Islam in Europa

Author(s): Gilles Kepel / Language(s): German Issue: 08/1994

Bis Mitte der achtziger Jahre hatten sich die Sozialwissenschaften nur mäßig für die in Westeuropa lebenden Bevölkerungsgruppen muslimischer Herkunft interessiert. Die Mitglieder dieser Gruppen wurden in die Schublade allgemeiner Kategorien gesteckt und je nach Land als »Gastarbeiter«, »immigres«, »extracommunitari« oder »blacks« bezeichnet. Jeder Staat verfügte innerhalb der eigenen Rechts- und Politikauffassung über ein ganzes Begriffsraster zur Beschreibung jener Arbeitskräfte, die mit dem Wirtschaftsaufschwung der Nachkriegszeit, also im Laufe der »dreißig fetten Jahre«, aus ihren Herkunftsländern in die Fabriken des jeweiligen Landes geströmt waren.

Das Dilemma des Pluralismus im zeitgenössischen Islam

Author(s): Fouad Zakaria / Language(s): German Issue: 08/1994

Der allgemeine Gebrauch des Wortes »Islam« im Titel dieses Beitrages ist mit Vorsicht zu genießen.1 Als religiöser Glaube läßt der Islam die unterschiedlichsten Auslegungen zu, sogar was einige seiner grundlegenden Lehrsätze betrifft. Zwar ist der Qur'an-Text, der den ersten und absoluten Ursprung aller islamischen Grundsätze darstellt, einzigartig; man könnte sogar sagen, daß der Qur'an, dieser aus einer direkten, unmittelbaren Offenbarung Gottes hervorgegangene Text, die Moslems aufgrund seiner Einmaligkeit und buchstäblichen Bedeutung viel fester an ihr heiliges Buch bindet als die Juden oder Christen an das Alte und Neue Testament. Gleichwohl kommt der religiöse Text, soll er im menschlichen Bewußtsein zur aktiven Kraft werden, nicht ohne menschliche Vermittlung aus: Das Buch will verstanden und ausgelegt sein; man muß auswählen, was wichtig ist und was nicht. Gerade aus diesem Dazwischentreten des Menschen erklärt sich die Vielfalt der Richtungen, die das islamische Denken in Theorie und Praxis zeit seines Bestehens eingeschlagen hat. Das macht es außerordentlich schwierig, wenn nicht gar unmöglich, jenen »harten Kern« herauszufinden, den man als den einen und einzigen Islam bezeichnenkönnte.

NE SMIJE SE DOGODITI DA SE VJERONAUKA U ŠKOLAMA PRETVORI U NEKU VRSTU DRUGE MEKTEPSKE NASTAVE

Author(s): Harun Harry Behr,Armina Omerika / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 63/2015

Interview with Prof. Dr. Harun Harry Behr By Prof. Dr. Armina Omerika In this interview Prof. Dr. Harun Harry Behr ,full time professor in the field of Didactics of Islamic religious pedagogy at Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main, discussing the issues of Islamic religious studies, sets the basic guidelines for defining pedagogy of Islamic religious studies and its tasks within present complex environment, burdened with internal Muslim conflicts of madhab and ethnic differences in understanding Islam in one hand, and challenges of socio-political reality in the other. Explaining the process of establishing the Islamic religious studies as a subject, but also its cultural and political role and status in Germany, professor Behr underlines its significance as a potential integrative instrument that can bring about higher level of plurality within the Islam and therefore tolerance as well.

LINGVISTIČKI ASPEKTI DOVE U KUR’ANU

Author(s): Mustafa Jahić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 63/2015

Du’a (supplication) plays a significant role in the life of a Muslim. Through Du’a man addresses the Almighty Allah with the purpose of gaining His mercy or forgiveness. Du’a is the way of asking for some worldly or material goods but also a way of witnessing Allah’s oneness. Thus we show our submissiveness in front of the Creator reflecting love for Him and emphasizing the fact that we can rely only upon His help. That is why du’a, especially of the Qur’anic expression, was, in different aspects including its linguistic dimension, often a subject of research of Islamic scholars. Considering the fact that this aspect of du’a in the Qur’an was very rarely researched in our language, with this article we aimed to analyze characteristics of the syntax of the Qur’anic expression, wherein in a form of supplication we address the Creator with purpose of gaining some benefit or His protection from evil in this world or in hereafter. Sentences of the Qur’an expressing a du’a are known as ğumal du‘ā’iyya (supplication sentences), they take form of imperative, prohibitive or interrogative7 sentences representing a kind of demanding performative sentences (ğumal inšā’iyya ṭalabiyya), and also in a form of declarative sentences (ğumal ẖabariyya) which, in that case, express the meaning of performative expression. In all these kinds of sentences the speaker is, in a metaphorical sense of imperative (amr) or prohibition (nahy), in a humble and submissive manner addressing the Creator. All these sentences, besides expressing profound meaning, represent a specific kind of stylistic expression with a variety of stylistic characteristics.

ir Kaidenin Serencamı: Hâcet Umumi Olsun Hususi Olsun Zaruret Menzilesine Tenzil Olunur

Author(s): Temel Kacır / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2016

In the fatwas given today related to whether individual or social life, the area of jawāz either has been very wide or very narrow. Those, who feature the behavior making prohibited things lawful, have nearly defined even necessity within the pragmatism on the basis of need and they keep the area in question very wide. On the other hand, those who confine the evidence of maṣlaḥa to a methodological principle, have nearly disregarded needs in solving individual and social problems. Whereas, in the fiqh, the needs have been categorized as necessary/ḍarūrī, human want/ḥājī and making beautiful/taḥsīnī, and many principles have been constructed for taking stock of them. One of the principles is the lex of “Need/al-Ḥāje, general or particular, is dealt with as to meet necessity/al-Ḍarūra.” When it is determined how this lex has come out since the first period and its conditions in the context of implementation are determined, it will be come out that necessary cannot be reduced to need. In the same way, it will be come out that the maṣlaḥa is not an evidence disconnected with life. So, in the article, we will discuss the concepts of necessary and need. Then, we will show what the conditions to be considered in implementation of this lex are, what its base is in the sharia, how it has come out since the first period, and how it has been used in actual issues of the fiqh as well as in a specific example. Thus, with this study, we purpose to contribute to the solution of the actual issues of the fiqh.

Kur’an’da Genel Anlamlı Bir Kelime: Nimet

Author(s): Davut Şahin / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2016

In this study, the term of ‘blessing’, which is a basic Qurʾānic concept, is analyzed. In this regard, the study focuses on the definition of ‘blessing’, its different meanings in the various contexts, synonyms and antonyms and its leading individuals to the dimensions of faith, worship and morality. These subject matters are studied by taking into consideration of the meanings of ‘blessing’ in the Qurʾān and commentators’ explanations about the word. The expression of the ‘blessing’ in the Qurʾān indicates that the word has an extensive and constructive meaning. The fact that having an extensive meaning demonstrates that the points the word encompasses can be determined to some extent. It is exemplified in the Qurʾān what can be regarded as ‘blessing’. Furthermore, the commentators determine various meanings to the word by considering the contexts in which the word is used. It is understood that the aim of using the word in the Qurʾān is to lead the individuals to the dimensions of the faith, worship and morality. It is possible for people to be grateful to God by making this aim more visible in their lives.

Modern Dönem Nesih Tartışmaları ve İbn Kesîr’in Neshe Yaklaşımı

Author(s): Melek Altıntaş Yılmaz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2016

Abrogation (naskh) is one of the controversial themes of Islamic studies, especially in later period that of principle of exegesis (uṣūl al-tafsīr). However, the recent studies on abrogation (naskh) do not offer a comprehensive analysis on the concept. In fact, the problem of naskh (abrogation) is in need of a systematic and holistic approach, which would only be possible with a detailed study on how the concept of abrogation (naskh) is understood in Islamic interpretive tradition (tafsīr). With this purpose in mind, this article intends to examine two points regarding the term abrogation: first, the article will offer a analytical reflection on the diverse views of naskh, and then it will highlight how Ibn Kathīr (d. 1373) understood and applied this term to his hermeneutical framework. By doing so, the present study aims to show Ibn Kathīr’s position in Islamic interpretive tradition on the matter of naskh. The key conclusion of this study is that although Ibn Kathīr is one of the representatives of the traditional riwayah (sound transmission through a chain of exegetes) exegesis, he advances his interpretive hermeneutics with multiple aspects that also involves dirayah (personal opinion) exegesis (tafsīr).

MEKTEB – MISIJA I PROFESIJA

Author(s): Vahid Fazlović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 66/2016

Introduction of the article offers explanation of the meaning of terms mission and profession in the context of maktab education. With the purpose of presenting clear and better view of the mission of maktab, etymology of the word maktab and the history of maktab were placed in a special focus. The main part of the article presents the mission of maktab within the broader framework of the mission of Islam. Keeping in mind Messenger’s (s.w.s.) preparation for his mission (spiritual, mental and social), the article points to the connection that exists between mission and profession, it also stresses the need for a professional approach towards the mission of maktab. The irreplaceable role of maktab class is especially emphasised in context of contemporary society were tremendous changes are taking place within the families, in midst of social and virtual technology challenges that are making education and upbringing of youth a very complex task. The final part of the article elaborates upon : formal preconditions for the success of maktab class, the issue of realistic conception of teaching plans and programs, prospects of application of a school system on maktab class, the need for synchronisation between mactab class and religious studies class with the aim of achieving better results, the need for standardisation of the work of muallims (teachers), professional development and stimulations for muallims as well as the need for more effective influence of maktab class upon life and behaviour of young people.

MUALLIM, POLAZNIK MEKTEBA I RODITELJ

Author(s): Aljo Cikotić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 66/2016

The role that a muallim has in maktab and a present moment require of him to be a person of trust, up-bringer, counsellor, organiser, coordinator, and innovator. The role model for such a muallim is Allah’s Messenger s.w.s. as is stated in surah Al-Ahzab ayah 22: Verily in the Messenger of Allah ye have a good example for him who looketh unto Allah and the Last Day of the Hereafter, and remembereth Allah much. Allah’s Messenger was of highest morale character. He was honest and just, truthful and fair, he was cheerful and compassionate. He spoke slowly and clearly, his clothes were clean and neat. He used to pay a visit to the sick and console them. Only those that are themselves well broughtup and educated can be able to bring-up and educate new generations of Muslims. This article attempts to offer some guidelines for muallims referring to some character traits that are required, creativity in maktab class and an active cooperation with students and their parents. The success of maktab class is greatly dependent upon the success of this cooperation.

MEKTEPSKA NASTAVA – prilog za reviziju nastavnog plana i programa mektepske nastave i izmjene u udžbenicima za mektepsku nastavu

Author(s): Enes Svraka,Omer Kovačević / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 66/2016

Maktab is initial and fundamental educational and upbringing institution within the Islamic Community of Bosnia and Herzegovina wherein religious education is offered with defined aims and tasks, teaching plans and programmes textbooks by qualified teachers –muallims. This article is a contribution to a revision of existing plan and programme for the maktab class, containing some suggestions for changes and corrections of the existing Ilmihalthe textbook for maktab class.

JE LI OVO MRAČNO DOBA MUSLIMANSKOGA SVIJETA?

Author(s): Nidhal Guessoum,Athar Osama / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 66/2016

It is prevalent view that in science the Muslim world lags behind the rest of the world. In Muslim, especially Arab countries, universities are relatively new phenomenon: three quarters of all the Arabic universities are founded in the last quarter of the twentieth century. Introduction of a productive climate for science development requires some fundamental changes in functioning of universities in the Muslim world. For example it will require revision and the reform of curriculum as well as a reform of pedagogy, in a way that it will be deriving knowledge from the best practice (especially education that is based upon research study method); encouraging comprehensive, holistic and liberal education; broader multidisciplinary method of thinking; greater autonomy and more effective pedagogical training of teaching staff; redirection towards the matters of greater significance for the society; introducing a policy of non-tolerance towards plagiarism, academic deceptions and wrong motivations; taking action in solving the problem regarding the language used in teaching at the universities; engaging science academies, council ” Science in action” and non-governmental bodies in forming the models that will inspire future generations, especially women to take on a science career.

JONATHAN BROWN O ISLAMU, HADISU I SAVREMENIM IZAZOVIMA

Author(s): Harun Karčić,Jonathan Brown / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 66/2016

In this interview Jonathan Brown, director of Alwaleed bin Talal centre for Muslim-Christian understanding and the professor for Islamic studies at Georgetown University in Washington, discusses the phenomenon of the multitude of authorities on primary sources of Islam, ijtihad, hadith, sharia and challenges that Muslims are facing today.

Alevis in Turkey

Author(s): Esin Caliskan / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2015

This review analyses the recent contributions of Elise Massicard and Markus Dressler to Alevi studies. While Massicard employs methods of political sociology and transnational identity politics, Dressler is concerned with the intrinsic relation between the religious and the secular as well as the place of religion in nation-state building projects. Massicard argues that formulating Alevism is context and actor dependent and shaped simultane-ously in its interaction with diverse actors, which she calls “identity movement without an identity”. The emphasis on the audience in defining Alevism might stem from the inadequacy of the universal language of religion to accommodate Alevi expression. Similarly, Dressler argues that the modern Alevi tradition was constructed at the “intersection of Turkish nation building, modern religion discourse and Islamic apologetics” and criticises the modernist discourse on religion such as the heterodoxy/orthodoxy binary for its insufficiency to capture the complexities of different contexts

PREGLEDI KNJIGA

Author(s): Rusmir Šadić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 2/2015

Review of: Rešid Hafizović (2015): STUBOVI ISLAMA I DŽIHAD ( Sarajevo; Connectum)

Mezinárodní konference Islám v Evropě, Trnava, září 2016

Author(s): Monika Menke / Language(s): Czech Issue: 66/2017

ZRÓŻNICOWANIE WEWNĘTRZNE ISLAMU

Author(s): Anna Wilczyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 13/2015

KREATIVNO POUČAVANJE U NASTAVI ISLAMSKE VJERONAUKE

Author(s): Edin Tulić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 67/2016

The ultimate aim of all the education is to enable an individual in a way that he becomes a creator of his own development and self-education after the schooling period is over. It has always been and still is a challenge as of what is the right way to prepare youth for their future, how to provide them with safe and above all prosperous future. Our children will be earning their living by means of their creativity, ingeniousness and imagination. The success of a society will depend on optimism, enthusiasm wellbeing of its citizens. Therefore, in order to be capable of facing the challenges and opportunities that are awaiting us in the future, we must make maximum use of all the available human capacities to, as efficiently as possible, transfer the knowledge that we possess to young generations. One of the main traits of modern education is development of students’ creativity. The creativity itself is an ability that transforms the traditional type of education into a creative and open teaching-class.

VOJNO MUFTIJSTVO U MISIJI PRUŽANJA VJERSKE PODRŠKE KADETIMA

Author(s): Muhamed Okić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 67/2016

Objective of this research was to evaluate the activities of the Military Mufti Office in offering their support to the cadets in training, and to assess whether and to what extent are the cadets-young Muslim soldiers satisfied with the spiritual support facilitated by the Military Mufti Office within the system of Military Forces of B&H. We also tried to find out from the recipients of this support, in what way and to what extent can this facility be improved and how the planned activities of the Military Office provided for cadets can be better in qualitative sense. With this response, as a significant element of the article we intend to establish the current quality of religious support in the army. The aim of research was to find out to what extent this kind of support has positive effect upon the activities of cadets during their training period.

MEĐUSOBNO UPOZNAVANJE I DOBRA DJELA

Author(s): Hasan Džilo / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 67/2016

In this essay the author considers the meaning of the 13th verse of the Quran’s Surah Al-Hujurat as well as its reception in contemporary discourses, and considers it within the hermeneutical key of interpretation by Husein effendi Đozo, presented to his students in his lectures on Tafsir at the Faculty of IslamicStudies in Sarajevo. The author has a critical stance toward those readings of this Quranic verse that lose sight of its ending. Such readings reduce the mutual acquaintance which is mentioned in this Quranic verse to a conquering, utilitarian and hegemonistic concept and project. Hence, the author stresses the importance of the ending of the Quranic verse which emphasizes the ethical and spiritual dimension of meeting, in openness towards a mutual spiritual dimension of humanity, without which there is no approach amongst different cultures.

Prikaz

Author(s): Almir Fatić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 67/2016

[Suha Taji-Farouki (ed.), Th e Qur’an and its Readers Worldwide, Contemporary Commentaries and Translations, Oxford, Oxford University Press, Qur’anic Studies Series, 2015, 600 p. ISBN 978-0-19-875477-0]