Дијалектната лексика во делата на писателите кои потекнуваат од Егејска Македонија

Author(s): Ljiljana Makarijoska,Meri Cubalevska / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 2/2020

The subject of our interest is the dialect vocabulary in the works of Macedonian writers, descended from Aegean Macedonia, e.g. Tashko Georgievski, Paskal Gilevski, Petar Shirilov, Ivan Chapovski, Kata Misirkova-Rumenova, Risto Jachev, Georgi Georgievski and others. These writers refer to the dramatic events of the civil war in Aegean Macedonia, and the fact that they are witnesses and participants in very events, the writings are distressingly reflected in the experience of the writing personalities, narrated in their native speech. In addition to the richness of storytelling and the richness of motifs and linguistic means, the choice of vocabulary confirms the high literary and aesthetic value of the work, and contributes to preservation of many dialects, for example, in the language of Tashko Georgievski: aresa se, boj, deksa se, dira, kadro, ljoljo, obide, fraska, shavne. Ivan Čapovski‘s language is also characterized by dialectisms thus enriching the language with words from the vernacular: bishka, boravi, vardi, kinisa, lafi, napkum, okara, omjaz, pala, pljachki, puli, shej. In the dialect layer of the linguistic expression by Paskal Gilevski, a native speaker of the Kostur Region dialect, there are, for example: chupa, laf, nikul, vardi, namnisa, puli, tavri, tagari etc., and in the language of Petar Shirilov, descended from the Lerin Region there are: argasa, gagari, garvali, klava, odaja, peshnik, setnina, chevre, shmetka.

E FOLJMA E LUMËS PASURI E GEGËRISHTES VERILIRNDORE

Author(s): Fitor Ollomani / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 13-14/2020

Nëndialektet dhe të folmet krahinore janë pasuri e vyer e një gjuhe, kulture dhe të një populli. Tiparet gjuhësore të tyre janë bartëse të historisë, kulturës dhe mendësisë së një populli që nga ngjizja deri në ditët e sotme. Studimi i të folmeve krahinore është një kontribut në evidentimin e pasurisë gjuhësore që mbartin, konservatorizimit, të komunikimit e tyre mes njëri – tjetrit dhe me gjuhën standarde si dhe mendësinë krahinore të pasqyruar në sistemin frazeologjik. Në punimin tonë do të përpiqemi të përshkruajmë tiparet gjuhësore të të folmes së Lumës si pjesë e gegërishtes verilindore, parë në këndvështrimin e shprehjes së pasurisë gjuhësore, parë në aspketet e mëposhtme: Vështrim gjeo – historik dhe kulturor për krahinën e Lumës; e foljma e Lumës në kuadrin e ndarjes dialektore të shqipes; tiparet fonetike të të folmes së Lumës si bartëse të konservatorizmit të shqipes; tiparet morfologjike dhe sintaksore të të folmes së Lumës tregues i zhvillimit historik të shqipes; pasuria leksikore dhe frazeologjike të të folmes së Lumës si shprehje e mënyrës së jetesës në hapësirën gjeografike të Lumës. Punim është realziuar përmes një pune hulumtuese në terren, analizës, interperetimit të materialit gjuhësor si dhe të studimeve pararendëse mbi këtë të folme.

ЛЕКСИКОГРАФСКИ ОГЛЕДИ (ПРИКАЗ НА ИЗБРАНИ ПРЕЗИМИЊА НА МАКЕДОНЦИТЕ И НА АЛБАНЦИТЕ)

Author(s): Sonja Novotni,Mihajlo Marovik / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 13-14/2020

Во трудот којшто е предмет на работа е опфатен материјалот којшто ги проучува лексикологијата, лексикографијата, лингвистиката и ономастиката, со осврт на речниците на презимињата кај Македонците и кај Албанците. Преку методот на есцерпција, синтеза и систематизација ќе дадеме приказ на избрани презимиња кај Албанците и нивниот зборообразувачки состав и на избрани презимиња кај Македонците и нивната фреквенција. Целта на рефератот е да се приближи културолошко-лексикографскиот елемент во етнолингвистички рамки преку приказот на презимињата кај Македонците и Албанците, согледани од аспект на суфиксацијата, префиксацијата и етимолошкиот пристап кај истите. Со ваквата анализа ќе согледаме дали постојат сличности или диференцијални особености во презимињата на двата етноси.

A láb/нога főnevekből alkotott magyar és szerb szavak kontrasztív elemzése

Author(s): Edit Andrić / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 1/2016

Hungarian and Serbian nouns indicating limb of human beings and terrestrial animals useful for dislocation. I would like to reveal to what extent the different typological nature of the two languages affect the method of word-building. By examining the corpus of the two languages, I have reached the conclusion that just as rich, but at the same time less structured set of derivatives of the Serbian language enable the formation of derivatives roughly with an identical number. In the paper I touch upon the semantics of the words as well in order to be able to establish that the lexical meaning of the nouns being the subject of the study motivates word-building. Ultimately I have also made a word-class classification of words resulted this way.

КОМЕНТАР КОН УПОТРЕБАТА НА ПОИМОТ ХЕЛЕНИЗАМ ВО МАКЕДОНСКАТА ИСТОРИОГРАФИЈА

Author(s): Natalija Popovska / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 1-2/2015

The article “Comments on the use of the term Hellenism in Macedonian historiography” is a review of the use of the term Hellenism in the historiographical literature written in Macedonian language. Due to attempts to change the term with makedonism or alexandrism, as more appropriate we referred to several examples of Macedonian historiography, and tried to explicate that this tendency has no relevant support in historical sources and historiography. However, the questions pertaining to the appropriateness of the term are of great importance, which is why academic discussion remains open.

ГЛАГОЛСКИОТ ВИД ВО НЕГИРАНИТЕ ФОРМИ НА ИМПЕРАТИВОТ ВО МАКЕДОНСКИОТ ЈАЗИК И ВО ДРУГИТЕ СЛОВЕНСКИ ЈАЗИЦИ

Author(s): Maksim Karanfilovski / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 10/2012

В македонском языке в отрицательных формах императива в текстах со знамени: советовать, рекомендовать или предупреждать в основном употребляется несовершенный вид. То же самое наблюдается и в болгарском языке. Уже в сербском и в хорватском языках заметно увеличение употребления форм императива в совершенном виде сохраняя три том доминантное употребление несовершенного вида. Подобное положение с доминацией несовершенного вида при увеличенном употреблении отрицательных форм императива наблюдается в чешском, польском и в русском языках. В отличии от них в словацком языке оба вида в подобных текстах употребляются почти рамноправно. Единственно в словенском языке замечается доминация совершенного вида в отрицательных формах императива в тестах со схожим значением.

ПРВА ПРОУЧАВАЊА СЛАВЕНОСРПСКЕ ЛЕКСИКЕ

Author(s): Ana Z. Macanović,Aleksandar M. Milanović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2021

The paper deals with the first studies of the Slavonic-Serbian lexis. Although beginnings in the study of the Slavonic-Serbian language, including the lexis of the given period, are tied to the 1960s, Serbian linguistic scholars often disregard the fact that research had occurred even before. In relation to this, the author puts emphasis on the positions and thoughts on the Slavonic-Serbian lexis of these first linguists, as well as first literary critics and historians during the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. Special attention is given to their relationship to the non-popular lexis – lexical slavisms, on the one hand, and to foreign and loan words coming from non-Slavic languages, on the other hand.

ЛЕКСИЧКИ СЛАВЕНИЗМИ И ПИТАЊЕ ЖАНРА У СЛАВЕНОСРПСКОМ ЈЕЗИКУ

Author(s): Isidora G. Bjelaković,Milena Zorić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2021

Having in mind the fact that the research of Serbian literary linguistic idiom from the 18th and 19th century indicates that slavenisms were not used only when it was necessary to fill in the so-called onomasiological gaps, but their use had a particular stylistic function, the central issue of this paper is the issue of the functionalization of slavenisms and their relationship towards the genre (literary artistic, publicistic, administrative and scientific), primarily in Slavic Serbian texts, with a short introduction regarding various interpretations of this concept in Serbian studies. Having in mind the fact that the research of Serbian literary linguistic idiom of the 18th and 19th centuries has been fragmentary, the paper offers both a synthetic view of what has been established in the field so far and it also indicates possible future tendencies in those genres that have so far not been the subject of a more detailed analysis.

Како су Римљани означавали писмо? Латинска терминологија

Author(s): Slobodanka S. Prtija / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 23/2021

Ancient writers used different terms for letters. Unlike the Greek language,in which we find many terms in the meaning of letters used by Greek authors,there are only two terms for the letter used by Latin writers. These are epistula and litterae, one of which is the Greek word ἐπιστολή. The word litterae in the plural has many meanings, one of which is “letter”, “written message”.Most Roman authors consistently used this plural form to refer to a single letter, besides the Roman poet Ovid, who used the singular to refer to a single written message and the plural for several letters. Some authors used the both terms equally without any difference, but some of them had their favorite word for a letter, either epistula or litterae. As in the early period of ancient literature Plautus used the word tabella for a letter as metonymy, i.e.it is used in reference to writing materials, such as clay or wooden tablets.

OSVRT NA NAZIVE BILJAKA U VITEZOVIĆEVU LEXICON LATINO-ILLYRICUM

Author(s): Nada Vajs / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/1994

La contribution traite de la composante phytonymique dans le dictionnaire manuscrit latin-illyrique (croate) de Pavao Vitezović (1562-1713). On s'est propose d' etudier les noms des plantes qui n'ont pas trouve leur place dans le grand Dictionnaire de l'Academie croate de Zagreb et qui par cela temoignent des phytonymes aujourd'hui oublies ou des variantes des noms dejä existants. En outre on donne des phytonymes ä valeur synonymique qui illustrent la tächa s'est proposee Vitezović d'englober les trois parlers qui, selon sa profonde conviction, constituent la langue croate (les dialectes čakave, käi'kave et štokave).

Plesionüümid kui sõnavara õpetamismeetod: inglise keele õppijate juhtumianalüüs Eesti näitel

Author(s): Alina Yevchuk / Language(s): English Issue: 19/2021

The present study investigated the effectiveness of using plesionyms, or near-synonyms, as a vocabulary teaching tool in the English as a foreign language classroom and attempted to determine at what level of proficiency this technique could be incorporated. 40 Estonian university students who were enrolled in three different ESP courses participated in the study. The students were divided into 4 groups according to their level of proficiency: one experimental and one control group consisted of B1 level students; and one experimental and one control group consisted of B2 level students. The experimental groups learned the vocabulary in plesionymic pairs by discussing the differences as well as the similarities between near-synonyms. Meanwhile, the control groups learned the same words non-adjacently, meaning that the words were taught independently and neither differences nor similarities between words were discussed. Based on the findings, it was concluded that teaching vocabulary through plesionymic pairs facilitates immediate recall and long term memory retention among B2 level students. This vocabulary teaching method could be considered more effective at more advanced levels of proficiency.

Eduard Berend und die Anfänge der deutschen literarischen Onomastik

Author(s): Volker Kohlheim / Language(s): German Issue: 84/2021

In 1942, the editor of the works of the German poet Jean Paul (Richter), Eduard Berend, published from his Swiss exile an article on Jean Paul’s poetical naming practices. This article can be considered as the founding text of scientific literary onomastics. Berend not only shows how Jean Paul found his names, but gives a detailed analysis of his naming practice. Thus, partly explicitly, partly implicitly, Berend devises a methodology of future scientific literary onomastics.

Dėl „SEJL“ papildymų

Author(s): Vytautas Antanas Vitkauskas / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 60/2009

Gerbiamasis Krokuvos profesorius savo veikalu po K. Būgos, E. Fraenkelio, J. Kazlausko, V. Urbučio pajudino mūsų kalbos leksikos etimologijų nagrinėjimą, viską pateikia gerai mokėdamas visas baltų kalbas. Remiasi svarbiausiais mūsų LKŽ, K. Sirvydu, iš dalies A. Juška, ypač Z. Zinkevičiumi. Tad turime suprasti veikalo ypatingumą ir svarbą mūsų kalbos mokslui, reikšti pagarbą mokslininkui, nes mes šia prasme esame gan atsilikę.

Uzupełnienia do “Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego”. Część I

Author(s): Wojciech Smoczyński / Language(s): Polish Issue: 58/2008

This article consists of addenda to the author’s Słownik etymologiczny języka litewskiego, Vilnius 2007. It also contains a list of errata to this dictionary.

Prikupljene nove hrvatske riječi u 15. kolu Šreterova natječaja

Author(s): Sanda Ham / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2021

The Words for Malt in Finnic Languages

Author(s): Vilja Oja / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The article analyses the words used for malt in Finnic dialects, taking into account their structure, etymologies, semantics and area of distribution. The words come from six different roots: variants of idu are used for malt in Karelian, Ludic, Veps and Ingrian, linnas is the singular of the Estonian and Votic equivalent, from mage come malt names in Livonian and in some Estonian dialects, mallas is the common malt name in Finnish and Ingrian, solod is used for malt in Karelian and Ludic, and suloim in Veps. Most of the Finnic malt names are formed on the basis of different loanwords, which in the donor languages also mean ’sweet, tasty’. This diversity of equivalents which are used in the group of the closely related languages for malted grain refers to language contacts and, at the same time, to quite important cultural and economic relations with neighbouring peoples.

ASUPRA POZIŢIEI ACCENTULUI ÎN VARIANTELE TERITORIALE ALE LIMBII

Author(s): Maria-Laura Rus / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 23/2017

We focused in this paper on different cases of terms that are differently stressed in the popular aspect of our language in comparison to literary language. There are various linguistic explanations for these situations. Thus, we have fluctuation in the literary language (creating the so-called free stressed variants); the influence of different languages such as Hungarian and German; the proximity of different neologisms to their original base; the phonetic adaptation of the neologism to the popular aspect of the language. Some of the changes are frequently registered, while others are not.

DISCOURSE MARKER USE REGARDING AGE FACTOR: THE CASE OF MONGOLIAN SPOKEN DISCOURSE

Author(s): Мunkhtsetseg Namsrai,Sainbilegt Dashdorj / Language(s): English Issue: 02 (41)/2021

The present paper focuses on the age differences in the use of discourse markers (DMs), especially the most common ones, in Mongolian spontaneous speech. Even though DMs are typical of any spoken utterance, it is sometimes argued that young people make excessive use of DMs due to their lexical poverty. Thus, this paper evaluates this claim by analyzing the use of DMs by several age groups both quantitatively and qualitatively in terms of frequency, distribution, and choice. According to the study, all possible DMs were used more frequently by the younger group compared to the other two groups. The percentage of the DMs used by the older speakers was 13.7% (13081) out of the total of 95485 tokens, while the frequency of the DMs used by the middle-aged participants was 15.5% (14214) out of the total of 91706 tokens, and the frequency of the DMs used by the younger participants was 18.6% (16288) out of the total of 87570 tokens. The results of the study confirm that the younger speakers use more fillers, false starts, repetitions, and hesitation markers than the older speakers. Additionally, the percentage of the DMs in their whole lexicon might also support the hypothesis. Moreover, it has been revealed that the younger speakers use new variants of DMs more often. Thus, it can be deduced that young people might influence language change. One interesting finding is that the most common DMs are used differently by each age group in terms of their frequency, variation, and function. Tegeed is the most frequent DM amongst the younger speakers, whereas odoo is the most frequent DM amongst the older speakers, and bol is the most frequent DM amongst the middle-aged speakers.

Jókai Mór szókincséről és szóalkotási módjairól az írói szótárak tükrében

Author(s): Gábor Lőrincz,Julianna Lőrincz / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 2/2021

The topic selection and topicality of the study is ensured by the Jókai Encyclopedia published in 2020. Although the lexicological and lexicographical literature is slowly making up for the backlog in processing the writers’ vocabulary, even in the age of computer dictionary editing, there is plenty of debt in processing the vocabulary of the greatest personalities of our literature. The Jókai Encyclopedia which processes most of Jókai’s vocabulary continues the series of these works. The first part of the paper is about the purpose and task of writers’ dictionaries, and then introduces some writer’s dictionaries such as the Jókai Dictionary and the Jókai Encyclopedia. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the usefulness of Jókai’s vocabulary and the way of creating words in school education by using the Jókai Encyclopedia. After this, the writer’s vocabulary and the way of creating words are analysed, taking the example material from Jókai’s primary school compulsory reading entitled Sons of the Stone-Hearted Man.

Antropografska leksika u govorima svrljiškog kraja - lingvogeografski pristup

Author(s): Ana Savić-Grujić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2017

The doctoral dissertation entitled The anthropological lexicon in the speech of the Svrljig area – a linguo-geographic approach deals with the study of the lexicon which is used to denote an individual based on his physical traits, in the speech of the Svrljig area. The term anthropogeographic lexicon refers to a lexicon used to denote an individual based on his features: physical features, social features, character. In the analysis of this lexicon, we selected an approach based on what is evident, and this primarily includes the physical features of individuals, that is, characteristics which the interlocutor can see (and/or hear) in contact with the individual in possession of these features. In order to obtain more precise results, we carried out the research in a very narrow geographic area – in the speech of the Svrljig area. A detailed analysis founded on relevant and extensive material, collected in the field, offered us the opportunity to use a linguistic perspective in order to view how a particular human community treats a certain part of the social reality – an individual and his physical features. The subject matter of this dissertation consists of more than 1600 nominal and adjectival lexemes of the Svrljig area, which can be defined as words which characterize an individual based on his physical features, and which belong to the semantic micro field of “physical features“, as a part of the semantic field “human traits“ and the associated field of “man“. The aim of this research was to isolate and study this lexicon, to organize an appropriate discussion, map the geographic distribution of certain lexemes and compile a dictionary. The determination of the semantic extent of lexical units which refer to the nomination and qualification of an individual has led to a more precise lexical image of the speech of the Svrljig area, but also to the understanding of the cultural identity of a single linguistic community. In a word, the formation of these lexical units is primarily based on visual perception (color, size, shape and the like). At the same time, their final form was also influenced by the socio-cultural specificities of the speech community which rested on the traditional human life values of people living in a rural environment. The volume and diversity of the nominations used to denote physical characteristics reflect a clear cultural specificity of the speech community in which everything that disrupts the ideal of a natural image and is not in accordance with the social norms is deemed negative. On the other hand, the number of positive and expressively neutral lexical units used to denote an individual with positive physical characteristics, as well as those which in no way deviate from the patterns of social norm, is negligible. A large part of this lexicon is represented by lexical units motivated by the name of a body part, but a significant percentage is made up of words which are the result of a metaphoric extension related to various entities from the environment, as well as lexical units based on a mythological semantic motivation. The derivational analysis included only those words which in synchronic terms can be considered derived words. The derivations obtained through prefixation and suffixation were analyzed as derivates which are the result of a complex-suffixation derivation process. Special attention was paid to suffixation as the basic and most widely available means of derivation. Suffixes were represented in combination with the base to which they were bound, and their productivity and meaning in terms of derivation were indicated. Lexical maps were used to represent the geographic distribution of ten selected lexemes. Since there is significant homogeneity on the lexical field, the differentiations between the Timok-Lužnice and Svrljg-Zaplanje speech are almost non-existent.