated in the 1980s by the linguist I. Freimane who addressed the importance of making a comprehensive study of speech verbs.The significant organizing function of verb in the semantic structure of a sentence and the system of language is generally agreed upon. It is often emphasized in linguistics that the semantic structure of verb is characterized by receptivity, broadness, and flexibility that determine the syntactical potencies of verb. The notion of the meaning of verb is inseparable from its ability to connect to other words, besides words with similar or equal semantics share both common semantic features and typical connection and functionality.Contemporary linguistics demonstrates particular interest in the issues of verb valence for several reasons. On the one hand, it is related to the formation of lexicalized grammar and complex dictionaries reflecting the valent features of words; on the other, it is grounded by the elaboration of software tools for automatic language analysis and information acquisition. Special attention is attributed to research that analyses the verb valence in text. In this case, peculiarities of verb valence are located not intuitively and by generalization, but on the basis of concrete usage examples that clearly indicate the determining factors of word valence.The excerpted Russian-Latvian parallels show that usually in the regarded texts (A. Chekhov’s stories and their translations into Latvian) speech verb is modified by a single adverb; sporadically speech verbs are related to several adverbs. The produced analysis reveals that the relatedness of speech verbs to an adverb skaļi (‘loudly’) is represented in a more numerous way, that clearly bring out loudness as a pragmatically essential feature of speech. Semantically adverbs mainly characterize speech verbs with a generalized meaning, thus attributing to the narrative not only notional concreteness but also emotionally expressive connotations.
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Two Common Verbs with Uncommon Meanings in the Old Bulgarian “Zlatostruy“ The article discusses two rare uses of the verbs žiti + instr. (‘to live’, here – ‘to use’) and tǫžiti (‘to be sad’, here – ‘to demand back’) in the long version of the Old Bulgarian Chrysorrhoas Collection (Zlatostruy). Although we cannot rule out the possibility of a scribal error, there are strong indications that these verbs had a wider range of meanings, some of which were isolated or obsolete.
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The article presents data about the patriotic actions of Bulgarians belonging to the Sudzhovs family in the village of Pretor, Prespa region, actions connected with preservation of written monuments, important for the Bulgarian history. The fact is that thanks to Macedonian Bulgarians’ patriotic work a lot of such written monuments, connected with the Bulgarian history, have been saved from destruction.
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Lutsi Estonian is a variety of South Estonian historically spoken in the pre-World War II rural parishes of Pilda, Nirza, Brigi, and Mērdzene near the city of Ludza in Latgale (eastern Latvia). Lutsi developed independently from other South Estonian dialects for at least several centuries and as a result differs in several respects from the South Estonian presently spoken in the Võru and Setu regions of Estonia and adjacent areas in Russia. Since early 2013, I have been documenting the remaining language and culture knowledge among present-day Lutsi descendants and revisiting the villages documented by Oskar Kallas in 1894 as having Estonian (Lutsi) speaking inhabitants. The goal of this research is to write a Lutsi language primer with which Lutsi descendants as well as other interested individuals can reacquaint themselves with one of the historic languages of Latgale. This article presents the Lutsi practical orthography I have designed. I begin by introducing the Lutsi people, their language, and the history of its documentation. In discussing the Lutsi language I address the particular issues involved in writing Lutsi and present Livonian as a a model for writing a Finnic language for a primarily Latvian-speaking population. I then present the current form of the Lutsi practical orthography at the end of this article.
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In theories of language inflection and word-formation are traditionally referred to grammar and lexis, respectively. However, there are some long-standing problems with this distinction. Firstly, the word-formational resources of language are a collection of very different morphological models in terms of form, semantics and function and at least some of them are quite relevant to syntax. Secondly, it has proved impossible to draw a distinct boundary between word-formation and inflection (borderline cases in Latvian include declinable participles, the diminutives of nouns, deadjectival -i adverbs, certain types of prefixal verbs, reflexive verbs). Furthermore, the general criteria normally used to substantiate the inflection–word formation distinction are either prone to exceptions or circular, i.e. depend on definition. On the other hand, regular word formation processes (such as deverbal nouns with -šan-, -um-, -tāj-, -īb- or deadjectival nouns with -īb-, -um- in Latvian) and regular inflectional processes share a number of important properties, such as regularity, high productivity, synchronic availability, which enables language users to produce word forms and regular derivatives online, by using morphological models based on systematic form–meaning correspondences between words found in language use as opposed to acquiring individual, more specific correspondences. The article attempts to place the study of regular derivatives in Latvian in a wider context, i.e. if language is viewed as a complex dynamic system shaped by communicative interactions of numerous idiolects over time, the mental aspect of language in individual speakers becomes directly relevant to the study of language structure.
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A speaker’s relationship with the idea spoken about is expressed by modality, which is treated as a grammatical and semantic category and performs the communicative pragmatic function: it shows the speaker’s attitude towards the expression; it stimulates the addressee to react; it signalises what reaction the addresser expects from the addressee, etc. Therefore, modality is also very important in advertisement texts. Secondary modality distinguishes the speaker’s attitude towards the reliability of the content of the expression. Numerous works in Lithuanian linguistics tend to distinguish categorical and problematic reliability.The present article is a discussion on lexical cases of problematic and categorical reliability expression taken from different advertisement texts.Their analysis reflects that words of categorical reliability are used more often. It is most probably related to general advertisement intentions, as the language used for advertising has the main task to persuade, disclose the benefit received from the item used, warrant that it is of good quality, etc. Cases of problematic reliability expression are not frequent in advertisement texts. This might be due to them not having such a clear meaning of certainty as in the case of words expressing categorical reliability.The most frequent items expressing categorical reliability are the particles net ‘even’ and ne ‘not’ as well as the adverb tikrai ‘really’. The negating particle ne ‘not’ is quite frequently used by employing the principle of contrast and thus making the positive sides of the advertised item or service even more prominent.Problematic reliability is most often expressed in advertisement texts by the particles ar ‘is it’, lyg ‘as if’, tarsi ‘as if’. The interrogative particle ar is aimed at catching a user’s attention; meanwhile, the particles lyg and tarsi are used in figurative comparisons (similes) aiming at getting the addressee’s attention, pointing out exceptional quality of an item, etc.The research results indicate that advertisement makers are able to skilfully use words expressing reliability in order to make advertisements interesting and attractive. It is especially prominent in advertisements of Whiskas and Carlsberg whose texts (especially slogans) have become an inseparable part of their brand names. Creation of a paradoxical situation and unexpected usage of a word marking reliability helps to get more of the addressee’s attention and memorise the advertisement as well as items promoted in advertisements of these brands.
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Lo studio viene sviluppato principalmente sulla base delle tre opere di S. Teresa di Gesù che praticamente descrivono tutta la sua esistenza e gli orizzonti della sua personalità: Vita, Cammino di perfezione e Castello interiore o Mansioni. Ne emerge che più la persona diventa mistica, più vive lo zelo per la salvezza del mondo come manifestazione del suo essere inserita più profondamente in Cristo che non ha un desiderio più grande di quello di salvare ogni uomo.
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This paper presents lexical borrowings from East Asian languages functioning in informal English, especially American English. They constitute an interesting and colorful part of informal English lexicon, both linguistically and socioculturally. The paper shows that borrowings from Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean – the languages which contributed most – represent diverse typological variants such as loanwords, loanblends and loan translations. Many of them exhibit a high degree of assimilation in English, evidenced by successful adaptation to English morphological system, seen in zero derivation, fusion with native English words, or semantic changes. The borrowings also demonstrate connections with their social context, seen in such historical events as emigration waves or military conflicts which brought language contacts. It is hoped that this necessarily sketchy paper will serve as an encouragement to further studies of this interesting part of informal English lexicon.
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Norwid’s reliance on gestures, behaviours and interactions in his poetry unveils the anthropological foundations of his line of thought. These foundations enable our understanding of his working philosophy, words and letters. Interactions make part of his discourse infrastructure, as defined in behavioural research, which developed no sooner than the 1950s and the 1960 (e.g. Lorenz, Goffman, Hall, Berne or Turner). Applying these categories to analyse Norwid’s Promethidion (1850) and Rzecz o wolnosci słowa [On the freedom of the Word] (1869) as well as such other poems like Fatum or Rozebrana [Partitioned] helps us observe how humanity emerges out of amazement – that how consciousness and the experience of work undergo sublimation to turn into the word. At the advent of Christ, the Word became power, which resulted in ethical universalism and in the realization of the messianic nature of work, guiding us towards resurrection (self-transcendence). Norwid’s thought, situating the metaphysical sense within the realm of anthropology, hugely influenced the theology of John Paul II.
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The article presents two internationally orientated scientific projects. The projects, which refer to each other, are focused on language-communication behaviour of Slovak youth in the situational context of the intraethnic use of spoken Slovak in Hungary, Croatia and Serbia. It offers a general as well as a detailed view of the issue of socio-ethnic and linguistic situation of the Slovaks living in Slovakia and abroad. The structure of the contribution consists of: connections between the language, ethnic minorities and overall globalization; protection of the Slovak language used abroad; the language protection legislation; the overall view of the Slovaks representation in the world and the characterization of Slovaks in Serbia and Croatia; a brief characterization of the research projects; the importance of the complex language study.
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The article describes the Slovak language enclave and diaspora in Croatia and Serbia. It briefly describes the history of the Slovak settlement process and the recent demographic development of the Slovak minority in Croatia and Serbia. The central attention of the article focuses on the communication vectors, the language situation and linguistic characteristics of the Slovak language enclave and diaspora in these countries. Finally, the article states the basic common and different characters of the Slovak language communication in Croatia and Serbian Vojvodina.
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The text is following the pros and cons in the printed media of the Bulgarian national revival regarding the appearance of the theatre among Bulgarians. Opponents and supporters give respectively expression of fears or ambitions of the society towards European models of culture. The opposition to the theatre in fact is a nostalgia for the changing patriarch models of the community.
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The article deals with the old church Slavonic and the Bulgarian dialectal forms of the words man and truth in Raykovski damascene of XIX century. On one hand, the treatise confirms the established in science attitude, that church slavonisms are a sign of higher style and they are met consecutively in evangelical phrases and popular forms are used in daily-life situations. On the other hand, there are exceptions to this distribution, which speaks of the interdependence of these two linguistic layers. On Bulgarian soil, old church Slavonic forms have undergone certain phonetic, morphological and word formation changes.
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The article is focused on the analysis of French trench slang during the First World War and its rendition into Bulgarian, more specifically in lexicographic and fiction works. The method for analysis adopted is the one of cultural linguistics, where the emphasis is laid on semantic and functional considerations of the creation and use of French military slang. An attempt is made at reconstructing the Bulgarian military slang for the respective time period.
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