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Ćirilična pismenost srednjovjekovne Bosne tema je o kojoj se mnogo piše, a malo zna. Ovaj nesrazmjer zanimanja i saznanja proistekao je iz činjenice da je u novije vrijeme relativizirano gotovo sve što se ranije smatralo znanjem o Crkvi bosanskoj. Danas postaje sve jasnije da su u novom pristupu ovoj temi potrebne nove metode, novi načini analize zasnovani na objektivnim kriterijima,. A sve to je utoliko potrebnije što se pojavljuju i nove činjenice.
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Linguistic expression, both verbal and written, is an important part of existence and interaction between people. Verbal expressions are the most important part of human communication, and they used to be highly appreciated in the past. The ability to express oneself in an independent way used to be a part of good behaviour in all social classes and strata. Good verbal abilities were the chance of young people for their success in both professional and personal life (Palenčarova et al., 2003, pp.171 – 172). In this work we will deal with linguistic means, which were used in the period of Ancient Greece. Therefore we believe it important to define language, linguistic means, which we apply in contemporary, literary Slovak language.
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Të arriturat në fushë të onomastikës e veçmas të toponimisë sot janë ndihmesë e madhe shkencore, që pasqyrojnë e ndriçojnë zhvillimet historike, gjuhësore e kulturore të një etnie të caktuar. Këto vlera, që në shumë rrethe shkencore janë bërë sinonim i hulumtimeve më serioze që hedhin dritë edhe në thellësi më të errëta historike për të zbuluar të vërtetat e prejardhjes etnike e të gjuhës së tyre, njihen edhe për veçoritë e ndryshme etnokulturore e sociolinguistike. Përmes këtyre veçorive onomastike, të toponimeve, sidomos të mikrotoponimeve, të antroponimeve, të patronimeve, të hidronimeve, të oronimeve, të botës bimore e shtazore etj., e njohim më mirë mënyrën e jetesës së banorëve të një vendi, veprimtarinë e tyre, luftën për mbijetesë, ngjarjet historike që lidhen me ata e personalitetet me peshë kombëtare, si edhe shumë realitete të tjera historike të periudhave të ndryshme në të kaluarën e deri te mitet e mitologjitë.
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The article focuses on the analysis of forms of praesens and futurum perfect and imperfect excerpted from the Supraśl Chronicle, which belongs to the first Belorussian-Lithuanian compilation. In the examined text the forms of present and future I tenses are frequently observed. However, not a single form of futurum imperfect of type II has been found. The forms of third person singular futurum perfect are used as praesens historicum.
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The work makes an attempt to designate rhyming slang of the British intelligentsia as a special kind of rhyming slang, to track roots of its emergence as well as to analyze some features that are typical of this language phenomenon.
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The main idea of the following paper is to bring to a wider professional community methodology of the map´s preparation for lexical-word-formation series of the international research project Slavic Linguistic Atlas, which has not yet been given more attention. As an example we use the preparation of a separate dialect map Sl 1844° ‘старая женщина’ (‘old woman’), a legends pertaining to it and a commentary for the upcoming volume within aforementioned series of Atlas – Family relationships.
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This article consists of two sections: in the first section, I provide additional evidence of the proposition made in Luobbal Sámmol Sámmol Ánte (Aikio) 2012 that derivational suffixes prevented the secondary lengthening of low vowels in Proto-Finnic when preceded by a single voiced consonant in an e-stem word. I will argue for this restriction by discussing the etymology of Estonian mäletama ’to remember’. In the second section, I suggest a new interpretation for the etymologies of Proto-Finnic *nälvä ’slobber’ and Proto-Uralic *tulka ’wing, feather’ as well as new etymologies for Finnish muikea ’sour’, muju ’smile’, muikku ’vendace (Coregonus albula)’ and muisku ’kiss’ deriving from Proto-Uralic *muja ’to become happy; happiness, smile’.
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The present paper discusses the etymology of three Gothic nouns: banja* ‘sore’, winja ‘pasture’, and sunja ‘truth’. Each of them has a cognate in Old Norse: ben ‘fatal wound’, vin ‘oasis’ and syn ‘refusal’. None of the West-Germanic languages preserves all three nouns. All are short, feminine jō-stems with an -n- in front of the stem suffix. The main issue discussed here is the etymology and formation of these nouns.
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Although the Germanic dialects offer very ancient vocabulary, the have long been neglected from an etymological perspective. A very old word is e.g. Germ. Kladder ‘dirt, mud’. Because of its onomatopoetic nature this word shows a considerable diversification and expansion in the Germanic languages: klatt- and klāt‑ in Low German, Middle German, Upper German next to kladd‑ only in Low German. Those words ultimately go back to a Proto-Germanic substantive *klađđō f. ‘clot, lump, mud, dirt’, leading to the well-known PIE root *gleh1‑ ‘to be greasy, to be dirty’.
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This article presents an etymological case study on Pre-Greek (PG): it analyzes about 20 words starting with the letter N that have been cataloged as ‹PG› or ‹PG?› in the new Etymological dictionary of Greek (EDG), but for which alternative explanations are equally possible or more likely. The article starts by discussing the Leiden etymological dictionaries series, then discusses the EDG and the concept of PG and then analyzes the individual words. This analysis is performed by giving an overview of the most important earlier suggestions and contrasting it with the arguments used to catalogue the word as PG. In the process, several issues of Indo-European phonology (such as the phoneme inventory and sound laws) will be discussed.
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Stanisław Stachowski wrote a series of articles devoted to studies on the New Persian loanwords in Ottoman-Turkish, which were published in Folia Orientalia in the 1970s and later republished in 1998 as a single volume. Since then, however, a good number of editions of new Ottoman texts have appeared, especially transcription texts dating from before Meninski’s Thesaurus (1680), which provide much new lexical material. Within this material there are many Persianisms – predictably enough where Ottoman-Turkish is concerned. This paper aims to supplement Stachowski’s work with words of Persian origin taken from pre-Meninski transcription texts. It is divided into two parts, the first including data to be added to entries already recorded by Stachowski (eight articles), the second containing data that constitute new entries (three articles). A short historical-etymological note on the words dealt with also features at the end of each entry.
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The article is devoted to different ways of gender linguistic analysis of a vocabulary entry that is directed to find gender stereotypes and asymmetries in it. The target goal of the research is to reveal different means of direct or indirect transmission of elements, which conceptualize gender aspects of the linguistic view of the world in the lexicographic text as a culture translator. In the course of the analysis supported by modern social cognition and gender stereotypes theories miscellaneous ways of stereotypes’ functioning in the lexicographic texts are identified. The stereotypes might appear in the field of label system, supporting data, word selection, or explanatory tradition. The comparative lexicographic analysis of мужик (muzhik) and баба (baba) in basic Russian dictionaries of 18th – 21st centuries provides gender stereotypes of the Russian linguoculture consideration in diachronic aspect. The analysis of changes in filiation, semantization or stylistical marking of some ethnospecific basic concept ‘man’ and ‘woman’ verbalizers’ meanings allows to see transformation along with preservation of beliefs on the gender organization of the Russian society. In conclusion, lexicographers do not always perceive gender stereotypes, which used to characterize previous centuries and reveal worldview of a different society according to its gender roles structure, because of this or that tradition in explanation of basic cultural words and the linguistic view of the world. The underlying reasons for preserving these stereotypes are as follows: firstly, it is incongruity of cognitive and linguistic views of the world, secondly, it is dialectic nature of correlation between constants and transformations in the language.
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The article describes the structure of the electronic database "Pragmatically marked vo-cabulary of the Russian language", identifies the structure of the pragmatic component of the word and the means of its representation in the dictionary. The author notes that nowadays, there are different approaches to identifying the place, the volume of the pragmatic component within the structure of the lexical meaning. On this basis, the question of the methods and prin-ciples of lexicography of lexemes belonging to the category of pragmatically marked is solved differently. Therefore, the most important objectives of the study are to identify the peculiarities of the pragmatic meanings and find their reflection in the dictionaries of various types. In par-ticular, the author, on the basis of the works of the leading language schools, considers the fol-lowing structure of the pragmatic macrocomponent: emotional assessment, social status, ideol-ogy, gender and age, ethnic and cultural components. The ways of presenting this information in dictionaries are described, the system of markers is suggested. One of the ways to systematize the identified pragmatic indicators is to create an electronic database of pragmatically marked fragments of the language lexical system. The author presents the principles the database being created is based on: the selection criteria of language units; their lexicographical interpretation in the existing dictionaries; processes of seme and semantic variation in different types of dis-course; characterization of pragmatic semantic component represented by a developed system of markers, the different types of lexicographical commentary. The advantage of the database being created is seen in the possibility to provide full information about a pragmatically marked word and its dynamics, as well as possibility to search in database by any parameter, thereby identifying the different language groups, united by certain pragmatic meaning. The database focuses on a wide range of users: researchers, linguistic experts, interpreters and teachers of Russian as a second, foreign and native language.
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The research under scrutiny develops the ideas of integral theory of lexical meaning and a number of studies on the structure of the pragmatic macrocomponent (Yu. D. Apresyan, G. N. Sklyarevskaya, V. N. Telia, E. Yu. Bulygina, T. A. Tripolskaya). In order to identify the structure of the pragmatic macrocomponent of ethnonyms a complex of methods was used: comparison of lexicographical dictionaries’ strategies of different periods and study of the Russian National Corpus. The investigation involves "Dictionary of Russian language" edited by D. N. Ushakov (19351940), "Dictionary of Modern Russian literary language", edited by V. I. Chernysheva (19481965), "Dictionary of the Russian Language" edited by A. P. Evgeneva (19811984), dictionaries and encyclopedias of different periods of time and about 2,000 con-texts from the Corpus.The purpose of this article is to describe the structure of the pragmatic component of eth-nonyms, the ways of fixing this semantics in dictionaries and realization in the modern Russian discourse. It is established, firstly, that academic Russian dictionaries present ethnonyms as neutral lexemes in the interpretation area, and in some cases in the illustration area a pragmat-ic context is applied. Ideological microcomponent is often revealed while comparing dictionaries of different time periods. Secondly, the structure of the pragmatic macrocomponent of nomi-nations on the national basis includes estimating microcomponents and ideological values. In its turn, the ideological microcomponent includes such components as closeness, farness, alienness, hostility, and evaluation microcomponent includes such components as developed / undeveloped nation, which determines its position in the scale of prestige, usefulness and / or ac-cepting – a kind of ranking of nations. The level of development is supported by a set of particular judgments (ethical and rational), representing national stereotypes.
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In this brief paper it is proposed, on the basis of formal and typological evidence, that the Indo- European pronominal stem *ei may be related etymologically to the root *ei- ‘go.’
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The discussion of the origin of the Turkish city name İstanbul that began well over a century ago has divided scholars into two groups: those who accept the Greek phrase εἰς τὴν πόλιν (or similar) as the source of the name, vs. those who try to trace it back directly to Greek Κωνσταντινούπολις ~ Κωνσταντινόπολις. The writings of both parties are encumbered by poor Turcology, inaccurate attention to early records and an overly narrow view of medieval Anatolian Greek phonetics. More scrupulous examination of all three types of evidence has revealed a more interesting picture than has previously been suggested.
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Some new examples of posttonic voicing/ lenition by *h3 are discussed, together with the usefulness of this property in accounting for seṭ roots in Vedic with unaspirated root finals. Along the way, a possibly new example of aspiration of a voiced stop by *h1 is indicated. The second property of *h3 is as anlaut consonant in PIE reconstructions currently having syllabic *u as anlaut.
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Historical linguistic sources of Kurdish date back just a few hundred years, thus it is not possible to track the profound grammatical changes of Western Iranian languages in Kurdish. Through a comparison with attested languages of the Middle Iranian period, this paper provides a hypothetical chronology of grammatical changes. It allows us to tentatively localise the approximate time when modern varieties separated with regard to the respective grammatical change. In order to represent the types of linguistic relationship involved, distinct models of language contact and language continua are set up.
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