Ke kritice Slovníku současné češtiny

Author(s): František Martínek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2016

The text is a reaction to Anna Čermáková’s critical discussion of the Dictionary of Contemporary Czech (Slovník současné češtiny) published in Slovo a slovesnost (74, 2013, no. 3). I also have a critical opinion of this dictionary (we both document significant dependence of the Slovník současné češtiny on previous dictionaries, for example). My criticism, however, is mainly based on different arguments. I would like to confront these with the ones presented by Čermáková, and thus contribute to the debate on (meta)lexicography. My remarks concern the macrostructure of the dictionary, the structure and formulation of lexicographic definitions, detailed lexicographic principles, and the possibilities of using corpus data to make a dictionary. Among other things, I argue that the word frequency as acquired from language corpora cannot be the only criterion for compiling a list of lexemes. Furthermore, I also agree with some of the dictionary’s solutions to lexicographic issues which were criticized by Čermáková. I also show that there are lexicographic principles mentioned in Čermáková’s paper which are not upheld elsewhere in her text. Finally, I suggest understanding the criticized prescriptive orientation of this dictionary as a reaction to the anticipated needs of dictionary users.

Psaní velkých písmen v samostatně vydaných českých Nových zákonech 15. a 16. století

Author(s): Martina Nývltová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2016

This paper examines the development of capitalization in early printed Czech New Testaments. The method employed was the same as in previous studies by Fidlerová, Dittmann and Vladimírová, who examined the majuscules in Old Czech Bibles. The research presented aimed to to confirm and further develop their results on the basis of several separately published New Testaments. The chosen editions were analysed on the lexical level. The percentage of capitals in various categories of substantives, adjectives and numerals was calculated. The increased usage of majuscules in the Melantrich prints was confirmed. Blahoslav’s New Testament was similar to the pre-Melantrich editions.

Vokalická kvantita v Kázaní o hrozné kométě (1578)

Author(s): Veronika Vytlačilová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2017

The paper analyses vocalic quantity in the sermon by Valentin Šubar Lanškrounský which was published in 1578 under the collaboration of Daniel Adam ofVeleslavín and Jiří Melantrich of Aventyno in their printing workshop. The conjunction nébrž, which according to J. Porák has not appeared in print since the 1560s, can be found in The Sermon. The analysis further reflects the current discussion on the amount of influence the typographer had on the final visual form of the print, reaching the conclusion that the distribution of the variants <ů> and <uo> in The Sermon retains random character.

Kdo hanobil mistra Jeronýma?

Author(s): Milada Homolková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 3/2017

The article deals with the expressive noun přiserač, which was used to label instigators against Jeroným of Prague during the process in Konstanz in 1416 in the old Czech translation of the Hussite Chronicle by Vavřinec of Březová. The first part of the article disclaims the necessity of text emendation. Records of the given word in 16th century texts are adduced and its word-formation structure is analyzed. The second part raises the question of whether the given denomination originates as early as in the vocabulary of Old Czech (i.e. from the period beginning in ca. 1500), or as late as in Middle Czech. In this connection, the general relationship and the possible incompatibility of a historical dictionary and a text bank is investigated.

Adverbia rovně, zrovna, jejich funkce a významové obměny v čase

Author(s): Markéta Klimešová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 4/2017

This paper aims to describe and differentiate the diverse meanings of the adverbs rovně and zrovna during the different historical periods. It focuses on the usage of these expressions primarily in Middle Czech. Although a complete dictionary of Middle Czech is not yet available, we attempt to find the most significant functions of rovně and zrovna. Rovně is characterized by multiple meanings in Middle Czech, e.g. ‘stejně’, ‘právě (v tu chvíli)’ or ‘rovnoměrně’. Zrovna does not occur until the Baroque period. However, it is much more frequent than rovně in contemporary Czech.

Ze staročeské „kuchyně“ – k původu slova kuchař

Author(s): Štěpán Šimek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 5/2017

The article discusses the origin of the Old Czech word kuchař ‘cook’. The analysis suggests that the word was probably neither derived from the non-recorded Old Czech word *kuchati ‘to cook’, nor from the attested Old Czech verb kuchati ‘to eviscerate’. The semantic and wordformative analysis of the Old Czech word-formative group containing words based primarily on the lexical item kuchyně ‘cuisine’ shows that the word kuchař is most likely a loanword from Middle High German adapted to the Old Czech lexical system, specifically to the group of lexemes containing the suffix -ař (comp. Old Czech rychtář from Middle High German rihter etc.).

Slovotvorné „excesy“ ve starší češtině?

Author(s): Petr Nejedlý / Language(s): Czech Issue: 5/2017

The word “neústrojný” (inorganic) is used in lexicography to describe some Old and Middle Czech lexical units. It designates lexical units with unusual word-formative structure and timelimited usage, as well as those on the boundary of the word-formative system. The contemporary Czech lexicological terms “neologism” and especially “occasional word” are essentially very close to this categorization. In spite of the fact that lexical units described using these terms often disrupt the word-formative system of the given time period, we understand them as peripheral components, as the (unsuccessful) results of intuitive attempts at systemic changes, and as manifestations of the developmental dynamics of the word-formative system.

S radosti. K vokalické kvantitě v koncovkách instrumentálu singuláru feminin

Author(s): Veronika Vytlačilová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 5/2017

The paper analyses 57 Czech prints from the humanistic and baroque periods, focusing on the marked short vowel <i> in instrumental singular feminine endings, which appears overall in 43 prints. The linguistic motivation for the short vowel, rather than the graphic one, is discussed.

Salvete plus decies v rukopise 34/42 svatojakubské knihovny v Archivu města Brna

Author(s): Irena Zachová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 44/2014

This article deals with Codex 34/42 of the Brno St. James Library held by the Brno Municipal Archive. The manuscript contains the complete text of the New Testament, pericopes ofthe Gospels and Epistles, a short Latin-Czech dictionary of „difficult words“ of the NT, anda part of the Old Testament. Verses reading Salvete plus decies may have been added to themanuscript shortly after it originated. It has been found that these verses are not one whole –they represent two medieval poems – a greeting and an elogium dedicated to the priesthood.The Brno wording is rather rare; hence, the article brings an edition of it as well as a translationinto Czech.

Josef Truhlář a česká středověká literatura

Author(s): Jindřich Marek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 44/2014

This article is devoted to the work of the Custodian of the Prague Imperial-Royal University Library (now the National Library of the Czech Republic) Josef Truhlář (1840–1914, at the library 1865–1907), who is known as the author of still used catalogues of manuscripts and monographs on humanism in the Czech Lands. The study focuses on Truhlář’s less known scientific work he carried out as a literary historian and editor in the field of medieval Old-Czech and Latin literature.

Slovenský etymologický slovník

Author(s): Jiří Rejzek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2018

GRAMMATICAL ORIENTATION CORRELATED WITH REGISTER: AN ANALYSIS FROM A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Junichi Toyota / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2009

Languages can be classified into three types, e.g. situation-oriented (e.g. Russian, Chinese, etc.), speaker-oriented (e.g. Bulgarian, Turkish, etc.) and hearer-oriented (e.g. English, Danish, etc.) (Durst-Anderssen 2005, 2006, 2008). In this paper, it is argued that the difference in spoken and written discourse can be compared to different patterns in these classificatory types, and historical changes in register can be explained through changes in these types. Due to gradualness of changes, one can find overlap in features, but orientation types presented here can be a useful indicator of register, especially from historical perspectives.

On the Origin of the Name ‘Basarab’

Author(s): Catalin Anghelina / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2018

The kingdom of Wallachia was established in the fourteenth century under the rule of the Basarabs, who subsequently ruled the Romanian Principality for several centuries. Both the origin of this dynasty and the etymology of their name are unknown. I argue that ‘Basarab’ is an honorary title that derives from the Greek word for ‘king’, basileus, acquired via Latin. The Romanian word ‘Basarab’ represents the only trace of the existence of this Greek loanword in Latin.

Joachim Andraschke: Die germanisch-frühdeutschen Ortsnamen des Regnitz- und Obermaingebietes. Von der elbgermanischen Landnahme bis zur Merowingerzeit

Author(s): Harald Bichlmeier / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2019

Irena Mytnik: Słownik historyczno etymologiczny antroponimów ziemi chełmskiej (XVI–XVII wiek)

Author(s): Tatiana Kosmeda,Dominika Janczura / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2019

За некои лексички особености на изворите за Речникот на црковнословенскиот јазик од македонска редакција

Author(s): Emilija Crvenkovska / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 2/2020

The article elaborates on some lexical features of the sources of the Dictionary of the Macedonian Recension of Church Slavonic. The analysis is based on the Comparative Index Towards the Dictionaries Produced under the Commission for Old Church Slavonic Lexicology and Lexicography at ICS. The main interests are selected rare words, mentioned only in Macedonian manuscripts. The point of interest is also word formation potential as well as semantic and morphological peculiarities. The parallel corpora of Church Slavonic Dictionaries of different recensions gave a clear picture of similarities between some recensions. Comparative Index and other new editions of Slavic historical lexicography clarify specific features in different linguistic areas of the Church Slavonic period, especially by the use of lexis from vernacular, rich synonymy, genre characteristics and relations between different areas in the enrichment of the lexical corpus of Church Slavonic. The big part of rare lexemes in the Dictionary of the Macedonian Recension of Church Slavonic is concentrated in hymnographic texts, in Damascins, Prologues, as well as the Psalters with comments and Prophetologia. The lexis that connects different recensions of Church Slavonic can give answers to the movement of the texts in the Church Slavonic period.

Архаїчна ойконімія правобережного Полісся і суміжних територій у XV ст.: ареал і семантика твірних основ

Author(s): Zoryana Kupchyns’ka / Language(s): Ukrainian Issue: 2/2021

This article analyses the geographical names ending in *-ьn, *-ьskъ, *-any/*-jany,*-itji, *-j(ь), *-ovъ/*-evъ, *-inъ of the right-bank Polesia in the 15th century. The analysedmaterial comes from historical documents and secondary literature. The oikonymsof these archaic types are analysed according to the structure and meaning ofthe word stems used as the name bases. The areas of these names are described andvisualised on a map chart.

Zu den oberfränkischen Ortsnamen Teuchatz und Treunitz (Lkr. Bamberg)

Author(s): Harald Bichlmeier / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2021

The article researches the etymologies of two oikonyms in North-Eastern Bavaria,Teuchatz and Treunitz. Traditionally they were said to have Slavic etymologies, but the2015 PhD thesis by J. Andraschke (publ. 2016) claims they are of German(ic) origins.The comparison of the different etymologies shows clearly that the Slavic ones areto be preferred over the decidedly weaker German(ic) ones. The names go back toCommon Slavic *Tuxonici (*Tuxanici) and *Dorgunici (*Dorgonici) respectively.

The historical development of the suffix -en in English

Author(s): Jeroen van de Weijer,Hua Gao / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2022

This paper investigates the historical development during the past three centuries of the English suffix -en, used to create denominal adjectives (e.g. golden, silken), focusing on words that have remained in the language until the present day. We specify a way of calculating the rate of loss of the suffix and apply this to different lexical items involved in this process. Finally, we explore the roles of word frequency and collocations, in order to shed some light on how these factors relate to the loss of a linguistic form.

Functional Transposition of ‘ON’ from a Diachronic Perspective

Author(s): Yurii Kovbasko / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2022

The paper represents a distinctive attempt to trace the development of the preposition and the adverb ‘on’ as the initial and transposed categories. The study focuses on their evolution throughout 16 historical time spans – since 850 and up to the present time. The research is based on 7 954 Old English, 2 368 Middle English, 4 251 Early Modern English examples, which have been obtained from the Helsinki Corpus of English Texts and analyzed without applying any corpus software; 174 581 examples of Late Modern English from the Corpus of Late Modern English Texts, which have been processed by means of the Lancsbox software tool; and the statistical data on 7 118 454 examples of Present-Day English retrieved from the Corpus of Historical American English and the British National Corpus. The paper attests that ‘on’ is formed at the first stage (before 850) of the Old English period as the preposition and at the next stage (850–950) is transposed into the category of the adverb, which is characterized by a further slight increase in the statistics and stabilization of its correlation with the preposition ‘on’. Correlation between the categories had remained stable up to the Early Modern English period, when the category of the adverb has started its sustainable growth, which is currently being observed in the English language. The paper proves that in Early Modern English the process of functional transposition is superseded by an utterly new stage of lexicalization which leads to formation of phrasal verbs.