IŠ LIETUVIŲ DIALEKTOLOGIJOS RAIDOS

Author(s): Vytautas Kardelis,Emilija Stakutytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 9/2015

This article provides a brief overview of research interests in dialectology and discusses some aspects of the classification of Lithuanian dialects. The first part of the article focuses on research interests in Lithuanian dialectology and their development and compares them to with the tendencies in Western dialectology. There are two dominant interests in traditional Lithuanian dialectology, i.e. linguistic and prescriptive. In addition, methodological research approaches have also been established in linguistic dialectology. It is possible to distinguish two clear approaches. The first one could be labelled traditional because it is governed by the atomistic research principle; the main focus in it is on listing specific linguistic peculiarities, sometimes researchers provide diachronical accounts. The dominant role in these studies is played by linguistic geography and research is carried out in accordance with the “pure dialect” principle. The second approach is structural dialectology. Its key characteristics are the application of structural methods, conduction of experimental studies, dominance of the principle of dynamic synchrony, and attention to variants. In comparison to the European dialectology, the interests of the Lithuanian dialectology are narrower. The dominant interest is linguistic, in which the largest part is occupied by descriptions of (sub-)dialects and studies of concrete levels of language (phonology, morphology, syntax). However, there are works which can be ascribed to other models rather than just purely linguistic, i.e. there are studies in perceptive dialectology as well as sociolinguistics. One of the most important goals of the history of Lithuanian dialectology is to create an exhaustive model of the interests of dialectology which would not only reflect the development of dialectology but also highlight the key peculiarities of its development and indicate the most significant transformations of the model. The second part of the article provides a critical overview of the classification of Lithuanian dialects. Considerable attention is paid to the controversial aspects of the classification, especially to terminology. Instead of the three-class system, the article proposes a four-class system of terms: tarmė is a hyperonym, patarmė is a hyponym with respect to tarmė and a hyperonym with respect to šnekta, šnekta, in its turn, is a hyponym with respect to patarmė and a hyperonym with respect to pašnektė. Concrete terms of patarmė, šnekta and pašnektė are equonyms. All these terms are classificatory because the dialectological units that they denote are distinguished according to certain linguistic feature (or features). In addition, they also cover a concrete territory. An exhaustive structure of the terms is presented in Figure 12 (see Appendix). In addition, the article discusses three topics related to the classification of dialects: a) the question of the boundaries of individual sub-dialects (šnektos); b) the question of the differential features of sub-dialects (šnektos); and c) the internal, more detailed classification of individual sub-dialects (šnektos). Even a rather general analysis of the classification of contemporary Lithuanian dialects has demonstrated that there is no necessity to change or transform its foundational model. Certainly, this classification is already in part historical since it is based on the synchronic model of dialects made in the 7th decade of 20th century. On the other hand, in publishing the Reader of Lithuanian Dialects (“Lietuvių kalbos tarmių chrestomatija”) its authors did not see the need to update the classification, which shows that it fits the scientific (and academic) level of contemporary dialectology. The review of the classification revealed one clear point which is not new and which depends not so much on the classification but rather on linguists that use it. It is the issue of the usage of terms. Considerable ambiguity/polysemy regarding the usage of terms tarmė, patarmė, that has been noticed to be establihed in Lithuanian dialectology. If a detailed classification (i.e. internal classification of individual dialects) were specially created, the guiding principles for researchers should be structural methods and the method of the frequency of phonemes which has proven efficient in practice. Keywords: classification of Lithuanian dialects; dialectology; the term "tarmė"; the term "patarmė"; sub-dialects; the term "šnekta"; the term "pašnektė"

LIETUVIŲ KALBOS SALOS: PROBLEMINIAI ASPEKTAI

Author(s): Vytautas Kardelis / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 8/2014

IŠ LIETUVIŲ KALBOS ISTORINĖS MORFOLOGIJOS PROBLEMŲ: APIE ʽNEBE(-)ʼ IR ʽBENTʼ KILMĘ

Author(s): Norbert Ostrowski / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 5/2011

V. Vasiliauskienė. Lietuvių kalbos žodžių tvarka XVI–XIX a. Atributinės frazės

Author(s): Eglė Bukantytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 4/2010

Lovranska glagolitica i dosadašnja istraženost

Author(s): Ivana Eterović / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2010

The Glagolitic heritage of Lovran has not been considered too representative in the literature. The paper questions this judgment and represents hitherto known Glagolitic monuments from the Lovran region with a brief review of existing literature about them. It shows the diversity of the preserved Glagolitic monuments: liturgical texts, Glagolitic inscriptions, „Kvaderna kapitula lovranskoga“, other legal monuments. Although the Glagolitic heritage of Lovran is not too rich, available data testify the continuity and the former deep rootedness of Glagolism in that area.

ЗЛАТНИ БОР И РУЈНО ВИНО

Author(s): Aleksandar Loma / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 22/2015

Dvojna tradicija latinice u Hrvata: povijesni pregled

Author(s): Előd Dudás / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2020

The history of the Croatian Latin-script orthography is remarkably rich and contains several interesting facts for the researchers; however, only a handful of writings have been published in this matter. The first work written in the topic is Maretić’s history of orthography (Maretić 1889). It is also important to mention the study by Milan Moguš and Josip Vončina (Moguš–vončina 1969), in which they corrected several false statements written by Maretić. Recently, a few more papers on orthographic history have been published (Kapetanovič 2005, Farkaš–Ćurak 2016, Farkaš 2019); nevertheless, it is necessary to point out the work by László Hadrovics, the only researcher in the subject who paid great attention to the dual tradition of the Latin-script orthography in the Croatian language. Following the steps of Hadrovics, the main goal of this paper is to present which cultural historical reasons determined the development of the dual tradition of the Croatian Latin-script orthography as well as to introduce the use of graphemes in detail. The church played an important role in the development of the Latin script. During the Middle Ages, the church counted as the centre of the literacy, thus it is obvious that the ecclesiastical Latin pronunciation defined the evolution of the individual national languages’ orthographies. From this point of view, the Croatian is a special case, as in the Middle Ages, the Southern Croatian areas were strongly affected by the Italian, more precisely by the Venetian language, while in the northern areas, overlapping the Archdiocese of Zagreb, a strong Hungarian impact can be observed. The southern orthographic tradition follows the Italian pronunciation, i.e. the spelling is also based on the current Italian orthography. Nevertheless, in the northern areas, the Latin /s/ phoneme is pronounced in a Hungarian way, as [ʃ] or [ʒ]. The two orthographic systems were in use side by side over the centuries; nonetheless, since the end of the 16th century, there were several attempts to create a “mixed” system, which was successfully carried out only in the 18th-century Slavonian orthography.

А. А. ТУРИЛОВ. ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ПО СЛАВЯНСКОМУ И СЕРБСКОМУ СРЕДНЕВЕКОВЬ, Издание подготовили Снежана Елесиевич, Джорже Трифунович. Уредник Жарко Чигоја. Београд: Чигоја штампа, 2014. – 739 стр. (= Библиотека Ортограф. Књига 1)

Author(s): Viktor Savić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2018

ЕТИМОЛОГИЈА СРПСКОГ ЈЕЗИКА ДАНАС (уз осврт на јуче и поглед ка сутра)

Author(s): Jasna Vlajić-Popović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3-4/2017

After an introductory overview of previous achievements in the field, abroad and at home, during the 19th and 20th centuries, this paper deals with the present state of Serbian etymology (i.e. etymology of the Serbian language) among the Serbs which, for several decades now, has been closely related to the Etymological Department of the Serbian Language Institute of the Serbian Academy of Arts and Sciences. Following an explanation of elements of the etymological analysis, we offer a comparison of the methodologies applied in compiling the two dictionaries presently under development at the Department, a thesaurus-type Etimološki rečnik srpskoga jezika (ERSJ – Etymological Dictionary of the Serbian Language) and the abridged Priručni etimološki rečnik srpskoga jezika (PERSJ – Concise Etymological Dictionary of the Serbian Language). Finally, we present a preliminary projection of the future development of Serbian etymology with a suggested agenda.

СРПСКА ЖЕНСКА ИМЕНА НА ПОЧЕТКУ 16. ВЕКА (НА ОСНОВУ ПОПИСА СМЕДЕРЕВСКОГ САНЏАКА ИЗ 1516. ГОДИНЕ)

Author(s): Gordana Jovanović,Srđan Katić,Aleksandar Jakovljević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1-2/2017

A large number of feminine names can be found in Ottoman census books (defters). These anthroponymic materials provide important sociological, ethnographic, linguistic and historical evidence of the population of Serbian areas included in the census. As for the Serbian sources, feminine names start to appear largely in the commemoration books (pomenici) of a later date (16th–17th centuries), whereas the earlier monastery charters almost exclusively list masculine names. The 1516 Ottoman Census contains the names of 942 women – widows who were taxpayers, because, for one reason or another, there were no males in their households. Their names undeniably show that the population in the Smederevo Sanjak – and the same phenomenon may also be observed in other areas populated by the Serbs – relied on the ancient Slavic (Serbian) onomasticon, which significantly prevailed over Christian names.

ЛЕКСИКАТА ОД ОБЛАСТА НА МАКЕДОНСКИТЕ ТРАДИЦИОНАЛНИ ОБРЕДИ И ОБИЧАИ

Author(s): Ljiljana Makarijoska / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 57/2011

The lexical fund from the area of the Macedonian rituals and customs represents a noteworthy contribution to the research of the Macedonian cultural heritage. The respecting of the traditional calendar and family (post-puerperal, wedding and posthumous) customs and rituals reflects the life and the spirit of the Macedonian people, which is confirmed by the use of the ritual lexis on the Macedonian language territory. Part of this lexis characterizes particular regions, and other part indicates rituals and customs that could be considered as Balkan, South-Slavonic and general Slavonic elements. The specific elements built the ethnical identity of Macedonians, affirming the national culture and language, as spiritual cultural heritage.

ЕПИТАФОТ НА ПЕЈЧИНОВИЌ – ПЕСНА ВРЗ КАМЕНОТ ИЛИ КАМЕН ВРЗ ПЕСНАТА

Author(s): Dijana Petrovska / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 57/2011

As his own antecedents, damaskinars, Pejčinović calls his writing language „prostij“ or „preprostjaishij“ (simple), because he uses the folks language for literary purpose. He lived in time when Macedonian people were depressed in its own national development, when a clear differentiation in nationality determination in our people cannot be made, a built national awareness, although naturally there were certain speaking or other differences among different south-Slovakian ethnical groups. The language which was used by Pejčinović was the Macedonian one spoken in that time in the Tetovo region, to be precise in Leshok. It is close to the existing Macedonian language not to the Bulgarian. It differs from the existing Macedonian language in the same way the Bulgarian language from the 19th century differs from the existing Bulgarian. Parts of the letters were borrowed from the Russian or church Slovakian alphabet, not from the Bulgarian one. Pejčinović’s epitaph is a symbiosis of the church style with the folk. The sentences used in the Epitaph give a higher, festive tone of the speech, approaching the poem near the taste of the ordinary man of the people. Through this Epitaph Pejčinović left us a need - a testimony of his own wish to see his language graven in a stone and written in a book. With his conciseness he raised above his own time and surroundings. He got really close to being a national leader of the national revival. He was aware of the condition of his own people, he pledged for a bigger enlightenment of the people and he didn’t stay indifferent, he contributed for our people, for our national history, revival and cultural history. Pejčinović left followers and students to continue his started work of cultural-educational rise of the people and infiltration through the darkness which heavily pressed our people in Macedonia.

ПОЈАВАТА НА МАКЕДОНСКИОТ ПРОТОНАЦИОНАЛИЗАМ: УПОТРЕБАТА НА ТЕРМИНОТ МАКЕДОНСКИ ЈАЗИК ВО ГРЧКИТЕ ИЗВОРИ ОД ПОЧЕТОКОТ НА ХХ-тиот ВЕК

Author(s): Strashko Stojanovski,Dimitar Ljorovski / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 57/2011

Linguistics is basic characteristic of the ethnic groups. In the system of building identity, except self-identification, important role has and social categorization, i.e. recognition from other groups of outsiders. In the case of the early stages of Macedonian protonationalism we can see clearly defined categorical attributes by which the Greek representatives and propaganda agents in late Ottoman Macedonia recognize the native population as “Macedonian”, “Macedonians”, and their language as “Macedonian language”. Even in the example of Macedonian nation, the codification of Macedonian literature language is in relatively late stage, this usage in the early twentieth century is a strong proves for its existence and recognition as a separate language, and with that recognition of the separate character of the people.

‘Władza’ na rozdrożach derywacji semantycznej

Author(s): Zuzana Topolińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 74/2019

The article is devoted to the semantic evolution of *ręd-, *vold- i *(g)panroots leading to contemporary Polish and Macedonian predicates of ‘exercising power’. A confrontation of Polish derivatives was conducted to rule with their Macedonian counterparts.The text indicates convergence and differences in semantic derivation of the roots studied in Polish and Macedonian.Two solid semantic components of the notion of power can be indicated: ‘order’ and ‘control’ and direction of the semantic derivation process – from linear order ‘control over own property’ and ‘rule over subjects’ towards ‘state power’.

A Study on the Hapax Legomenon ‘yogun yolpa’ Hendiadys in Old Uyghur

Author(s): Zemire Gulcali / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

In Turkic, hendiadys has an important place as a method that is used for the emphasis of an expression. In addition to Old Turkic inscriptions, hendiadyses, which are often used in Old Uyghur texts, still survive in contemporary Turkic languages. In this article, the hendiadys of yogun yolpa i.e. ‘unmannerly, cumbersome, rude, ugly’ which appears only once (hapax legomenon) in Old Uyghur texts, and never in works from other periods, will be studied in comparison to examples from contemporary Turkic languages. The etymology of the two words yogun and yolpa which form the hendiadys will be investigated. The first element of the hendiadys, yogun, ‘intense, rude, rough, ugly’ has already been the subject of various studies. The other element of the hendiadys, the word yolpa, which does not appear in any other text, is analysed in this article.

Omotic Lexicon in Its Afro-Asiatic Setting IV: Addenda to Omotic *b-

Author(s): Gábor Takács / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The paper constitutes part of a long-range series aiming, step by step, to identify the Afro-Asiatic heritage in the etymologically little explored lexicon of Omotic (West Ethiopia), a branch displaying the least of Afro- Asiatic traits among the six branches of this ancient macrofamily

Деньги в русских антипословицах

Author(s): Polina Oleneva,Anna T. Litovkina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2021

This paper is devoted to the analysis of Russian proverbs and anti-proverbs about money. In the first part of the work, we have demonstrated various mechanisms of proverb variation, e.g. replacing a single word; substituting two or more words; changing the second part of the proverb; adding new words; omitting words; adding literal interpretations; melding two proverbs. Many anti-proverbs include several ways of transformation. In the second part of the paper, at first, we have briefly covered such notions as the semantic field of the word money (which includes, in addition to the lexeme money, such words as ruble, kopeyka, pay, rich, poor, gold, debt, payment, etc.). Moreover, we have also introduced examples of proverbs about money from various languages of the world (for example, English, German, French, Spanish, and Italian). The third part of the paper has been devoted to the analysis of Russian proverbs and anti-proverbs about money.

Српски као дипломатски језик на угарском двору XV века (на примеру писма Стефана Баторија Али-бегу Михалоглуу)

Author(s): Vladimir Polomac / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2021

From the philological perspective, the paper examines the letter of Stephen V Báthory (Ecsedi Bátori István in Hungarian), a court judge and Transylvanian duke from the time of the Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus, sent from Buda on 1 May 1483 to the Turkish military commander and Smederevo Sandžak-beg Mihaloğlu Ali Bey. Báthory’s letter represents one of the rare testimonies of the use of the Serbian language and Cyrillic script in the diplomatic correspondence that Hungarian kings and their magnates exchanged with Turkish sultans and their officials during the 15th and 16th centuries. The letter belongs to a wider unpreserved diplomatic correspondence in the Serbian language in which disputes between Hungary and Turkey were being resolved after the collapse of the peace negotiations in 1478. In addition to the new edition of Báthory’s letter in the original script, the paper likewise explores its most important ortographic and linguistic features, yet always in the context of the use of Serbian as a diplomatic language in Hungarian court correspondence with Turkish sultans and military officials as well as in the broader context of Serbian office relations on the Hungarian court with the business and legal literacy of the Serbian Despotate.

Kristijanovićeve kajkavske prerade Ezopa

Author(s): Vladimira Rezo,Barbara Štebih Golub / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2021

The paper compares nine pairs of Kajkavian adaptations of Aesop’s fables. They were reworked by Ignac Kristijanović, the last fighter for the Kajkavian literary language, and published in the Kajkavian calendar Danica zagrebečka (1842–1848) and in the book Ezopove basne pohorvačene (1843). At first glance, it is obvious that the fables published in the book are shorter, and Olga Šojat mentioned the content and stylistic differences between the fables from Danica and the book, while Joža Skok emphasized that shorter fables have more Kajkavian elements. The first statement required an analysis of the content and structure, and the second a linguistic comparison of the two types of fables at all language levels. The analysis of the structure and content was approached from the point of view of the reception theory, which focuses on the reader of the literary work. Fables were analyzed by the method of comparison, and the findings of fable theorists and historians were applied to the observed components. The theoretical framework of language analysis was historical sociolinguistics, which seeks to fit and observe language problems in a broader sociohistorical context. The combination of three sociolinguistic methods, the analysis of variance in the same text, in its versions, and in other texts by the same author, sought to answer the question of how much Kristijanović’s language in the book differs from the language in Danica and to confirm or refute Skok’s claim that Kristijanović made his texts in Danica more Štokavian.

Standard Georgian language: History and current challenges

Author(s): Tamari Lomtadze / Language(s): English Issue: 12/2021

This article outlines some debates and issues in the field of Georgian linguistics and offers a research agenda for standard Georgian language, including its history, phases of development, present-day challenges and prospects. There is a multitude of conflicting and even mutually exclusive ideas and points of view regarding these issues. My key point is to provide the periodization of the standard Georgian language that encompasses sixteen centuries, taking into consideration not only the level of normalization and standardization of the Georgian language in a particular historical period, but also the language variety on which the standard / literary language was based, and the institutions controlling and governing the development of the standard language. The point of departure here is the definition of the “standard” as a historically determined set of commonly used language assets, recognized by society as the most appropriate and prestigious variety due to its common usage and high cultural status. Using descriptive, synchronic, diachronic, and comparative research methods, I have tried to identify four phases / periods in the continuous history of the Georgian standard language spanning sixteen centuries.