Anti-Proverbs in English and Serbian

Author(s): Vladan Pavlović / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The paper presents a set of anti-proverbs – innovative and typically satirical, ironic, or humorous alterations of traditional proverbs, from English and Serbian (e. g. Taste makes waist < Haste makes waste; Dobro se dobro zaboravlja < Dobro se dobrim vraća), and examines the strategies employed in the two languages in the process of their creation. The paper concludes that the process of creation of anti-proverbs from proverbs involves a number of strategies, all of them typically leading to the emergence of a new expression with a clear communicative message. Those strategies generally involve lexical substitution or lexical addition, whereby the overall syntactic pattern can be either preserved or changed. It also concludes that the strategies used in the creation of anti-proverbs, as well as their topics, are quite comparable both in English and in Serbian. The paper also presents a number of theoretical and methodological implications for further research.

Semantic Extension of "Human Colors" White, Pale and Gray

Author(s): Mirjana Ilić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The paper considers adjectives white, pale and gray,used as color adjectives to characterize man, as well as their relationship with the adjective white in the Serbian language. These “human color” adjectives have somewhat different extensions compared to the adjective white, and this is frequently manifested in their inability to realize themselves within certain grammatical structures, in which it is still possible to realize the adjective white. With the use of the conceptual integration theory, an attempt has been made to explain the relationship between the semantic extensions of these adjectives.

Вербализация каритивной семантики в русском и польском экономическом дискурсе

Author(s): Ajgul Bohanova,Ljudmila Kilevaja / Language(s): Russian Issue: XXI/2016

The paper analyzes the linguistic means incarnation karitive semantics in Russian and Polish economic discourse. The material of the study uses data Kazakh Russian-language newspapers and Polish newspapers. Karitive semantics interpreted as the nuclear part of the category of lackness. In Russian and Polish speech activity on economics, used identical language units. This is due to a common origin of language systems, dating back to the pre-Slavic language, and with respect to the interpretation of the general problems of the economy in Kazakhstan and Poland.

Фразеологiзми з числовим компонентом в українськiй та польськiй мовах

Author(s): Magdalena Jeż / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: XXI/2016

The article deals with the problem of Ukrainian and Polish phraseology with the numeral component. The main intention of this article is to analyze semantic peculiarities of phraseological units with this component in both Slavic languages. The groups of lexical equivalency of Polish and Ukrainian phraseological units with numeral component are fixed. The phraseological variants and synonymy are explored.

BETWEEN GALILEO AND DARWIN, OR TOWARDS A UNIFIED MODE OF IDEALIZATION IN COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS

Author(s): Ariadna Strugielska / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2016

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that Cognitive Linguistics is in need of a coherent model through which the meaning of symbolic units can be represented. Departing from the premise that scientific theorizing requires taking a stance on the nature of idealization, the current discussion concentrates on cognitive linguists’ perspectives on the process, and reveals a lack of uniformity in the models proposed. On the whole, generalizations in Cognitive Linguistics are conducted in a manner reflecting the basic commitments of the approach, and hence the idealized models discussed strive to capture the embodied nature of cognition reflected in the semantic poles of symbolic units. However, a detailed analysis shows that a number of significant choices underlying the process of abstraction are random. Consequently, the modes of idealization revealed through semantic frames and cognitive domains lead to the emergence of barely compatible semantic categories which are assumed to represent the meaning of the same symbolic unit. It is thus postulated that if Cognitive Linguistics aspires to become a mature scientific theory, whose constructs and hypotheses can be operationalized and falsified, it needs to develop a more unified framework in which the situated and distributed natures of meaning are accounted for in a motivated manner.

Понятие куректон в удмуртском языке

Author(s): Т. R. Dušenkova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2017

In the Udmurt language kurekton ’grief, suffering, sadness’ refers to one of the basic emotion concepts reflected in the language and folklore. The lexeme has a range of synonyms, which proves the importance and significance of it in the language. Many of the synonyms are compound words, in some cases the roots reiterate or specify the meaning of the compounds. Etymologically the lexemes belong either to the native vocabulary of Finno-Ugric origin or to loan-words. The synonyms differ from the dominant word semantically as well as stylistically and reflect the aspects of the reality seen as important to comprehend.

SLIKOVITOST U PRIPOVIJECI SEVDALIJINA LJUBAV HAMZE HUME

Author(s): Enisa Gološ / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1-2/2015

The paper points to the imagery as a category of semantics. The theoretical aspect of the analysis is strengthened by examples given in the form of sentences and context. In that way, the concept of imagery is illuminated with the help of semantic devices. This implicates simple to more complex similes as figure of speech in the literary style, and the central place in the analysis is intended for tropes. In the context of these literary devices, the central place belongs to the metaphor, which is also allocated with most examples, while metonymy and personification as distinctive type of metaphor succeed on the scale of semantic value. Associations are used to illuminate the phenomenon of imagery, which contribute to ambiguity of lexemes within the context and the connection between the observed aspect and the notion of expressiveness. Th e paper provides insight into the analysis in terms of language. Th erefore, it is justifi ed that the analysis is being carried out with the selected corpus, because Humo's literary work serves as a solid foundation for this kind of analysis and, generally, literature is a signifi cant backup for language creation.

NAZIVI TUNELA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI – KREMATONIMSKI PRINCIPI UPOTREBE, ZNAČENJA I TVORBE

Author(s): Indira Šabić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1-2/2015

The aim of this research is to realize the contribution of onomastic research of the Bosnian language, in domain of chrematonyms, and to analyze the names of Bosnian artifacts: roads, tunnels, companies, historical and commercial buildings, with special reference to the appointment of the tunnel. The paper presents a proposal to extract categories of chrematonyms - names of the tunnel, based on their semantics: the hills and peaks, the composition and appearance of soil, fitonyms, zoomyms, metaphorical and metonymic titles, chrematonyms that express human activities and chrematonyms to appoint people in a particular area.

Semiootika ekspansioon

Author(s): Julia Kristeva / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 12/2015

Phrasal Verbs with the Particles Down and up in English and their Serbian Equivalents: A Corpus Analysis

Author(s): Slađana D. Mandić / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2016

The paper deals with the analysis of the English phrasal verbs with the particles down and up and their Serbian translation equivalents. The general aim of the analysis is to point to the English phrasal verbs with the particles down and up and their expected Serbian translations in the form of prefixed verbs. Furthermore, more specific aims deal with the elaboration on the verbal categories of aspect and aktionsart (especially the feature of telicity) and the levels of idiomaticity of the English phrasal verbs as well as their Serbian translations. The theoretical framework used in the paper is the cognitive approach to phrasal-verb semantics. The results of the analysis show that the Serbian translation equivalents of the English phrasal verbs with the particle up are mostly perfective prefixed verbs whereas imperfective prefixed verbs are rather rare. In order to compare the English phrasal verbs and their Serbian translations, a contrastive analysis was performed on the corpus of 111 phrasal verbs with the particles down and up, collected from the second part of Hilary Mantel's novel Wolf Hall and its Serbian translation Vučje leglo (translated by Vladimir D. Janković).

Названия сосулек в коми языке

Author(s): Eugenia Aibabina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

This is the first ever survey of the names of icicles used in the dialects of the Komi-Zyrian language. The analysed items include both native lexical unit (words and phrases) and lexemes borrowed from Russian dialects. The analysis proves that many of the native names have a transparent internal form. Some ­semantic models used in the naming of icicles are identified.

Удмуртское понятие чидан ’терпение, терпеливость, смирение, выносливость, стойкость’

Author(s): Nadežda Šutova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2017

The article deals with the polysemantic word čidan in the Udmurt language, the reference of which is opposed to arrogance, egoism, and ambitiousness. The folklore and linguistic sources considered indicate that the term čidan ­’patience, humility, endurance, stamina’ refers to an important feature of the Udmurt national character. The word čidan has a dual meaning: some people think it shows a weakness of will and character, an inclination to tolerate humiliation; some others interprete it positively as an ability to stay calm, to overcome life’s difficulties, and endure physical and mental pain.

Translating ‘shame’. A translational approach (I)

Author(s): Magda Jeanrenaud / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2017

Starting from the semantic and lexical sphere of the concepts of ‘honte’ (in French) and ‘rușine’ (in Romanian), my aim is to examine the way this word was translated into Romanian; for this purpose, my point of departure was a case study. To this end, I tried to elaborate a comparative translational study of Boris Cyrulnik, titled Mourir de dire. La honte (Éditions Odile Jacob, Paris, 2010) and of its Romanian translation, titled Mai bine mor decît să spun. Rușinea (French translation by Valentin Protopopescu, Editura Trei, “Psihologia pentru toți” collection, Bucharest, 2012). Cyrulnik’s text has a particularity: it oscillates between the specifics of a literary text and those of a specialized text. From this standpoint, his transposition challenges the functionalist theories of translation and mostly the skopos theory elaborated by Katharina Reiss and Hans Vermeer: it is interesting to analyse the way the translator “decodes” the “intentionality” of this type of text, ultimately a specialized text, and the way he decides to transpose its semantic and lexical sphere into Romanian.

O analiză semantică a vocii duale într-un stil literar

Author(s): Ştefan Oltean / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2016

Lucrarea își propune să dea seamă de vocea duală articulată de discursului indirect liber (DIL), un mod discursiv întrebuințat cu precădere în proza narativă pentru reprezentarea evenimentelor verbale și a evenimentelor mentale verbale sau nonverbale (vezi Oltean, 1993). Mai întîi vom discuta problema conceptualizării discursului indirect liber, fără însă a intra în detalii privind deosebirile dintre acesta și discursul direct (DD) sau cel indirect (DI) (vezi, pentru acest aspect, Ehrlich, 1990; McHale, 1978; Oltean, 1993). Apoi vom aborda problema vocii duale cuplate cu modul discursiv în discuție, mai apoi vom schița cadrul teoretic, iar în final vom descrie forma logică a unui fragment de DIL selectat din literatura narativă de limbă engleză, în scopul specificării valenței amintite a procedeului.

A semantic analysis of dual voice in a literary style

Author(s): Ştefan Oltean / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

This article proposes an account of dual voice in free indirect discourse (FID), a point-of-view narrative style used mainly in literary narrative for the representation of verbal events, and of verbal or non-verbal mental events (see Oltean, 1993). First, it sums up in a nutshell the issue of what constitutes FID, without dealing in detail with what distinguishes it from “normal” indirect discourse and direct discourse (see, for this matter, Ehrlich, 1990; McHale, 1978; Oltean, 1993). Next, it addresses the issue of dual voice associated with this discourse mode, after which it gives an outline of the analytical framework. Finally, it provides a description for an FID sentence selected from English literary prose, with a view to furnishing evidence for its dual nature.

An Overview of Lexico-Semantic Noun Anglicisms in The Modern French and Lithuanian Languages: Linguists’ Approach

Author(s): Ksenija Banuševičienė / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2016

The article examines noun anglicisms and their lexico-semantic integration in the French and Lithuanian languages. The notion of dynamics of the borrowing process and the concept of noun anglicisms are analyzed from the linguistic point of view. The article aims at describing different interpretations of anglicisms by French and Lithuanian linguists, problematics of lexico-semantic anglicisms, and the current approach to lexico-semantic anglicisms in the French and Lithuanian languages. It can be assumed that the intensive usage of anglicisms generates a new linguistic situation in which English terms are widely used in the French and Lithuanian languages. The use of new lexical elements in the French and Lithuanian languages improves text expressiveness and helps to move away from the formality of the text, thus creating a connection with the reader and realizing verbal expressiveness. To sum up, anglicisms in the modern French and Lithuanian languages appear to have a systematic character related to the diachronic and structural development of the language. Their relatively fast assimilation at phonological, morphological and semantic levels appears to be the key part of the borrowing process. A great number of anglicisms seem to be the result of the process of globalization. Anglicisms influence all languages of the world. Naturally, French and Lithuanian are not an exception

Analizë strukturore‐semantike e njësive eufemistike të Shqipes mbi bazën e konceptit të formës së brendshme

Author(s): Alda Jashari-Cicko / Language(s): Albanian Issue: 46/2016

The aim of this paper is to conduct an inquiry on the principle of inner form through a detailed structural and semantic analysis of the Albanian euphemistic units. The theoretical approach and the practical treatments focus on exploiting the general concept and basic characteristic traits of these units by means of classifying and filing them based on their inner and outer structures. Euphemistic units are deeply grounded on the earlier stages of Albanian language lexicon development as an integral and treasured part and they inevitably give us immense possibilities to enrich and extend the stylistic expressive means worth using to make our speech sound more vivid, more natural and more resourceful. The inner form of the language has been dissolved during the process of semantically and structurally shaping these units which clearly retain and transmit their everlasting bonds to spoken language evidently displayed through the development, enrichment and differentiation of lexical and functional values. This linguistic selection is directly concatenated to everyday routine elements, naturally arisen from instinct dreading from wild animals, serious illnesses and additionally religious beliefs. Surveying the scale, extension, vitality and the level of originality these units possess give us potential opportunities to analyze simultaneously the extension of words’ inner semantic structure as well as the historical, social, cultural, regional conditions that have conditioned and influenced these productive linguistic units’ enormous elaboration.

WYKORZYSTANIE SIATKI PÓL SEMANTYCZNO-LEKSYKALNYCH W PROGRAMIE TERAPEUTYCZNYM SŁUŻĄCYM KSZTAŁTOWANIU JĘZYKA. PROPOZYCJA

Author(s): Katarzyna Bieńkowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 06/2017

The theoretical refl ection on speech and language disorders called e.g. alalia, speech underdevelopment of cortical origin, aphasia in children, or specific language impairment was devoted a lot of space in the relevant literature. However, there are no therapeutic programmes or tools to aid speech therapists shape the language system in a child in an organised and consistent manner. The paper presents the attempts made to this date in order to create such a programme and theoretical assumptions of the author’s original proposition of such a therapy. The order and method of introducing individual language structures are specified and it is shown that vocabulary development with the simultaneous application and integration of various grammatical structures is more effective than introduction of vocabulary in isolation from such structures.

Nieokreśloność a kwantyfikacja: współdziałanie kategorii semantycznych

Author(s): Aleksander Kiklewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 23/2017

The author considers the relationship between the category of quantification and the category of definiteness/ indefiniteness. In the reference theory, which prevailed in linguistics in the 1980s and 1990s, these two categories were considered in the light of integration, i.e. as varieties of a single semantic function. Therefore, quantifiers were regarded as exponents of the referential function of nominal groups, and considered together with such entities as determiners, articles, demonstrative pronouns, indefinite pronouns, and others. The author shows that this concept is wrong. True, semantic categories interact with one another but each of them has its own functional identity. The author treats quantifiers as one of three types of quantitative determination of nominal groups, and also shows the completion of quantification semantics in expressions with indefinite pronouns, as well as the completion of indefiniteness in expressions with quantifiers.

Modyfikacje zwrotu podbijać komuś bębenka we współczesnej polszczyźnie

Author(s): Jolanta Ignatowicz-Skowrońska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2016

An old expression, coming from the 16th century, podbijać komuś bębenka, ‘to flatter somebody’,which is analysed in the article, is now frequently used, but in some innovative forms both at the formal and semantic levels. Such updates are favored by the fact that the genesis of the expression is not widely known, and – as suggested by the analysis – its formal and semantic consolidation in the memory of the speakers is rather weak. The expression is still used, although in modified forms, because it is somehow attractive for the speakers. From the formal point of view there appear all possible transformations of its structure: lexical, grammatical and collocative. From a semantic point of view the most clear are the updates with the original meaning: ‘to flatter somebody’. The other options are less clear. It is possible to find contexts, definitely less numerous, with the meaning: ‘to encourage somebody’, and – according to the results of the research – both the positive and the negative connotations might appear:‘to encourage somebody to do something positive’, ‘to stimulate’ or ‘to encourage somebody to do something negative’, ‘to egg on’. In addition, there are numerous quotations in which the expression – formally innovative – becomes a carrier of new meanings: ‘to bid up’, ‘to heighten’,‘to play on somebody’s emotions’, and ‘to add fuel to something’. The occurrence of such meanings results from the fact that the old expression of unclear genesis for the present-day speakers has developed new semantic relations with other words and expressions, and because it associates with non-linguistic phenomena: drumming, beating the drum.