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Die Belegung der Gräberfelder vom Typ Poieneşti-Vârtişcoiu erfolgte während zweier Zeitabschnitte, die kulturell von Diskontinuität geprägt sind: der trajanischen Eroberung Dakiens mit der Beseitigung dakischer Machtstrukturen sowie der Preisgabe Dakiens zum Beginn der gotischen Migration. Das Fibelrepertoire der Poieneşti-Vârtişcoiu-Gruppe erlaubt eine grobe Unterscheidung zweier relativ chronologischer Phasen: Zur Phase 1 gehören kräftig profilierte Fibeln, in Phase 2 treten Fibeln mit umgeschlagenem Fuß bzw. hohem Nadelhalter auf. Eine vergleichbare Zweiteilung zeigt sich aber auch in ländlichen Nekropolen des provinzialrömischen dakischen Raums, wie Locusteni, Obreja oder Soporu de Câmpie. Von all diesen Gräberfeldern konnten keine Artefakte geborgen werden, die eine sichere Datierung in die zweite Hälfte des 3. Jhs erlauben würden. Somit läßt sich feststellen, daß die Grablegen von Poieneşti und anderer vergleichbarer Nekropolen östlich der Karpaten (Dămieneşti, Gura Nişcovului, Moldoveni, Onceşti, Pădureni, Săbăoani, Săuceşti, Văleni u.a.m.) während jener Zeit entstanden, als die Römer in Dakien herrschten.
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This brief note presents one of the ceramic categories discovered during a small excavation in a site near Piatra Neamt, at Gârcina-Slatina Cozla II-III (NeamtCounty). The site was formed as a result of using the abundant salted water sources on this hillside Cozla during the Chalcolithic period (Cucuteni culture). The archaeologic deposit has the same general aspect as all the other prehistoric salt connected sites from eastern Romania (such as Lunca, Solca or Ţolici): a complex stratigraphy, composed of layers of ash and coal, and large quantities of pottery (all fragmentary). The Cucuteni C ceramics consists of about 160 sherds from as many vessels. The paste, the shapes of the vessels and the decoration patterns are presented. The authors conclude that this type of pottery is a common category of the Cucuteni ceramic repertoire and that at least some of the material from Gârcina appear earlier than similar artefact from Lunca or Solca.
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This year's researches concluded that the edifice with hypocaust was constructed in three phases. The rooms labeled with A, B, C and the basins marked B1 South, B1 North and B2 North were built in the first phase. After the construction of the main structure, another room was probably annexed in front of the praefurnium and used as a fuel storage area. In the second stage, on the east side, near rooms C and B (partly), another room, labeled with the letter D, was annexed and divided afterwards into two spaces, one of them being marked as room F. A stone wall was built to separate room D from room F. Room D communicates with room C and, probably, with room F. On the north side, room F communicates through a brick arch with an annexed chamber, possibly used as a second praefurnium or a chimney (?) used for the evacuation of smoke and gases produced by the combustion of the praefurnium placed on the west side. Room F was fitted with higher pilae than those found in room A. A fragmentary piece of flooring was preserved over the pilae placed in the north-west corner of the room (F). The flooring was made from three rows of bricks with layers of mortar between them; slabs of marble were placed over the mortar of the last row of bricks. Room D probably communicated with the exterior through an opening placed on the southern wall. In the third phase, a last room (E) was attached in the corner between rooms B and D. Room E communicates through two openings with room D (the opening is located on its southern wall) and with the outside (the opening is placed on the southern wall of room E). An enclosing stone wall was found outside the edifice with hypocaust. The wall on the north side, uncovered almost entirely, is 22,50 meters long, 0,85/0,90 meters wide and has two counterforts on the outside. The main entrance was placed on the west side of the enclosure (the uncovered portion of the wall measures 14,50 meters). A stone pavement was placed in front of the entrance and it may represent a portion of the road which connects the edifice with hypocaust and the castrum (located 400 meters to the west). The western wall of the enclosure, which overlaps another wall made from stone without mortar, was partially uncovered, had a length of 27,00 meters and a width of 0,75/ 0,85 meters and it was segmented by a modern cellar. The southern wall of the enclosure was probably dismantled. The north, west and east walls were affected by modern ditches made during the installation of water pipes in the 1950’s, in 1968 and 2003.
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In the heritage of Brasov County Museum of History, at the inventory number 958 IM, discovered at Codlea, is a fragmentary iron sword which so far has not joined the views of historians specializing in military art. This piece was placed in the category of "treasure" by order of the Ministry of culture no. 2419/01.07.2008. The sword, which keeps the button, the grip, the guard and a part of the blade, is fairly well preserved, until recently being exposed in the exhibition of the Museum of Brasov. The blade, fragmentary, has a length of 405 mm and a width of 50 mm and is equipped on both sides with a median alveola that go up to the base of the handle. The handle, rectangular in cross-section, length 143 mm and ends with a hemispherical shape button, can lead to employment in the swords of a handful and a half type. Guard, with rectangular side profile 11 mm, length 260 mm. What is important in this piece is the coat of arms or the mark of the master in the middle of the blade. This detail has the shape of a shield around a heart and a cross. Swords marked we find in South-East Europe, of Sabac (Aleksić 2007, p. 123, fig. 35), Kamarno (Aleksić 2007 pl 1\/3) or Zeta Near Podgorica (Aleksić 2007, pl. 8\/1). This type of mark I've not encountered in all studied bibliography. This type of sword is spread on the territory of Romania in Transylvania, who was made seven discoveries in six municipalities, Codlea (two pieces), Sânpetru in the County of Brasov, Vurpăr and Şelimbăr in Sibiu County, Grid in Hunedoara County, a piece of the Sighişoara Museum's collections to the City Center and a piece of the Slătineanu collection. Worth mentioning is the fact that the three pieces from the collections of the Museum of the History of Brasov County, two being published by Mr. Zeno Karl Pinter (Pinter, 1999, p. 118-121), the third being the one to which we refer, all three pieces can be placed in the timeline proposed in the work above mentioned. Mr. Zeno-Karl Pinter, based on the discovery of a blade in processing and an unfinished button at Şelimbăr, believes that this type of sword could be worked in Transylvania (Pinter, 1999, p. 121). Also the sababathy historian put these findings on account of the presence of Germanic and Teutonic Knights in the Burzenland and in Sibiu area between the end of the 12th century and the middle of the 13th century (Pinter, 1999, p. 121). In fact these swords would be the only archaeological testimonies that could secure to certify the presence of the Teutonic order in the Carpathians area. But it must be specified that such weapons appear in all South-East european space (Aleksic 2007). Thus, the paper presents five tipologies of various areas of Europe which discusses this type of sword: R. E. Oakeshott (Oakeshott 1964), A. Ruttkay (Ruttkay 1975; Ruttkay 1976), A. Geibig(Geibig 1989; Geibig 1991).
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The transition from Republic to Empire and the consolidation of new forms of political state organization focused the attention of roman political class for a few decades in the first century A.D. Elimination of the danger posed by the dacian state created by Burebista and consolidated by Decebal, the solving of economical crisis in the empire, the drawing of new resources and the completion of military and institutional reforms were the main reasons that led to the wars of Domitian and Trajan. The treasure and riches of Dacia – gold, silver, salt, iron, wood, stone, grain, animals, fish – the large number of slaves and the colonization of the new province formed the economical support of Trajan’s reforms and due to them the Empire has known an economic recovery and a period of realtive peace and social tranquility in the 2nd century and first half of the 3rd century A.D.
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Modern methods of spatial analysis, archive documents, old maps and the apparition of new studies sometimes impose additions designed to prove or disprove previous thesis. Despite the popularity enjoyed today, the hypothesis developed in the last century referring to the Teleajen and Buzău historical roads, does not adequately reflect our view of the relationships, social phenomena, and especially the true identity of the two routes. Through this article we want to draw a number of issues regarding the roads, to raise a number of questions and hypotheses and to guide the research in a more rewarding way than that practiced so far, of course, whether our view will justify this assumption. Because there are many factors that contribute to the emergence, evolution and disappearance of roads, the study of transport routes, especially those of old, is proving difficult. As we descend in the past, there are fewer documents, and those existing only capture fragments that often give place to many interpretations. In the reconstitution of the Teleajen and Buzău roads, we start by studying the landscape, seeking the optimal Transcarpathian routes (in distance and difficulty) for trade using carts. Second, we take account of archaeological discoveries, of economic, social and political factors involved in the movement of goods between Țara Românească and Transylvania throughout the Middle Ages, and the strategic-military ones which were imposed from time immemorial. The new view that we propose in this study is based on documents which were hardly used in previous research, and accounts of foreign travelers about the Romanian Countries, the chronic of Prejmer village and toponymic evidence systematically collected from the study area. The theory we formulate aims to provide an alternative and also to bring up the subject of older commercial and military communication ways of the Curvature Carpathians. We consider that Historical Geography, the branch of Human Geography which studies static and dynamic relationships between social phenomena and geographical space, to be the best approach in what we wish as a final goal to be the objective knowledge of the historical roads.
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In 2005, in the bronze age settlement form Cârlomăneşti (county Buzău) (Pl. 1- 3) in the Pit no. 41 (Pl. 4-10) which belongs to a late Monteoru level after the associated pottery, was discovered a horn decorated cheek-piece. Conforming to it's form the cheek- piece (Pl. 11) could be integrated in the large category called as Zapfenscheibenknebel. The ornamentation belongs to a class called as Wellenbanddekor. Such cheek-pieces are known in large numbers for Central Europe with discoveries in nord-pontic steppes till Volga River (Pl. 12-16). The same could be said for the Wellenbanddekor. This kind of décor is also well known for others horn or bone objects such as the buttons or tubes, founded in late bronze age settlements belonging to the Otomani-Füzesabony, Wietenberg, Monteoru, Noua and Sabatinovka cultures in the same large area. For the piece from Cârlomăneşti we have a radiocarbon date (Fig. 1). Not far from Cârlomăneşti it's a late Monteoru cemetery at Câmpina (county Prahova), from where we dispose of five radiocarbon dates (Fig. 2). In this way we say that the Pit. 45, with the cheek-piece, from Cârlomăneşti, belongs to a late phase of Monteoru Culture of whose end is illustrated by Câmpina necropolis. Some others radiocarbon dates for the discoveries from Central Europe or nord-pontic steppes confirm that conclusion.
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The excavations on the bronze age cemetery from Cârlomăneşti, county Buzău, are not yet finished. Here are presented the principal observations from the 2008-2009 and 2011-2012. Till now were discovered 68 graves with 91 skeletons, some tombs had been collective. The funerary zone is now on the most part superposed by villagers' houses. In any case the cemetery is a large one and could be related to a corresponding settlement which it's not yet identified in the field. It's easy to observe a remarkably variety concerning the funeral structures which include stone small barrows in and over the tombs and, in the same, time catacomb graves. This catacomb tombs could be put in relations with the Katakombnaja and Mnogovalikovaja eastern cultures. The most part of the skeletons are disposed in scorched positions on the left side. The predominant skeletons orientations are in sector W-SW. The anthropological analyse is not yet finished so we cannot yet make a relations between the sex groups and the positions of the bodies. The ceramic inventory is uniform in majority belonging to the so called „Ic3 stile”, the most frequent pottery types been the askos, kantharos and cups. Some metal adornments show relations with Central Europe, with Periam-Pecica or Aunjetitz cultures. Till now we have only one 14C datation for the Grave no. 24 in the time interval 2030- 1870 BC.
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This work adds to the information previously collected and published from the P. Polonic archives. Also, I supplement new data collected from the first form of the travel diary of the National Museum of Antiquities topographer to the knowledge and research of the archaeological sites and old ecclesiastic architectural monuments in the Buzău County. While visiting the Buzău County, he makes a series of archaeological topography records, drawing drafts and detailed descriptions of the visited monuments. Polonic also makes notes of his observations concerning the state of preservation or degradation of the sites he visits.
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This article focuses on the finds from Mahmudia ascribed to the Early Iron Age. The ceramic vessels in the collection of the school from Mahmudia can be chronologically ascribed to the early phase of Babadag culture (10th-9th c. BC).
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The strategic importance of the area: the gateway to Transylvania that the Celtic conquerors missed. This passing point is the Meseş-gate around which classic Dacian discoveries revolve, that are dated in the range 2nd c. BC – 1st c. AD. Is the main reason why the classic Dacian period experienced a great development, but no major changes in climate or terrain. Nowhere in the Dacian world obviously except the capital Sarmizegetusa, was not found such a great treasures density after the removal of the Celtic domination (2nd c. BC). The occurrence of at least 15 fortified points after the disappearance of Celts in the area is a natural consequence of this. The treasure discoveries, made during archaeological research, express the high degree of civilization attained by Dacians on the present territory of Sălaj. Passage point and transit of goods, values, people and ideas, the Depression of Şimleu is the area where they were found "exceptions" from the common pattern observed for the Dacian space. In addition to the abundance of fragments Celtic painted recipients imported from western regions there were discovered also pieces that can origin from the eastern and southern parts of the Dacian material culture. The last category is represented by cups with relief decoration on four small fragments, all found at Şimleu Silvaniei Cetate.
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In this paper the author presents an unpublished nephrite pendant discovered in the settlement of Sălcuţa–Piscul Cornişorului (Dolj County) over six decades ago. The artefact is a schematized anthropomorphic figurine, and is the only one of its type in Romanian archaeology. We analyze here the possible significance of this artefact and the special material it was made of, as nephrite undoubtedly held special symbolic meaning in prehistory.
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Fibulae with bent stem are among the commonest dress accessories found on sixth-century sites in the Balkans—hilltop forts or cemeteries. Syna Uenze, the first archaeologist who dealt systematically with this category of artifacts, has advanced the idea that those dress accessories derived from fourth-century specimens most typical for the Sântana de Mureş-Chernyakhov culture. According to her, the fibulae with bent stem were a symptom of the barbarization of the Balkan provinces of the Empire. In this article, we propose a new classification of sixth-century fibulae with bent stem, which are distinguished from their fourth-century counterparts by the U-shaped stem. We have thus identified 12 classes of fibulae with bent stem, only two of which (3 and 6) appear in the entire Balkan region. Classes 1 and 8 are restricted to the northern Balkans, while the only classes that appear in Macedonia and the surrounding regions are 2, 9, and 11. The careful examination of the archaeological context in which some of those fibulae have been found contradicts Syna Uenze’s idea of an evolutionary development from the fourth- to the sixth-century fibula with bent stem. No fibula is known to have been found in an archaeological assemblage securely dated to the fifth century. This can only mean that the fibula with bent stem in the shape of the letter U is an essentially sixth-century fashion phenomenon. In fact, the majority of the specimens found in datable contexts appear to be from the second half of that century. Fibulae with bent stem have been found both singly and in pairs in houses, towers, cisterns, and churches built inside early Byzantine forts. However, as demonstrated by specimens found in Histria and Nea Anchialos, such fibulae were not restricted to the military population, but were also known in cities. Burial assemblages with fibulae with bent stem indicate that those were female dress accessories. Where the skeletal material has been properly sexed, it reveals that women buried with such fibulae had died in their prime age. Only occasionally were those fibulae deposited in graves of children, presumably of little girls. Fibulae with bent stem were most likely produced in the Balkans, and all fibulae found outside the Balkans have analogies in the region. A very interesting cluster of finds on the territory or in the hinterland of the modern city of Dnipropetrovs’ke, on the Lower Dnieper, raises new questions concerning the relations between the Balkan provinces of the Empire, the Crimea, and the steppe lands during the sixth and early seventh century.
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The archaeological excavations in Tulcea County have lead to the identification of an important number of clay pipes and fragments of pipes, proof that tobacco was smoked in Dobrudja Province, as well as in the Balkan Peninsula and Ottoman Empire since the beginnings of the 17th century. In this article, we analyze the makers’ stamps and the inscriptions in Arabic that have been preserved on these artefacts. The stamps represent names of craftsmen, such as Yekta, Hüsnü or Babalık, some of them renowned for the quality of the clay pipes manufactured in their workshops from Tophane, a district of Istanbul, where the pipe-makers guild was established in the second half of the 18th century.
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2005 investigations at the Sopot culture site of Krčavina near Novi Perkovci, on the route of the future Beli Manastir – Ploče motorway, yielded a half of a polished and perforated stone object. The artefact was found in the context of a large open hearth, and it is reminiscent of prehistoric stone maces, although it differs from them in form. The function of this object remains also indeterminate due to the circumstances of the find. By comparing a number of stone artefacts spanning the time from the Palaeolithic to the Bronze Age in Europe, northern Africa and the Middle East, we attempted to find an answer for the utilitarian function of the object as well as for the possible symbolic meaning of the context of discovery.
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