Der Endogene Aussprachestandard in Mecklenburg zu seinen Lautmustern und Auto- und Heterosstereotypen

Author(s): Robert Skoczek / Language(s): German

The monograph by Dr. Robert Skoczek deals with the problem of the standard German pronunciation, especially in Mecklenburg, with regard to known orthoepic reference works (Siebs, Duden, GWDA), which have a recommendable character. On the basis of a structural analysis of the German standard, the author emphasizes their heterogeneity, which in their everyday use is based both on extensive co-ordination and on the influence of elements of regional provenance. The update of the standard pronunciation was recorded in the book in a multi-faceted manner and discussed with meticulousness.From the review of Prof. em. Dr. habil. Jerzy Jeszke

KËRKIME GJUHËSORE

Author(s): Shkëlqim Millaku / Language(s): Albanian

The book KËRKIME GJUHËSORE has three chapters. The first chapter has some papers for generative linguistic; The contribution of Zellig Sabbetai Harris for linguistic and the Albanian generative. The second chapter has some papers: The simple sentence and the subject between Albanian and English language; the word formation etc. In the third chapter the book has some papers for the contribution of some scholars: Wacław Cimochowskit, Stuart Mannit, Gary Bevingtonit dhe Leonard Newmarkut, William Martin Leakut, Fadil Rakës.

Poprawność językowa w praktyce. Zbiór ćwiczeń

Author(s): Katarzyna Burska,Bartłomiej Cieśla / Language(s): Polish

The reader will find here a collection of exercises in the correct use of the Polish language. The book has been designed as a classroom help for teachers on the one hand, and on the other – as a concise self-study guidebook for people who would like to improve their language skills.Pupils, students, journalists, editors, proofreaders, employees of advertising and copywriting agencies are the principal target audience, although all Polish-language enthusiasts are more than welcome to make good use of it. From the introduction “An undeniable advantage of the book is that it takes note of the latest changes that have been occurring in contemporary Polish. We should appreciate the work of the young scientists who have made the effort to prepare a new and original set of exercises revealing the complexity of the Polish grammar and its inherent vigor, and at the same time showed the transient character of existing codifications. ”From the review by prof. dr hab. Leszek Tymiakin

Необходима корекция в българската индикативна темпорална парадигма: перфект се образува и посредством имперфектни причастия

Author(s): Krasimir Kabakchiev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 5/2020

According to most Bulgarian grammars and the majority of researchers studying the Bulgarian perfect, its indicative forms are built from aorist participles and not from imperfect ones. This is an inadequate thesis that must be corrected. Analyzed in the paper are many examples with perfect verb forms built from imperfect participles. The relevant specificities in the semantics of the perfect, the aorist and the imperfect are investigated, and a firm conclusion is made that the Bulgarian perfect must be regarded as formed from both aorist and imperfect participles.

Russian Proverbs About Love and Their Paremiological Reflection in Bulgarian and Polish Cultures

Author(s): Anna Kolpakova / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2020

This tri-lingual Russian-Bulgarian-Polish research, based on the Russian paremiological minimum, is looking into paremiological units in relation to Love and the ways people of different but yet similar cultures express their feelings through proverbs. The source of the current research is the Russian-Slavonic Dictionary of proverbs published in 2000 by M. Yu. Kotova . The actuality of all the proverbs in the research is reviewed and cross-checked against the results of the sociolinguistic paremiological experiment conducted in 2003 – Handbooks of a Paremiographer: Issue 1: Bulgarian paremiological parallels of the Russian paremiological minimum (2013) and Issue 6: Polish paremiological parallels of the Russian paremiological minimum (2019). The author offers literal translations of all of the proverbs selected for this research. The aim of this paper is to uncover possible lacunarities and culturally-tied expressions in the corpora of European cultural memory, particularly in Russian, Bulgarian and Polish. While targeting proverbs of related Slavic languages, this study is approaching the proverbs from an imagology angle targeting culture specific lacunae and investigating close relationships within the languages of the Slavic group.

Кръгла маса „Книжовници и книги (Предвъзраждане и Възраждане)“. Паисиеви четения 2020, Пловдивски университет „Паисий Хилендарски“, Филологически факултет

Author(s): Diana Ivanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

Лингвистични механизми при тълкуване на сънищата според Зигмунд Фройд и Карл Густав Юнг

Author(s): Mariya Kitanova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2021

The article focuses on certain “points of contact” between the theories of dream interpretation developed by Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung and modern cognitive linguistics. The author underlines the relevance of linguistic transformations such as metaphor, metonymy, symbolization, paronymy, homonymy, paronomasia, and associative networks for Freud’s theory. Attention is also paid to the mechanisms of dream interpretation used by C. G. Jung: associative, metaphorical, and metonymic. The interpretation of symbols is a focal point in the study.

Wymowa młodych aktorów. Analiza wyników badań realizacji fonemów spółgłoskowych

Author(s): Barbara Sambor / Language(s): Polish

The presented results of the research into the realisation of consonant phonemes of drama students allow for the creation of a paradigm of diagnostic proceedings relating to the pronunciation of drama students – its research, description and interpretation in heuristic categories, as well as the formulation of basic assumptions of an applied nature. Analyses based on linguistic foundations complement the knowledge about non-normative realisations of phonemes, their essence and mutual interrelations. This dissertation is part of the trend of empirical research important for the formulation of conclusions relevant to linguistic theory in the aspect of pathophonetics, speech therapy, as well as orthodontics, laryngology and phoniatrics. On the basis of the analysis of research results and formulated conclusions, the author presents a draft educational programme in the field of media speech therapy.

Пълни и кратки форми на прилагателните имена в руски и техните съответствия на български език

Author(s): Elena Yu. Ivanova,Maxim Stamenov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2022

In Russian, unlike in Bulgarian, two forms of adjectives have been preserved – full and short, where the short form in the modern language can be used only in the predicative position. The proposed article on the basis of a parallel Russian-Bulgarian corpus examines the question by what means of expression in the Bulgarian language the opposition of the two forms of Russian adjectives is manifested, how the series of their semantic, stylistic and syntactic differences are translated, including their ability to express a temporary and / or permanent feature. It is shown that the Bulgarian language reacts differently in cases when the Russian full and short forms differ semantically, as well as when the difference between the Russian forms is stylistic or pragmatic. There are also discrepancies in the semantics of Russian and Bulgarian predicative adjectives with identical roots in view of their ability to indicate the stability of the feature (i.e. to mean a property, characteristic) or its actuality (temporary state).

(Не)Приобщеният хумор: учебникът срещу анкетата

Author(s): Aglaya Mavrova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2022

Provoked by the one-sided placement of humorous texts in the space of Russian language textbooks for secondary school, the report focuses on the fuller disclosure of the linguo-didactic potential of these texts. For this purpose, part of the results of a large-scale survey is presented, establishing the attitudes of language teachers regarding an idea for the integration of humorous texts in Russian language classes. The analyzed results were obtained from answers to questions highlighting the possibility of including humorous texts in a variety of exercises and activities. The conclusions drawn show that texts containing humor can be an effective linguodidactic resource in learning the Russian language in secondary school.

Kontrastivna analiza bosanskog, hrvatskog i srpskog jezika u zakonima Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine

Author(s): Emira Mešanović-Meša / Language(s): Bosnian

The breakup of the state of Yugoslavia in the 90s of the 20th century caused the split of the previously common standard Serbo-Croatian or Croatian--Serbian language, and therefore four language standards came into existence: the Bosnian language, the Croatian language, the Serbian language and the Montenegrin language Unlike the neighboring countries, where the official language was declared based on the majority ethnic group, in multiethnic Bosnia and Herzegovina each ethnic community accepted its national language standard Hence, official documentation in the Federation of BiH is published in three versions: the Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian languages. The subject matter of this paper is a contrastive analysis of the Bosnian,Croatian and Serbian languages in the laws of the Federation of BiH The tasks of the paper are to sort out the language differences by the grammatical levels and the lexical aspect as well, and also to determine their congruence with the codification norms of the given languages The objective of the paper is to clarify the materialization of three-language standardness in the official usage. At the phonetic level the differences have been noticed in the vowel alternations a/o, a/u, a/e, unstable a, movable (facultative) vowels, ablaut of vowels, reflex of yat, jotovanje, reduction of consonants, merging of consonants, other alternations (adaptation of some sounds in words of foreign origin – from Greek, Latin, French) and sound h The largest number of differences at the morphological level appears in the category of nouns,which is expected, because the administrative style at the grammar level is a nominal one The differences have been made in the gender of nouns,in the usage of the insertion -ov-/-ev- in plural of the noun put (road), and the biggest differences are in the formation of substantives In the category of adjectives all differences refer to their formation, and the most frequent incongruity is in the usage of adjectivized participles ending with-iran, -ovan and -isan, and adjectives ending with -ioni and -ijski Since the administrative style is not characterized with pronouns, there is a small number of pronouns in such sources, among which the different usage of the following is in the foreground: ko and tko (who), particle -zi- in the possessive pronoun njen/njezin (her), shorter or longer form kog(a)/kojeg (whom) Just like with nouns and adjectives, the differences with verbs are associated with the endings -irati, -ovati and -isati, then to the formation of the past participle with the endings -t or -n, for instance izdat/izdan (issued). The endings of adverbs -no, -ice, -ačno, -ce appear as a distinctive feature in the sources At the syntactic level the differences in texts happen with regard to the word order, the usage of infinitive or construction da +present, nominal predicate, conjunctions and adverbial expressions.

Bosanskohercegovački lingvistički atlas I: Fonetika

Author(s): Senahid Halilović,Mehmed Kardaš,Amela Ljevo-Ovčina,Emira Mešanović-Meša / Language(s): Bosnian

Speech within the borders of Bosnia and Herzegovina falls within four sub-dialects of the štokavian dialect: Eastern Bosnian, Eastern Herzegovinian, Posavinian (or Slavonian) and Western.Two of them are non-novoštokavian (Eastern Bosnian and Posavinian) and two are novoštokavian (Eastern Herzegovinian and Western). Eastern Bosnian is ijekavian šćakavian, Eastern Herzegovinian is ijekavian štakavian, Posavinian is ikavian-jekavian štakavian, and Western isikavian štakavian-šćakavian. Two novoštokavian sub-dialects cover approximately two thirds of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and two non-novoštokavian cover one third, with the Posavinian sub-dialect covering the smallest territory: only seven villages in the Orašje municipalitys peak in this dialect. Eastern Bosnian and Western sub-dialects are spoken by Bosniaks and Croats, Serbs to a lesser extent; Eastern Herzegovinian is spoken by Bosniaks, Croats and Serbs; Posavinian is spoken by Croats only. Traces of the old division of the štokavian dialect into eastern and western variants is still evident in the speech varieties in contemporary Bosnia and Herzegovina: some reflect features of western štokavian origin, and some of the eastern štokavian. Frequent migrations and mixing of the population of different dialects contributed to the diversity of speech across the country. Moreover, with a pronounced religious and ethnic blending of the population, the dialects in Bosnia and Herzegovina are quite interesting.Scholarly literature on dialectology presents basic information about speech in Bosnia and Herzegovina.However, neither major monographs nor various contributions in the field of dialectology produced from the end of the 19th century onwards offer a view of linguistic phenomena in speech in Bosnia and Herzegovina as a whole – only linguistic atlases provide the geographic spread of certain phenomena in the given language coverage. Systemic linguo-geographic study of BiH speech has been made possible thanks to the material obtained through uniform questionnaires developed as part of the project entitled “BiH Dialectological Complex – Synchronous Description and Position of the Contemporary Standard Language” by the Language Institute in Sarajevo. The BiH Language Atlas (BLA) is based primarily on this corpus, collected throughout 1970s and 1980s. Field research continued in 2016 and 2017 with amendments to some of the questionnaires and the collelction was expanded by recordings from four previously unexplored speech varieties; BLA thus covers 230 local speech varieties. Speech by Bosniaks was researched in one hundred locations, speech by Serbs in eighty, and speech by Croats in fifty. Although speech has been changed considerably, due to movement and relocation of the population during the war in the early 1990s, materials collected between 1975 and 1986 and those from 2016 and 2017 are comparable and create a whole that allows for the production of a national linguistic atlas.The phonetic volume of BLA is the first in a series of volumes planned to be published, and itis the fruit of labour of more than thirty collaborators of the Slavic Committee. The introductory part presents key information about the project itself, a list of speech varieties examined,a list of orthographic markings of speech varieties covered, a list of field researchers with the number of questionnaires completed, a phonetic transcription system, a register of lexemes and a map of dialects and sub-dialects in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The main part is dedicated to themost important phonetic phenomena: of a total of 181 questions, 63 relate to vocalism and 118to consonantism. It contains transcribed recordings of speech varieties examined, a linguistic interpretation of the material, commentaries regarding the ethymology of the lexemes and maps with symbols representing the corpus, allowing th tracking of isophones, determination of areal features of certain phenomena, specification of dialect boudnaries and an overview of horizontal spread of BiH dialects. Each map includes a legend and data on the presence of specific forms with graphic representation. The lettering is in three colours (green: examined speech by Bosniaks;blue: speech by Croats; red: speech by Serbs) in order for the maps to reflect at the same time the differences based on the informants’ ethnic background. The annex present a word index,a list of cited bibliography, as well as a list of abbreviations, markings and graphic symbols.

Akcenat u standardnom bosanskom jeziku

Author(s): Elmedina Alić / Language(s): Bosnian

The accentuation norm of the Bosnian language has not been systematised or laid out in one body of work to this day. On the other hand, the standard Bosnian language is characterised by numerous accentual alterations which have not been the focus of academic research until now, leaving us with practically no estimate on the number of variant forms which are frequent in spoken Bosnian and inversely - variant forms that only exist in literary Bosnian.These two facts have been the primary points which determined the objective of this research – to first of all systematise the accentuation norm of the Bosnian language, that is to describe in brief the main accentual types of all types of words, abiding by a singular accentuation typology, as well as to examine the frequency of accentual alternations which are found in normative manuals of the standard Bosnian language.The method of excerption was applied on professional and scientific literature (grammar books and dictionaries). Research using questionnaires and surveys was conducted in primary and secondary schools in Travnik and Sarajevo. The gathered data was analysed statistically and commented on thus enabling us to determine which accentual alteration was more frequent.The accentual alterations found in the standard Bosnian language were sorted according the parts of speech : nouns, pronouns, adjectives, numbers, verbs and invariant parts of speech.The research complied with the accentual typology that divides all types of words in the following two categories:1. Immutable accentual type – which categorises words that have the same, unchanged accent in all forms and all the words of this type were sorted into four subgroups that are characterised by: a) circumflex, b) grave, c) double grave, d) acute accent.2. Mutable accentual type – which categorises mutable words the mutability of which can be in form of: a) a change in tone, b) a change in length, c) a change in the place of the accentuation.Based on the overview of accentual types it is apparent that in the whole corpus of the Bosnian language there is a significantly larger number of words of the immutable accentual type.

Sociophonology of Received Pronunciation

Author(s): Miroslav Ježek / Language(s): English

This work deals with Received Pronunciation (RP), the prestige accent in England and other parts of Great Britain. It examines the perception of this accent by English and Czech respondents. It also analyses the roles RP fulfils in the two environments. The first part provides both synchronic and diachronic theoretical frame that is inspired by a wealth of both up-to-date as well as historical literature. Furthermore, it analyses RP by means of sociolinguistic notions, especially those related to language prescription and standardisation. The practical part consists of a survey that has been made by means of a website with 18 recordings and an accompanying questionnaire. The recordings have been evaluated by 20 Czech and 20 English respondents. The survey also attempts to establish the sociolinguistic categories most closely linked with the mental construct of RP.

Teorijska razmatranja tvorbe i osobina engleskih deriviranih nominala / Edina Rizvić-Eminović

Author(s): Edina Rizvić-Eminović / Language(s): Bosnian

By applying the descriptive analytical method, this book presents the properties of English derived nominals at the phonological, morphological, phrase and functional level. Within the scope of this book, derived nominals are nouns derived from verbs, characterized by the following suffixes: -al (arrival), -ance (-ence) (admittance), -tion (¬-ation, -ition, -ution, -ion, -tion) (destruction), -ment (development), and –ure (closure), which may express event and have aspectual properties and argument structure inherited from the corresponding verb (Rizvić-Eminović, 2014, p. 440). The overview of morphological properties of derived nominals includes the analysis of the limitations associated with their suffixation and incorporates a brief diachronic analysis. Additionally, the suffixation in the case of derived nominals reveals some phonological restrictions related to the nominals and some of the above-mentioned suffixes. At the phrase level, the book presents the properties which derived nominals share with other nouns, but verbs as well, while the functional analysis suggests that nominals may perform the same functions in the sentence as other English nouns. The analysis of the properties of derived nominals presented in the different chapters of the book leads to the conclusion that the suffix itself does not affect the features or the interpretation a derived nominal has. It may also be concluded that the interpretation of a derived nominal as either a process or a result nominal requires that not only the presence or absence of the of phrase should be taken into account, but also its aspectual properties expressed through specific aspectual phrases or adverbials occurring with the derived nominal.

Лингводидактологически проблеми при изучаването на езиците висок валириан и клингонски

Author(s): Petar Todorov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

The article focuses on two fictional languages – High Valyrian and Klingon. Learning them leads to various problems, mostly due to the fact that they are not officially spoken languages, and in practice are used only in the films for which they were created: Game of Thrones and House of the Dragon ( High Valyrian) and Star Trek (Klingon). For this reason, the learning resources are limited due to their specifics; neither are there specialists to teach them. In addition, unlike most spoken languages, neither a level of proficiency can be determined nor any formal certification can be issued for High Valyrian and Klingon. Although there are literary sources which deal with the two languages separately, mostly from the point of view of their lexical and grammatical characteristics, there are yet to be found publications in which the learning of these languages by real users is researched. The paper presents an analysis of the two languages from the point of view of linguodidactology and empruntology. A survey among users who learn the two languages on the Duolingo language learning platform and through other sources is provided. We reach the conclusion that using Duolingo to learn High Valyrian and Klingon leads to efficiency, but not to a 100% proficiency; therefore, additional sources and resources shall be consulted.

The Manufactory of Old French Psalters.

Author(s): Chapel Alessia,Vladimir Agrigoroaei / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2023

Pentru a înțelege mai bine relațiile intertextuale dintre psaltirile franceze medievale, întoarcerea la o sursă fundamentală precum Psaltirea de la Oxford (manuscrisul Oxford, Biblioteca Bodleiană, Douce 320) este esențială. Astfel, unul dintre scopurile acestui articol este cel de a pune bazele unui studiu al modificărilor de natură textuală reprezentate de numeroase ștersături care reflectă procesul de redactare și spun povestea acestui manuscris. Deoarece studiul este de amploare, a fost necesară segmentarea lui în mai multe publicații. În această primă etapă, după o introducere care analizează relațiile manuscrisului Douce 320 cu alte manuscrise din familia sa (de exemplu, Londra, British Library, Arundel MS 230), autorii discută ștersăturile legate de fluctuația vocalelor și diftongilor în ortografia anumitor cuvinte. Analiza tratamentului dentalelor finale ocupă apoi secțiuni referitoare la anumite forme verbale ale modurilor indicativ, conjunctiv și participiu. Acestea sunt completate de studii privind ștergerea unui -e- interconsonantic în formele de viitor și oscilarea între -r- și dublu -rr- în formele de viitor ale verbului estre. În cele ce urmează, ștersăturile și/sau corecturile legate de dentale permit de asemenea să fie abordată problema declinării, nu numai în cazul participiilor, ci și a mai multor substantive și adjective. Cercetarea se concentrează apoi pe studii de caz: ștergerea unui –n final în enfer(n), iur(n) și car(n); ezitările scribului legate de ortografia conjuncției car; înlocuirea frecventă a lui q cu c în cuvântul quer/cuer; ezitarea între folosirea conjuncției mais sau a conjuncției acertes; precum și multiplele opțiuni de a traduce sufixul latin –tio. O paranteză deschisă cu privire la anumite adăugiri și/sau corecturi sugerează posibilitatea ca manuscrisul Douce 320 să nu fie o traducere autografă a Psaltirii St. Albans (păstrată la Hildesheim, Dombibliothek, St. Godehard 1). Scribul ar fi folosit mai degrabă o sursă latină cu o glosă vernaculară interliniară. Această deducție pare să fie confirmată și de utilizarea unei liniuțe de unire, pe care copistul o folosește pentru a compensa erori probabile de transcriere. Ipoteza aceasta este susținută mai ales de cercetarea asupra câtorva „ștersături lungi”. Ele par a privi unități de transcriere a căror modificare este legată de structura și interconectarea textuală cu o sursă care prezintă atât un text latin, cât și o glosă interliniară. În încheierea acestei părți, după ce au prezentat, spre comparație, exemple preluate din Psaltirea Winchester și Psaltirea Arundel, autorii propun reconstituirea unui segment de text care ar putea fi mai aproape de sursa manuscrisului Douce 320. Articolul se încheie cu o comparație cu precedentele în limba engleză veche și cu o transcriere a fragmentelor de la Maidstone, Centrul și Biblioteca de Istorie Kent, Fa/Z1 (fragmentul Faversham i). Continuarea cercetării este prevăzută pentru următorul număr al revistei Museikon.

АСПЕКТИ НА ПАЛАТАЛИЗАЦИИТЕ: РОМАНСКИ И СЛАВЯНСКИ ФОНОЛОГИЧНИ ПРОЦЕСИ

Author(s): Georgi Zhechev / Language(s): Bulgarian

The book is based on analysis of palatalizations as phonological processes typical for the areas of both the Slavic and the Romance languages. Its scope is to shed light on the common features and the differences between these diachronic phenomena using the means of phonetics (articulatory, acoustic, perceptional) and of phonology from different stages of the evolution of this discipline (generative, linear and autosegmental, optimality theory).

Етническата памет в топонимите на Артануджи (историческа Грузия)

Author(s): Inga Ghutidze / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2023

Artanuji, the oldest city of Klarjeti, historical Georgia, is within the boundaries of Turkey on the grounds of Kars Treaty (1921). According to the data, gathered through the fieldwork in 2010‒2014, ethnic Georgians were exiled from Artanuji after the World War II. The article deals with the written sources and field data, providing detailed information about the Artanuji population, ethnic Christian Georgians as well as Muslim Georgians. The historical past in this region reminds of itself through the toponyms that appeared in the places of historical Georgia and through the speech of population and covers the history of the ethnic groups. The toponyms attested on the territory of historical Georgia have a great importance for they shed light on a certain period of history and are the only witnesses of Georgian settlement here.

Gramatică comparată româno-maghiară. Domeniul fonetic

Author(s): Imola Katalin Nagy / Language(s): Romanian

Our volume entitled Comparative Romanian–Hungarian Grammar. The Field of Phonetics aims to provide a comparative study of the phonetic structure of Romanian and Hungarian, to draw attention to the differences that underlie the interference phenomena, and to offer some methods and practices that can help to reduce interference phenomena. The differences between the two languages, the difficulties encountered by Hungarian speakers (pronunciation errors related to the Romanian phonemes ă and î/â and the interference of the Hungarian vowels ö and ü, the difficulties in pronouncing the final i, the pronunciation of diphthongs as hiatus, the transposition of the Hungarian consonants ty and gy), the stress of the first syllable under the influence of the mother tongue are all crucial phonological points, the theoretical and especially practical aspects of which are described in this volume. The guiding principle of the book is that the articulation base can only be developed through practice and many examples and that incorrect pronunciation can only be eliminated through constant practice and exposure to beautifully and correctly articulated Romanian texts. To this end, we have tried to help all those who are interested in a comparative approach to the phonetics of Romanian.