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UTICAJ UPROSTORENJA LIMINALNOG NA FENOMEN GRANICA U KONTEKSTU IDOLUMA ESHATONA ABRAHAMSKIH RELIGIJA

Author(s): Katarina Bošnjak / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian Issue: 13/2020

From the beginning, men have reflected on their origins and the origins of the world, trying to explain the magical forces that led to human existence. In the same way, they try to understand the path that awaits them after cutting the earthly bonds of the soul imprisoned in the liminal existence on earth. The significance of religious thought in the creation of boundaries, which are eventually inserted into space, is particularly recognized in eschatological reflections and literal interpretations of the spatiality of eschatological metaphors. The Cartesian nature of man predisposes him to contemplation of the world through a fascination with liminality, which is reflected in his inner and outer world. Due to the contextual similarity, this paper considers the spatiality of liminality in the eschatological idolum of the three most represented Abrahamic religions in Southeast Europe - Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Spatial coding of the liminal in the eschatological idolum, recognized in the cosmographic organization of the universe, defines liminality in the vertical sense, and establishes a (spatial) hierarchy in the levels of soul realization, which is consequently recognized in the spatial conception of the social hierarchy of earthly life. Spatiality exegesis of eschatological idola recognizes a horizontality of liminality conditioned by the progression of the soul through architecturally defined frameworks, modeled by the imago mundi, which reveals a literal spatial interpretation of the doctrine of separation (upon which the concept of the Judgment Day rests) based on moral hierarchy. The complexity of soul's progression through the liminal stages, reduced to a diagrammatic representation of its transformation in accordance with the religious canon, points to life as a reference point for the ontological transformation that comes after it. Therefore, it is denoted by a clear framework – thresholds, into which man has imprinted elements of spatiality. The possibility of identifying the archetypal concept of boundary is sought in these tresholds, which indicates an opportunity to understand the nature of man and this process of insciption of his nature in socio-spatial contexts.

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INTORNO AL TEOLOGHEMA DELLA שכינה E ALL’ANTIALLEGORISMO DELLO ἹΛΑΣΤΉΡΙΟΝ PRESSO FILONE ALESSANDRINO

Author(s): Tiziano F. Ottobrini / Language(s): Italian Issue: 18-19/2021

This essay analyses the use of the term/concept hilasterion (‘propitiatorium’, i.e. the cover of Ark of Covenant) in the hypomnematic corpus by Philo of Alexandria. This subject needs to be examined in relationship with the Greek translation of the Septuagint and the exegesis of the Hebrew kapporeth ; so it will be argued that here Philo deals with semitic thought more than with the categories of Greek philosophy, since the real and bodily presence of God on hilasterion differs ontologically from any allegoric interpretation : only a sound Hebrew contextualisation of the theme as šekhînâ might take away this concern. As a result it means that, speculatively, there does not exist Philo Græcus only but this coexists with a sort of often neglected Philo Hebraicus too, when Greek allegory and allegorism fail to make sense, just as in the case of the special point of view of hilasterion, due to its semitic nature not totally compressible into Greek forma mentis.

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Настанак Септуагинте

Author(s): Boris Fajfrić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2013

The Septuagint is a Greek translation of the Bible that was created at the time of Ptolemy II Philadelph, by the request of the Jews from Alexandria. The main reason for creation was that the Jews of Egypt forgot Aramaic language, which is why they could not understand the words of the law which read in the synagogues in Aramaic. The source that speaks of the Septuagint is Aristeаs letter, literary fiction, whose goal was to accept the Greek translation of an official and prove that the true original. The majority of scholars doubt the authenticity of the letter and agree that the Pentateuch was created first, and then other books.

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FROM PARIS TO IZMIR, ROME, AND JERUSALEM: ARMAND LÉVY AS THE MISSING LINK BETWEEN POLISH ROMANTIC NATIONALISM AND ZIONISM

Author(s): Marcos Silber / Language(s): English Issue: 123/2021

This article focuses on Armand Lévy, Adam Mickiewicz’s secretary, as the missing link between Romantic Polish nationalism and proto-Zionism. It examines Lévy’s interpretation of Adam Mickiewicz’s use of Jewish motifs and how Lévy’s interpretation provided his friend and neighbour in Paris, Moses Hess, a German- Jewish socialist, colleague and rival of Karl Marx, with a repertoire he had lacked to structure his proto-Zionist ideas. The article discusses how ideas from one cultural sphere were transferred to others. Mickiewicz, seeking to find ways to strengthen the Polish nation-building process following the partition of his motherland, used his interpretation of the contemporary Jewish Diaspora as a model. His secretary, the Frenchman Armand Lévy, reinterpreted Mickiewicz’s interpretation. His convoluted life course eventually led him to think about the Jews in nationalist terms via the discursive tools he acquired from Mickiewicz. Going beyond the latter’s views, Lévy regarded the Jews as a diasporic nation aspiring to gain political statehood. He championed Jewish messianism as a concrete step towards the Jews’ sovereignty. This, in turn, provided Moses Hess with a repertoire he had lacked until this point: namely, an acquaintance with Jews who were committed to renewing the sovereign Jewish life as of old.

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„Księgi Justynine”. O biografii Justine Frank

Author(s): Lena Magnone / Language(s): Polish Issue: 35/2019

The article is devoted to the biography of Justine Frank (1900-1943), a marginalized member of the surrealist movement, a painter and writer who combined Judaism with pornography, a critic of the Zionist project who tragically died in Palestine. Written by an Israeli artist and an expert on the interwar avant-garde, Roee Rosen, it is not only an artistic provocation – a part of a larger experiment in the field of the so-called parafiction also including editions of Frank’s novel Sweet Sweat and exhibitions of her paintings – but also an interesting statement in the discussion on the possibilities and limitations of feminist criticism, as it points out the problem of fabrication of the indispensable precursors.

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Minor Mountain Elohim, Feminine Face of Yahweh and Assyrian Apotropaic Fad. Some Remarks on the Margins of: Izaak J. de Hulster, Joel M. LeMon, Image, Text, Exegesis. Iconographic Interpretation and the Hebrew Bible

Author(s): Wojciech Kosior / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Review of: Wojciech Kosior - Minor Mountain Elohim, Feminine Face of Yahweh and Assyrian Apotropaic Fad. Some Remarks on the Margins of: Izaak J. de Hulster, Joel M. LeMon, Image, Text, Exegesis. Iconographic Interpretation and the Hebrew Bible (London: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2015), pp. 336.

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Eesti territooriumile lähetatud juut. Juri Lotmani retseptsioon eesti kirjandusmaastikul

Author(s): Mihhail Trunin / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 6/2021

This article focuses on the reception of Juri Lotman in Estonia. Lotman, a scholar of Jewish origins who wrote – predominantly in Russian – about Russian culture, came to be recognized as one of the most prominent Estonian intellectuals. His correspondence with Estonia’s leading cultural and political figures of the 1980s and early 1990s proves that already during his lifetime he was considered an Estonian scholar, not only from a geographical but from a cultural and political point of view. In the article, this type of reception is referred to as naturalization. The first section of the article reconstructs Lotman’s relationship with the Estonian writer Jaan Kross. Although Kross did not cooperate closely with Lotman, he perceived the scholar as a significant figure in the Estonian cultural field. The second part of the article shifts the focus from the reception of Lotman during his lifetime to the ways he is portrayed in contemporary Estonian literature. Over the last 20 years, a number of works have been published that supplement the naturalization of Lotman with a mythologization of his figure, whereas some works make attempts to demythologize it. The key texts discussed in the article are Ülo Tuulik’s essay “In the Light”, P. I. Filimonov’s short story “The Simplest Sign Systems” and Jelena Skulskaja’s novel “­Marble Swan”. In addition to these, the article provides several examples from contemporary Estonian poetry, memoirs and essays where the figure of Lotman appears. Different authors who portrayed Lotman have used a few constant formal features, filling them with either pathetic or openly sarcastic meanings. These features are: 1) Lotman’s Jewish ethnicity; 2) the image of the light that the scholar brings to the world; 3) special attention paid to Lotman’s attitude to Estonian culture; 4) comparisons of Lotman the scholar with a politician.

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Homoerotyka i autocenzura. Nowe spojrzenie na wczesną twórczość poetycką Szmuela Jankewa Imbera

Author(s): Adam Stepnowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 45/2020

This article explores queer traits in the early poetry of Shmuel Yankev Imber. The paper identifies those spaces, where the sexual identity of the lyrical “I”was fluid and defied the sexual, social and literary norms of the poet’s time. The article emphasizes acts of self-censorship that occurred within Imber’s oeuvre in the short period between 1909 and 1914 when the poet published his second book. The article also discusses the social and literary context in which Imber lived and worked.

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Portrait of a Community: The Attitude of the Zionist Leadership toward the Absorption in the Land of Israel of the Jews of Thessaloniki, the “Mizrahi’im”, in contrast to the Jews of Germany, the “Ashkenazim”

Author(s): Yitzhak Cytrin / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The Zionist leadership created a “model” of selective Aliyah from the early 1900s until the 1930s. Priority was given to immigrants wishing and able to integrate in the workers’ sector – those with suitable ideology, pioneering hagshamah (self-fulfillment), and sacrifice. The selective absorption policies were cancelled by the Zionist leadership following the Nazi persecution of the Jews in Europe and the increasing Jewish-Arab struggle in Eretz-Israel. In practice, absorption of the German Ashkenazi immigrants and discrimination against the Thessalonikan Sephardic Jews continued during the 1930s. Prioritisation was based on ideological and political considerations, and the German Jews’ ethnic origin, which was similar to that of the Zionist leadership decision makers, almost all of whom were Ashkenazi. This study seeks to examine the public discourse regarding the attitude of the Zionist leadership to the “Mizrahi” Jewish community of Thessaloniki, compared to that enjoyed by the “Ashkenazi” Jews of Germany and Eastern Europe.

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Маймонид върху Божието предзнание и свободата на човешката воля

Author(s): Gergana Dineva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 27/2021

The present study will very briefly contextualize the problem of human free will and Divine providence within Jewish philosophy and will present Maimonides‘ central solution, explicating the specifics of his view, which, being part of the coherent Jewish tradition of thought, can generally be defined as „standard“, but also has an additional argumentative element. To date, this specific argument has given rise to a debate among scholars as to whether it is sufficient and whether Maimonides‘ decision remains unclear. In this regard, we propose a possible interpretation that reveals the argument as clear and sufficient if examined in the context of the overall teaching of the medieval thinker.

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Prozelityczny wymiar prozy Anny Fein

Author(s): Mirosława Michalska-Suchanek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 175/2021

Anna Fein’s works follow the trend of returning to the roots of Jewish culture and traditional Jewish spirituality. The writer links the national identity with religious identification. Her narrators-protagonists follow the path that she once went — building Jewish self-awareness until conversion to Orthodox Judaism. In this evolution, which is the foundation of most of the writer’s works’ semantic-ideological dynamics, a kind of Fein proselytism is revealed. The proselytical nature of Fein’s prose is also a derivative of the cognitive function, i.e., introducing the secular recipient to the orthodox community’s world. The power of proselytizing resonance is also definitely strengthened by the autobiographical elements present in Fein’s work.

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„Autobiografia? Mam wrażenie, że napisałem ją za wcześnie…” Fackenheima marzenie o Aufhebung

Author(s): Piotr Weiser / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2021

The essay is an attempt to read the autobiography of the Jewish philosopher Emil L. Fackenheim (1916–2003), born in Halle exiled to Toronto, settled in Jerusalem, an experienced reader of Hegel. Fackenheim asks Hegel about the significance of the XXth century, seeking in his philosophy clues, if not answers. Above all, he confronts Hegelian dialectics with the reality that he calls the planet of Auschwitz.

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CRISIS, JUSTICE, MESSIANISM: WALTER BENJAMIN’S “CRITIQUE OF VIOLENCE”

Author(s): Iryna Hlazkova,Oksana Chervenko,Yulia Anatoliyivna Rybinska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2020

This essay dwells on Walter Benjamin’s early and important essay “Critique of Violence” (1921). I begin by examining the significance and multivalence of crisis for Benjamin’s work. I proceed by outlining the significance Weimar crisis not only for Benjamin’s essay, but for Carl Schmitt’s work. Further, I outline the significance of an internalization of crisis by the “Critique of Violence”, particularly as regards its method of exposition. I subsequently examine Benjamin’s analysis of the significance for justice of the proletarian general strike, especially as regards its similarities and differences from Georges Sorel’s Reflections on Violence (1909). In the last section of the essay, which focuses on Messianism, I dwell on one of the key differences between Benjamin and Sorel, namely the importance of the theological for the former. I conclude with a brief reflection on the surprising affinities between Benjamin’s Messianism and Lenin’s uncharacteristic lapse into utopianism in State and Revolution (1917).

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ТЕОЛОГО-ФИЛОСОФСКАЯ «ШКОЛА» КУМРАНА

Author(s): Igor Tantlevskij / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2022

In the first part of the article the author tries to reconstruct the peculiarities of organizational-administrative basis and content of the educational process in Qumran, and to analyze the impact of the success in learning and intellectual development of community members on their position in the congregation, but, most importantly, on the state of their soul, its disposition in the global war of good with evil and, ultimately, on its receiving retribution in the otherworld. In the second part of the article the author makes an attempt to identify some features of the theological-philosophical “school” formed in Qumran and to summarise key aspects of the theological and philosophical doctrines of Qumran, primarily based on the “Treatise on the Two Spirits” (1QS 3:13– 4:26): 1) Concept of the Creation of the universe through an intermediary “link” -“Knowledge” (dʽt) according to the “Design” (mḥšbh/mḥšbt) of God; the Qumran concept of mḥšbh/mḥšbt, probably implying the “Plan”/“Scheme”/“Project” of the universe, can be correlated with Plato’s concept of παράδειγµα. 2) Concept of predestination in correlation with the Essene doctrine of predestination in the context of the formation of Judaean “philosophical schools”. 3) Peculiarities of the Qumran dualistic doctrine of the two ways and two spirits and the origins of “nature of Truth” and “nature of Evil” in the framework of biblical monotheism; features of Qumran theodicy. 4) Correlation of the Qumran doctrine of “human nature” and “virtue” with the Essene ethical teaching according to Philo of Alexandria’s treatise “On Every Virtuous One Is Free”, XII, 80–84. The article also analyses the key designations of community leaders and self-designations of community members in an organizational and educational context.

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Novo mišljenje (Nekoliko naknadnih napomena uz Zvijezdu iskupljenja)

Author(s): Franz Rosenzweig / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1-2/2022

Svojedobno sam dopustio da Zvijezda iskupljenja iziđe bez predgovora. Užasavali su me tragovi uobičajenih predgovora filozofâ svojim kokodakanjem nakon položena jajeta i svojim neučtivim pogrđivanjima čitatelja koji ipak još ništa ni je mogao učiniti – pa čak ni proštiti knjigu.

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Perceptions of Power: Purple in Archaic Greek, Ancient Mesopotamian Inscriptions, and the Hebrew Bible

Author(s): Ellena Lyell / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Purple in the ancient world held common characteristics: symbolic of power, wealth, and beneficence. Purple was also thought to be produced and imported from the Phoenician area, situated along the Levantine coastal shore. Yet between different literature circles, the specifics of purple diverged widely. This article explores the social function of purplematerial (and its inherent purple-colour) in the Hebrew Bible in light of wider ancient Near East and eastern Mediterranean texts. As with any given cultural material, the meaning of purple is relative; it is differentially significant according to audience, context, subject matter, and the qualities of the material. By utilising a sociological and comparative approach, in the following I consider the use of purple in Homeric epic, ancient Mesopotamian inscriptions and biblical texts. I demonstrate that purple pigments and dyes, as well as the purple-colour of the object to which the pigments/dyes is applied, is a key means to communicate something culturally-specific. In so doing, this ultimately provides fresh insight into the texts and offers a glimpse into the thought processes of ancient society.

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A Pole, a Jew, a Mother, a Communist: Tonia Lechtman’s Biography between Home and Exile

Author(s): Anna Müller / Language(s): English Issue: 01/2023

In this article, using the example of Tonia Lechtman, a Polish Jew, a Communist, and a mother, I look at the process of identity shifting. Throughout her life, Tonia Lechtman lived in multiple countries—Poland (1918–1935), Palestine (1935–1937), France (1937–1942), Switzerland (1942–1946), Poland (1946–1971), and Israel (1971– 1996)—and in most of those places, she lived on the margins of society while either committed to working for the cause she believed in, Communism, or trying to create a safe space for her small children. The article looks at how her understanding of her own Jewishness and Polishness shifted while Poland remained a place that served as a model home, a project to complete while transforming it into a space of safety and personal growth. At the same time, Communism remained an idea, but also her social reality that framed the space for her shifting identities. The complexity of the intersections of these various roles and identities—their fluidity, on the one hand, and determinacy, on the other—defined how she experienced her life.

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ČLANCI O ŽIDOVIMA IZ BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE U ZAGREBAČKOM CIONISTIČKOM ČASOPISU ŽIDOV OD 1917. DO 1941.

Author(s): Ljiljana Dobrovšak / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 21/2022

The Zionist magazine Židov was published every Friday from 1917 to 1941 in Zagreb and was the only such magazine in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In addition to reports on socio-political events in Yugoslavia, Palestine, Europe, and the world, the magazine also contained various cultural contributions, polemics, advertisements, as well as obituaries, deaths, weddings, births, and other notices. A special column entitled "From Yugoslavia" contained information on the activities of Jewish municipalities in Yugoslavia, regardless of whether these municipalities were of Sephardic or Ashkenazi origin. Ashkenazis were behind the Zionist magazine Jew, but its articles also covered Sephardim. In this paper, the author analyzed the articles received from Bosnia and Herzegovina and published in the magazine Židov between 1917 and 1941.

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JEVREJSKE VJERSKE ŠKOLE U SARAJEVU DO 1941. GODINE: SARAJEVSKA SEFARDSKA JEŠIVA (LA YESHIVA DE SARAY) I JEVREJSKI SREDNJI TEOLOŠKI SEMINAR U SARAJEVU (EL SEMINARIO RABINIKO SARAYLISKO)

Author(s): Stevan Milovanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 21/2022

In Sarajevo, since the formation of the Jewish religious community, the religious education of children has developed simultaneously. First, four-grade elementary schools, where mostly male children went, came forward. Later in the 17th century, Talmud-Torah secondary school was developed, while Yeshiva was only formed in the second half of the 18th century. Until the establishment of the Belgrade Yeshiva by Rav Yehuda Lerma in 5395 (1635) and the Sarajevo Yeshiva by Rav David Pardo in 5528 (1768), there were no rabbinical schools in the territories of the Western Balkans and neither rabbis. In the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, later the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, there was a need for qualified personnel for the religious education of Jewish children and youth according to general laws, in lower and secondary schools. On June 13, 1928, the Jewish Secondary Theological Seminary was opened, which began operating on November 25, 1928. The Seminary operated until 1941, when it was closed on April 6 by Nazzi Germans. The paper aims to present the development of Jewish religious education from the arrival of Sephardim to Sarajevo in the 16th century until 1941. To show the importance of the development of rabbinic and Talmudic studies in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as the reputation of Sarajevo's Jewish religious schools in Europe and the world.

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