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Retoryka – wartości: sprzeczność, marzenie czy fakt?

Author(s): Jakub Z. Lichański / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The motto defines the problem I want to discuss. The problem of truth, and therefore of one of the most important values, especially in the specific "collision" with rhetoric, i.e. a variety of psychagogy, is fundamental to rhetoric. (Cf. PL., Phaed., 261 A: Is not rhetoric in its entire nature an art which leads the soul by means of words (speech) [ἡ ῥητορικὴ ἂν εἴη τέχνη ψυχαγωγία τις διὰ λόγων,]). The problem lies in understanding the key terms. Although it is fairly straightforward to understand rhetoric (Spengel 1863, 481-526; Lichański 2017), it is far more complicated with the issues of value and while reading Józef Tischner's lectures one should be fully aware of this (Tischner 2008). I accept the term platonic as working, but only in terms of understanding rhetoric. However, the question of value raises far more difficulties. First and foremost, it is dependent on the speaker system and the auditorium of the philosophical system. So can we talk about relationships of rhetoric and values? Yes, in conclusion, the author presents a solution to this apparent dilemma.

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Evil Empire. Analiza retoryczna przemówienia Ronalda Reagana z 8 marca 1983 roku

Author(s): Rafał Kuś / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the speech delivered by the U.S. President Ronald Reagan on March 8th, 1983, during the 41st Annual Convention of the National Association of Evangelicals in Orlando (Florida). The oration was one of the most famous examples of the Republican’s radical Cold War rhetoric, depicting the conflict between the superpowers as a clash of fundamental values (the USSR was called the Evil Empire). Worth notifying in the discussed speech were: skilful adjustment of the employed rhetorical and linguistic means to the expectations and needs of the audience gathered in Orlando, precise and well-hought-out composition of the oration, and virtuoso delivery of the speech by Reagan. The speech was an element of escalation of the diplomatic and military pressure by the U.S. on the Soviet Union, which according to many commentators, contributed to the final victory of the Western world in the confrontation of hostile political camps.

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Analiza wartości w orędziach inauguracyjnych Prezydentów RP

Author(s): Kacper Andrychowski / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is concerned with the values existing in presidential inaugural addresses of Lech Kaczyński, Bronisław Komorowski and Andrzej Duda. Having isolated two most important values such as freedom and community I compare the inaugural addresses with one of the rhetorical categories made by Katarzyna Kłosińska, so called ethical and pragmatic discourse. As a result of my work, I show the main characteristics of the two discourses that can be found in the inaugural addresses and the main sorts of rhetorical statements of ethical and pragmatic discourses.

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Moralność kontra gospodarka. Wartości w dyskursie regulacji urodzeń w PRL-u w latach 1956–1989

Author(s): Adam Konopka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In the chapter, the author attempts to apply the division of discourses into ethical and pragmatic, as described by Katarzyna Kłosińska (2012), to the analysis of research maerial, including press texts on birth control from 1956-1989, taking into account the transformations resulting from recontextualization of theory. The author analyzes selected texts in terms of the values assigned by Kłosińska to particular discourses, including autotelic values. On the basis of selected fragments, the author proves that the division of discourses into ethical and pragmatic finds its application also in the years preceding the time interval researched by the author of the classification.

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Pochwała władcy: Napastnik. Opowieść o Viktorze Orbánie Igora Jankego

Author(s): Mirosław Ryszkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

This article attempts to present the rhetorical analysis of a biography of the current Hungarian prime minister, written by a Polish journalist and published in 2012. All the textual dimensions (inventio, compositio and elocutio) and extratextual (communicative, contextual, and con-situational) conditions of this biographical novel point at its epideictic, panegyrical, and even “hagiographic” nature, as it directly names or indirectly shares the value system of believers of“ sovereign democracy” desperate for a charismatic and autocratic ruler, who in Janke’s biography emerges as a specific figure of “a forward”, “the ruler of Orbanistan” or “Viktator.”

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Dyskursywne konteksty wartościowania w felietonach Krzysztofa Vargi

Author(s): Magdalena Piechota / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article employs discourse-analytic tools to identify the contexts of evaluative expressions used in a magazine column by Krzysztof Varga. The author is a member of the symbolic elite, a group with access to the media space and with the consequent ability to disseminate opinions. A natural frame of reference for such opinions is the ideological stance of the medium in which they are voiced. By publishing in “Duży Format”, a supplement to the “Gazeta Wyborcza” daily, Krzysztof Varga positions his evaluative stance in the context of how this media outlet is viewed by interpretive communities, both those in favour and those against the newspaper’s editorial line. In this way, mockery, irony and scorn utilized by Varga become not only a means of expression, but first and foremost a way to attack those representing a different worldview.

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Wartość wielokulturowości w dialogu społecznym a kreacja etosu w sieci

Author(s): Anna Bendrat / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

One of the basic arguments of Onno Bouwmeester (2010, 17) regarding the use of rhetoric in the practice of giving advice is a seemingly simple statement that “giving advice requires argumentation.” However, Aristotelian deliberative rhetoric is based not so much on scientific theories as on the art of deliberation on future events, which is difficult to categorize. To achieve the goal of persuasion, deliberation requires a solid line of argumentation based primarily on human experience and less on theory. The difference between theory and experience is particularly evident on websites devoted to the issues of race and ethnicity in the United States. The analysis of selected argumentative practices as well as rhetorical tropes and figures applied by Internet users on the Race Card Project website (theracecardproject.com) proves that the effectiveness of advice on problems arising from functioning in a multicultural society is related to the type of advisor’s ethos. People responding to the stories posted on the Race Card Project website who base their ethos on experience rather than on theoretical knowledge are more likely to generate a message promoting the value of multiculturalism, which in general perception may seem more convincing in a general discussion about improving racial relations in America.

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Wartość łacińskich oracji Fabiana Birkowskiego

Author(s): Beata Gaj / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Although the concept of value in rhetoric seems to be an ambiguous one (because rhetoric itself is primarily a set of neutral means that can be used in various ways), one of the Polish baroque speakers, Fabian Birkowski, considered the greatest and even the only rhetorical value to be enthusiasm and energy of the speaker. Birkowski himself, the second Polish preacher after Piotr Skarga, did not create homogenous talks. His Polish speeches differ in structure and quality from his Latin ones. Moreover, within the latter, the speaker promotes other values in speeches in honor of the saints, other in academic speeches, and other in so-called polemical speeches. In the contemporary assessment of Birkowski’s oratory, it is worth paying attention especially to Academic Speeches; the values promoted there (features of a good humanist, student and scientist) are invariably desirable today.

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Wartości w życiu akademickim na przykładzie piśmiennictwa naukowego. Studium przypadku – łacińskie druki oficyny Schedlów

Author(s): Michał Czerenkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper presents the role of the panegyrical texts in transmitting and fixing values in the scientific circle of the 17th century. Literary axiology mostly of the preliminaries and the dedications of some Latin dissertations and scientific works is scrutinized. The analysed texts originate mainly from the Academy of Cracow and were published by the Schedels’ printing house. According to the predominant trends of those times, the early printed books contain the panegyrical dedicational letters, sometimes motivated by gratitude. The authors forge community between their addressee and the readers by recalling the mutual axiological system. Science in the 17th century did not lack moral values and the panegyrical discourse referring to them was an ordinary supplement of the scientific one.

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Co robią naukowcy i dlaczego jest to wartościowe? Prasowy obraz naukowca w perspektywie wartości

Author(s): Anna Łach / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article is dedicated to the presence of evaluative lexis in popular science texts. The material on which the research was conducted consisted of popular science texts, published in the Science section of the Polish edition of the „Newsweek” weekly in 2015. The content analysis method was used for the research. The analysis includes verbal forms that refer to actions undertaken by scientists, and circumstances describing manners of performing these activities. The results allow us to state that the press creates a positive image of an active scientist undertaking various operations, most of which concern mental activity. Evaluative vocabulary present in the analysed texts belongs to – in J. Puzynina’s terminology – the group of secondary-evaluative lexemes.

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Gatunki rywalizacyjne z perspektywy krytyki retorycznej

Author(s): Agnieszka Budzyńska-Daca / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The aim of the article is to make a critical analysis of a selected group of genres, which are referred to herein as competitive genres. Among them are the competitive debate, poetry slam and Three Minute Thesis (competition for PhD students). Criticism takes place in the area of established methodological proposal, which assumes the existence of four dimensions of the genre: communication and teleological, space-time, socio-anthropological and compositional-stylistic. At each stage of the analysis, a questionnaire for detailed questions related to problems in this area was carried out. The effect of the analysis is to develop a definition of competitive genres.

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O wartościach w zwizualizowanej informacji

Author(s): Ewa Modrzejewska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses the rhetorical aspects of visualized information that arise from computer-processed and graphically processed data. The researcher presents her original concept of visualized information typology. For these purposes the following categories are introduced: ‘data interest’ (perspective of the recipient) and ‘attitude to data’ (perspective of the sender). The framework for the further reflections is the Aristotelian concept of logos-ethos-pathos and its reinterpretations, through which various variants of effective and ineffective data visualizations are discussed. The author discusses the examples of visualized information that can be an effective argument in the public debate, and points to the source of rhetorical power of this type of communication. In the final part of the article, the turn in the perception of data, which is thoroughly rhetorical, is discussed.

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Aksjologiczny wymiar retoryki krytycznej i afirmatywnej w gatunkach prasowych

Author(s): Barbara Bogołębska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article referring to elements of rhetoric system concentrates on values present in journalistic texts. The proposed typology of genres, which by definition are affirmative or critical and occasionally critical or affirmative, complements genological classification in press studies. The article provides illustrative examples of respective forms of journalistic writing.

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Potoczność jako wartość w mowach inspirujących: perspektywa lingwistyczno-retoryczna

Author(s): Sabina Deditius / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

In this paper the common language from linguistic and rhetorical perspectives is analysed. It is positively described as a value in the contemporary public discourse with particular emphasis on the discourse of the inspirational speakers. The indicators of the common language act as the medium of humour, joke or wit. They confirm the commitment of the sender (Kowalikowa 1994). Reducing the degree of formality of the message allows the recipient to understand the described world better (Kępa-Figura 2010). What is more, it allows the sender to control the psychology of text reception to a certain extent. The common language is treated as a rhetorical strategy of building the closeness and equality of the speaker with the audience and, at the same time implements the principles of the art of speaking. The research material consists of selected speeches from the TEDconferences, whose aim is to popularize "ideas worth spreading".

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Marka (osobista) jako wartość w dyskursie marketingu

Author(s): Magdalena Smoleń-Wawrzusiszyn / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The article discusses axiological dimension of communicational practices in marketing discourse. The discourse is understood as one of the most power fuldiscourses in the postmodern era. Marketing is an ideological narrative of the global postmodernity but it might be diversified in local (national) areas. The subject of the analysis is one of the main marketing key word and notion – a brand. It is discussed both as a specialized marketing term, and a trendy word in contemporary public discourse. Because marketing as a power institution structures the minds of postmodern societies, it is worth considering its discursive practices from rhetorical approach. In the context of the issues raised in the paper, the rhetorical conception of subjectivity seems to be especially crucial. The results of the analysis lead to the conclusion that marketing indeed strongly affects contemporary societies, and its influence strategies do not correspond to humanistic-oriented model of rhetorical persuasion. The affirmation of a brand as a key value results in ethical unsafe infringement of the rhetorical principle of appropriateness.

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Między upominkiem reklamowym, manifestem a książeczką do nabożeństwa. Lokalne publikacje jubileuszowe

Author(s): Agnieszka Szurek / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

Jubilee books published by small local societies or institutions are often despised as neither artful nor meaningful amateur enterprises. However, as belonging to an epideictic genre, they can have a very important social function of building a group’s identity around certain values. This paper aims to explore what values are considered essential by local communities, how their worldview is expressed and how these declarations correspond with the performative character of jubilee books.

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Parlez-vous « l’inclusif »? La nouvelle terreur dans les lettres : le politiquement correct

Author(s): Simona Modreanu / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Politically correctness is ever more visible as a censorship form, invading a space which is usually that of a free thinking and expression: the literary fiction. Especially in the Anglo-Saxon world, the question of the cultural appropriation leaves little space for the subversive spirit of literature, which has always been one of its main characteristics. This dangerous chain of thought is trying to take over the publishers' strategy and to manipulate the authors' freedom through all sorts of committees hired to help eliminate stereotypes, bias, potentially harmful content, and false information or inaccuracy from the literary manuscripts.

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L'ironie (presque) involontaire des « élites » intellectuelles légionnaires : entre soumission politique totale et mobilisation infinie d’étudiants absentéistes

Author(s): Traian Sandu / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

The subject of irony among legionaries may seem rather decontextualized, as the exclusive political faith, the total commitment, and the murderous consequences of the fascist ideology of the legionaries predispose their intelectuals to serious martial attitudes and rectilinear assertions rather than light approaches and multiple senses supposed by irony. Nevertheless, the situation of fascist intellectuals is ironic in itself, as they have to reconcile rational analyses and partisan obedience, which leads them to sacrifice their critical role and their intellectual superiority in front of mediocre fascist leaders. Fascist intellectuals as Mircea Eliade sometimes try to use ironical detachment in order to obtain some free space for critical mind, with no success; some of them do not try at all, as Emil Cioran, with huge spiritual collapse after the 1945 defeat and enormous success of their omni-ironic Weltanschauung afterwards.

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Rachid Mimouni ou l’ironie qui met à nu tout un système politique

Author(s): Elena-Brândușa Steiciuc / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

Rachid Mimouni, one of Algeria’s most prominent writers during the last decades of the XX thcentury, had a very ironical view of the political system on his country, during the years after the Independence war against France. Like Rachid Boudredra or Nabil Farès, during the same epoch, he criticized the corruption of the ruling class and the rising Islamism. This is why the article attempts to show the ironical side of two of his best-known novels (Le Fleuvedétourné, 1982 and L’Honneur de la tribu, 1989) in which dictatorship is pointed at, both of these writings being parables which mock, in an allegoric way, the political rulers.

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Héphaïstos l’africain

Author(s): Bessem Aloui / Language(s): French Publication Year: 0

For Labou Tansi, literature is a process that takes form necessarily through laughter. Unlike the Nietzschean laughter which proposes the annihilation of all things, it is a creative laughter that calls into being the experience of reconstruction. Laughter does not only draw on the comic, but it digs into the tragic and weaves affinities with the demonic in a complicity that desacralizes the universe and establishes a joyful story of horror announcing an apocalyptic vision which haunts the fictional universe of this Congolese writer. We laugh because the violence associated with this laughter exceeds our consent. Laughing, for Labou Tansi, is a duty of / against violence. By its brilliance, it rejects the norms, meets the forbidden and wants to be excess and delirium. It is colorful, ambivalent and acts on a reader who, in front of this show of opposites, is always torn between crying and laughing.

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