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De la conceptul de sens la tipologia textuală

Author(s): Iulia Mihaela Tămaş / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

This article approaches the subject-matter of meaning, respectively the correlations arising between the sign- both as signifier and signified-and the referent, by means of surpassing the constraints of sentence- statements, the characteristics of meaning and the networks that the latter determines in the organization of the text, the manner in which the meaning is created within the text depending on the the updating process of all the types of relations: pragmatical, semantic and syntactic,as well as the extent to which the semantic-syntactic features of the text become strategies of textual typology.

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A paradox of the linguistic research of Neo–Latin. Symptoms and causes

Author(s): Šime Demo / Language(s): English Issue: 93/2022

A vast majority of Latin texts available to us have been written after the Middle Ages. These writings are very diverse, culturally relevant, and interesting for linguistic research. Yet, this is not reflected in the scholarly attention given to post–medieval Latin. The research dealing with it is neither systematic nor up to date with the modern theoretical and methodological advances in linguistics. As nearly all linguists interested in Latin limit their investigations to the classical and medieval periods, the vast bulk of the texts written in Latin is severely under–researched. In this paper it is argued that the marginal position of post–medieval Latin in the research is caused by the preservation of traditional paths of work and that it is not tenable on the grounds of valid scientifi c reasoning. First, a definition of Neo–Latin is presented and the quantity of its texts is compared to the size of the ancient Latin literature. Then, a quantitative meta–analysis of several major publications in the fields of Latin linguistics and Neo–Latin studies is performed in order to determine the presence of linguistic research of Neo–Latin in them. In the following section, some important reasons why it is under–represented are singled out and contextualised within linguistic methodology and the history of the classical studies. By questioning their validity, a case is made for a full and consistent integration of the linguistic research of Neo–Latin into Latin linguistics.

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Zum Wert von Interdisziplinarität bei Forschung zu Sprache und Geschichte. Dargestellt an Namenformen bei Thietmar von Merseburg

Author(s): Karlheinz Hengst / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2022

Bishop Thietmar von Merseburg mentioned many times in his chronicle the name of a castle; Cziczani; the last time was with respect to the year 1018; in connection with the battles between Emperor Heinrich II and the Polish Regent; Bolesław Chrobry. The different texts are analysed linguistically and historically in this article; and the graphic differences are explained. Older attempts to link this Old Sorbian name for a fortification to a place name in Lusatia are examined critically. After a detailed consideration of grapheme-phoneme relations in the forms; which have been handed down; the linguistic-historical results are compared with previous archeological and historical findings. It becomes noticeable that an original settlement was fortified somewhat later; and; because of its geographical situation; was able to offer particular protection. This interdisciplinary study shows furthermore that the original Slavonic name was already abandoned in the Middle Ages and replaced by a German toponym.

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Notulae etymologicae Lemkovianae

Author(s): Ľubor Králik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2022

The study was inspired by the recent monograph Lemko Etymologies (Fałowski, Hojsak, 2020) which analyses more than 520 words from the Lemko ethnolect, mostly lexicon of unclear and unreliable origin, lexicon for which new explanations may be proposed, as well as rare lexemes which had not yet been interpreted etymologically. The present article consists of 18 etymological notes in which the author discusses a fragment of the lexicon included in the monograph (additional arguments in favour of the proposed etymologies, alternative etymological explanations, attempts at interpretation of obscure lexemes). Against the background of recent advances in Slavonic etymology (more emphasis on etymological research into dialectal lexicon), the author also expresses his unequivocal support for the intended project of a comprehensive etymological dictionary of the Lemko ethnolect.

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Lucjan Malinowski jako historyk języka

Author(s): Bogusław Dunaj,Mirosława Mycawka / Language(s): Polish Issue: 34/2022

The main merit of Lucjan Malinowski is the initiation of scientific linguistics in Kraków. His research was related to dialectology and history of Polish language. The authors of the article discussed his historical and linguistic analyses. They referred to: a) publishing Old-Polish texts; b) publishing materials excerpted from the old texts; c) collecting materials for the dictionary of the Old-Polish language; d) lexicographic studies; e) language of writers.

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Studiu lingvistic asupra manuscrisului Sandipa. Sintaxa (4.2.). Sintaxa propoziției (2)

Author(s): Galaction Verebceanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2022

The article describes the syntactic processes that occur at the level of sentence parts. The characteristic features of complements traditionally grouped into non-circumstantial complements and circumstantial complements recorded in the text of the popular novel Sandipa, a manuscript copy dated at the end of the 18th century in the northern part of historical Moldavia and kept at the Russian State Library, Moscow (ms. Rom. 824, Grigorovici fund). Of these, I draw attention first of all to those complements that were currently used in texts belonging mainly to the 16th century, some of them retaining their properties until the end of the old period, but strongly competing, as we advance in time, by the complements later accepted, as a structure, by the current Romanian norm. Syntactic phenomena are also researched from the point of view of their presence in contemporary writings with the manuscript we are dealing with, referring, as appropriate, to the situation in the current literary language.

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Actos de habla directivos y cortesía ritualizada en español medieval

Author(s): Gabriela Cruz Volio / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 2/2022

The goal of this paper is to examine the relationship between politeness and directive speech acts in medieval Spanish. The analysis, which is eminently descriptive, is based on fictional literature from the13th and 14th centuries, although there are also examples taken from historical corpora. The focus first falls on the pragmatic space of directive speech acts with regards to their formal properties, contextual cues and interpersonal features. The pragmatic modifiers that either soften or strengthen the illocutionary force or affect in some way the relationship between speaker and hearer are then taken into account. Finally, it is contended that politeness in medieval Spanish has a ritual component that helps maintain the social order and construe interpersonal relationships.

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Actos directivos en la comedia burguesa de costumbres del siglo XVIII: ¿hacia patrones lingüísticos y de uso modernos? I. Formulaciones directas

Author(s): Silvia Iglesias Recuero / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 2/2022

This paper is meant as a contribution to the Spanish historical pragmatics. It consists of a pragmalinguistic analysis of directive speech acts from five plays of the so-called bourgeois comedy of customs introduced in Spain by Enlightenment authors in the second half of the 18th century. The different linguistic expressions of these acts, their illocutionary values and their conditions of use are studied in detail.

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Formas verbales aspectuales en enunciados directivos (siglos XII‒XXI)

Author(s): María Eugenia Vázquez Laslop / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 2/2022

It is described the use of Spanish aspectual verbal constructions in directive utterances between the 12th and 21st centuries. It is argued that, in addition to their aspectual values, these constructions fulfil some pragmatic functions in formal registers, especially some politeness verbal strategies in legal and administrative discourse, as well as the expression of instructions in procedural discourse. Some other illocutionary functions are found in dialogue. These non aspectual functions are documented from classical Spanish to the 20th century.

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«No se dice “¿qué?”, se dice “¿mande?”». Origen y evolución de la fórmula “mande” en español

Author(s): Andrzej Zieliński / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 2/2022

The objective of the study is to delve into the origin and the process of pragmaticalization of the expression mande, from a directive act of speech. Although its use is currently typical of Mexican Spanish, where with interrogative intonation mande is used to respond to the addressee‘s call or to ask the recipient to repeat the message that the sender has not understood or has not heard well, its uses are well documented in peninsular Spanish from the 16th century. With the help of discursive proximity texts (comedy, dialogue texts, etc. from 16th to 20th centuries), the author tries to find the socio-pragmatic contexts that contributed to the creation of the formula mande.

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Polish Etymology: Past, Present, Future

Author(s): Jadwiga Waniakowa / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

The aim of the article is to describe and analyse the tasks and perspectives within contemporary etymological research in Poland. The article begins with a brief outline of the first Slavic etymological dictionaries. Next, contemporary etymological dictionaries in Poland and the contemporary methodology of etymological research are briefly discussed. Then the author refers to the digital breakthrough in etymological research and describes the present-day model of linguistic education in Poland. A sharp decline in the number of specialists in etymology is argued to be a result of the withdrawal of historical-linguistic and historical-comparative subjects in university curricula and the author suggests various ways of encouraging students to study etymology. The article finishes with a discussion of the challenges facing etymologists, including research into the roots of ancient, dialectal, colloquial, and sociolectal vocabulary, as well as the origins of the vocabulary of endangered languages, followed by suggestions for how these can be overcome in the future.

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Kresy, ukraina i przyimki

Author(s): S. D. / Language(s): Polish Issue: 09/2022

Nazwa własna Kresy ma już dziś charakter czysto historyczny i nostalgiczny. Pochodzi odrzeczownika pospolitego kresy oznaczającego ‘część kraju leżącą blisko granicy; pogranicze’.Jest to rzeczownik bez liczby pojedynczej (plurale tantum), utworzony od rzeczownikowejpodstawy kres oznaczającej książk. a) ‘moment ostateczny, koniec jakiegoś okresu, trwaniaczegoś’ lub b) ‘granicę czegoś, jakiejś przestrzeni; kraniec’. To hierarchicznie drugie znacze-nie nawiązuje do głównego znaczenia podstawy etymologicznej leksemu kres, którym jestśr.-d.-niem. krēs ‘krąg, okrąg, obszar określony granicą kolistą’ (por. USJP 2003, II: 503, 502).Przy zapożyczeniu tego wyrazu możliwy jest także współudziałśr.-w.-niem. kreiz, niem. Kreis.

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Najnowsze dzieje języka polskiego (1918-2018)

Author(s): Stanisław Dubisz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 10/2022

The latest history of the Polish language (1918–2018) consists of four phases (1918–1939, 1939–1945, 1945–1990, after 1990). In the area of extra-linguistic phenomena and sociolinguistictrends, the Polish language has evolved from the status of an elite language to a democratised code and from the double division of communication varieties (common language : dialects) tothe triple division (common language : folk dialects : mixed codes). In the area of intra-linguisticphenomena, the trends of economisation and completion of linguistic devices dominatedthroughout the history, while preserving the uniform dynamics of other trends (unification,repartition, nobilitation). These processes and specific language changes have affected allstructural layers of the Polish language system in a proportional manner, which proves theeffectiveness of optimisation processes.

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The competition of languages in the Linguistic landscape of Transcarpathia in Czechoslovak Republic (1919-1939): a partial analysis

Author(s): István Csernicskó ,Csilla Fedinec / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2022

The study analyzes the linguistic landscape of Transcarpathia in the historical context of the First and Second Czechoslovak Republics. By analyzing a few historical photos and documents, the changes in the political and linguistic relations of the region are examined and language dominance is explored. We show that qualitative analysis can provide useful information on the different situations of languages and their speakers in the community.

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BETWEEN TEXTUAL BORROWING AND FORGERY. ON COMPILATORY PRACTICES OF MEDIEVAL UNIVERSAL CHRONICLERS BASED ON MARTINUS POLONUS

Author(s): Jacek Soszyński / Language(s): English Issue: 53/2021

The author’s goal is to add to the understanding of the issue of where the border line is that marks the passage from an enlarged copy (an augmented or developed version) of a given chronicle to an independent authorial entity. In this context a side question arises concerning the acceptability of textual borrowing in the face of medieval authorial practices and conventions, i.e. where compiling ends and falsifying begins. The aforementioned issues are discussed on the basis of five historiographical texts composed between the mid–thirteenth and the third quarter of the 15th cent. Their common denominator is their affinity with the famous Chronicle of Popes and Emperors by Martin the Pole (or of Oppavia). Examining the character of the borrowings, their ideological stance, and their political opinions, the author reaches the conclusion that it was not the copy–and–paste technique frequently employed by the chroniclers, but their intentions that decide whether the resulting works should be treated as new entities, sometimes even forgeries.

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The present participle and gender assignment in Swedish

Author(s): Dominika Skrzypek / Language(s): English Issue: 31/2021

The paper considers gender assignment of deverbal nouns, originally present participles, in Swedish. The perspective is diachronic. The corpus consists of a choice of Swedish texts from 1225-1732. The results show that nouns denoting entities ranking higher in the Animacy hierarchy show tendencies to be placed in the utrum gender (originally masculine and feminine genders) and nouns denoting mass, collective or abstract referents to be assigned neuter gender. This tendency is visible throughout the history of the Swedish language.

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INALIENABLE POSSESSION IN SWEDISH AND DANISH – A DIACHRONIC PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): ALICJA PIOTROWSKA,Dominika Skrzypek / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2017

In this paper we discuss the alienability splits in two Mainland Scandinavian languages, Swedish and Danish, in a diachronic context. Although it is not universally acknowledged that such splits exist in modern Scandinavian languages, many nouns typically included in inalienable structures such as kinship terms, body part nouns and nouns describing culturally important items show different behaviour from those considered alienable. The differences involve the use of (reflexive) possessive pronouns vs. the definite article, which differentiates the Scandinavian languages from e.g. English. As the definite article is a relatively new arrival in the Scandinavian languages, we look at when the modern pattern could have evolved by a close examination of possessive structures with potential inalienables in Old Swedish and Old Danish. Our results reveal that to begin with, inalienables are usually bare nouns and come to be marked with the definite article in the course of its grammaticalization.

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Economic Disruption and Language Shift – Some Ethnographic Data from Ireland After the 2008 Crash

Author(s): BEN Ó CEALLAIGH / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2021

This paper discusses some of the ways in which the “Great Recession” which followed the 2008 economic crash affected the vitality of Irish-speaking (“Gaeltacht”) areas. In addition to a brief discussion of the nature of neoliberalism – the cause of the 2008 crash – and some of the ways in which this ideology stands in contradiction to the requirements of language revitalisation, examples are given to illustrate the way in which the recession affected state language policy. Various microlevel consequences of these macro-level economic and policy developments are then discussed by reference to ethnographic data gathered in the Gaeltacht. Issues such as deindustrialisation, unemployment and the problematic nature of tourism in minoritised language communities are discussed, as is language use amongst young people and the way in which technology can contribute to language shift. The paper concludes with a discussion of the potential for anti-systemic movements and policy proposals such as the “Green New Deal” to create, coincidentally, a macroeconomic regime that would be more favourable to linguistic minorities than that of neoliberalism.

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‘An English Monstrosity’? Evolution and Reception of Manx Orthography

Author(s): CHRISTOPHER LEWIN / Language(s): English Issue: 5/2020

This article evaluates perceptions of Manx orthography within Celtic scholarship. The predominant view is well summarized by Jackson (1955: 108): ‘Manx orthography is an English monstrosity which obscures both pronunciation and etymology’. Similarly, O’Rahilly dismisses Manx spelling as ‘an abominable system, neither historic nor phonetic, and based mainly on English’ (O’Rahilly 1932: 20). The article sets these perceptions in the sociohistorical context in which the system was developed by the Manx clergy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is argued that the system is neither so directly dependent on English conventions, nor so unsystematic and inconsistent, as has been often claimed. Such weaknesses as do exist from the perspective of contemporary scholars and students of the language should not necessarily be viewed as such in the light of the needs, priorities and assumptions of those who practised Manx writing in its original context. It is shown that there was in fact an increase in the phonological transparency of certain elements of the system during the standardization of the mid-eighteenth century represented by the publication of translations of the Book of Common Prayer (1765) and the Bible (1771-72). On the other hand, countervailing pressures towards phonological ambiguity, iconicity and idiosyncrasy are discussed, including the utility of distinguishing homophones; real or presumed etymologies; the influence of non-standard or regional English spelling conventions; tensions between Manx and English norms; and an apparent preference in certain cases for more ambiguous spellings as a compromise between variant forms. Negative outcomes of the received view for scholarship on Manx are also examined, with a case study of the neglect of orthographic evidence for the historical phonology of the language. The wider context of English-based orthographies for Gaelic is also briefly considered.

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The Dates of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi

Author(s): Andrew Charles Breeze / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

In a previous issue of this journal, Natasha Sumner of Harvard claimed of the Four Branches of the Mabinogi that the “exact date of composition for the text is not known”; she yet quoted Professor Catherine McKenna, also of Harvard, for the tales as certainly predating the Fall of Gwynedd in 1282. A response to Professor Sumner’s comment thus has three functions. It cites publications on the question from 1897 to 2018; reveals the scholarly disagreement therein; but concludes with evidence to put the tales in the 1120s or early 1130s.

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