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The author brings up important, from her point of view, problems of the history of language as a linguistic discipline. There are as follows: time and thematic limits, the question of links between historical linguistics and other scientific disciplines (interdisciplinarity, transdisciplinarity, complementarity) and the matters regarding a possibility to apply basic linguistic paradigm in historical research. The reflexion refers also to the method and methodology which are hard to differentiate in this kind of studies.
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Joanna Przyklenk in her article devoted to the relations between historical linguistics and sociolinguistics focuses on three main issues. Firstly, she presents several ideas that are common to both disciplines. Secondly, the strong link between historical and social attitude in linguistics is considered in the shape of historical sociolinguistics, subdiscipline whose beginnings are dated back to 1980s in the West. In the paper its roots, theoretical background and the current state of research are discussed. Thirdly, the author takes an attempt to characterize the contemporary Polish studies, trying to describe these works in the context of the foregoing periodizations of the Polish studies on language history. Detecting an inspiration in historical sociolinguistics for Polish-oriented investigation, she points out these areas of diachronic enquiry that thanks to socio-lingual view could develop historical linguistics itself.
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Studying history of language is the oldest area of linguistics, as its beginnings can be traced back to the 19th century. Hence, it has functioned and developed under changing scientific paradigms, adopting their methods of description and ways of approaching research material. The subject of interest in the discipline is particularly broad, as it encompasses the entirety of texts and phenomena that appeared in the past. The description of linguistic phenomena in broad cultural and social context remains the main objective of historical linguistics; as a result, it benefits from the insights provided by many disciplines such as history, sociology, communication studies, cultural studies, and literary criticism. The 21st century brought new opportunities for the development of historical linguistics, which was enabled by two factors: development of digital technologies and the Internet and emergence of new research methods. The former has widened the access to historical material thanks to digital libraries and the development of electronic dictionaries which register lexical resources in different stages of language evolution. The latter has made it possible to present a new synthesis of the history of Polish from the perspective of such disciplines as historical sociolinguistics, linguistic genre studies, and communication studies.
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The article presents historical genre studies as one of the sub-disciplines practiced within philology, and rooted theoretically in general genre studies, as it takes over from this source the conceptual apparatus and the agreed and/or disputable theoretical problems and the methods of their solving accessible at a given time. Being a part of genre studies, it draws inspiration from a few disciplines that have already been annexed by this discipline, i.e. from textual studies, stylistics or discourse analysis, yet extending the scope of connections with history of the language. The primary object of research of the genre studies mainstream under discussion is genres of speech analyzed from the historical perspective. Detailed issues may appear in different aspects. Researchers of historical phenomena focus especially on the following problems: 1) origin (in this case, origin of genres), 2) processes of crystallization of their patterns, 3) temporally embedded metamorphoses, 4) circumstances (including causes) of changes (especially the cultural context), 5) (evolutionary or sudden) nature of transformations. Epistemic paths may be arranged in diverse configurations. A pretty expressive issue comprises history of a particular genre of speech or a set of genres related to history of a given cultural (discursive) community.
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In this article the author pays particular attention to the issue of translocation of elements of linguistic category. It is about the language units, which are either the residues of an old category, or they lose the relation with the primary set despite its existence. Hence, the writer is interested in the approach to language evolution in the light of [through the prism of] processes related to ripping off the units that belong to a given category. The study over the possibility of analysed transformations, determination of necessary conditions for their coming into existence, or the analysis of the reasons for the assimilations [becoming similar] (to the basic source of translocation), and, ultimately, systematising the existing knowledge will allow to make an interesting description plane of ensuing language transformations; the plane which is more different than ever, and yet diachronic in its nature.
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Thanks to the Internet and electronic media the etymologists today have easier access to historical-linguistic, dialectal and onomastic sources as well as to etymological dictionaries. They also better access to many etymological monographs and studies. Moreover, today the etymologist has no problems making use of analogous materials published in foreign languages, the obtaining of which in the past had posed a major problem. This will clearly accelerate progress in etymological research, thereby opening up new vistas for etymology.
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The paper deals with specific sources and methods of historical sociolinguistics and with the possibility of using historical language biographies to reconstruct a language situation: in this paper the specific aspects of the language situation in Bohemia of the 19th century. The paper presupposes that especially private correspondence is a prominent source for historical sociolinguistics because of its interactivity. It holds true also for the narration of language biographies introduced in the correspondence with respect to a specific addressee. The language biography method and its applicability as a method of historical sociolinguistics are demonstrated with the language biography of Friedrich/Bedřich Smetana. In the second part the paper deals with a grammatical analysis of Smetana´s received correspondence. The aim of the analysis is to show which Czech grammatical phenomena are problematic for Czech-German bilingual speakers, who began to learn standard Czech only as an adult.
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Periodization is a method of categorizing systematically the processes in a given field with regard to its historical past. The central issue that emerges here is how to approach the task so as to bring to the fore those phenomena that delineate one period from another. This text outlines the various visions of eminent Czech scholars who have aimed to charter the periodization of Czech literary language.
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The author aims at analyzing a group of lexical variants in three thematic areas, namely names for land surface and natural relief, for tools and equipment and for persons engaged in agricultural activity, according to the most important Slavonic witnesses of the Byzantine Farmer’s Law. These are the Russian compilation Law Books, and Ms. Slav. 466 from Hilandar monastery, both dating from the 15th century. Despite they attest two different translations, the author argues that they could represent the continuity with the more archaic state in the written dissemination of the Code, conditions for whose translation first arose in the 10th century Bulgarian kingdom.
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The article is devoted to the problem of understanding the Old Bulgarian basis of the Slavic written tradition in Russian philology. The relevance of it is due to the importance of assessing the continuing debate on the origin of Slavic writing, in particular the writing of the East Slavs. The aim of the article is to show the patterns of the dynamics of the views reflected in the literature on the question of the roots of the East Slavic script. The author traces the evolution of ideas about the origin of the Old Russian literary language and writing – from the establishment and recognition of the Old Bulgarian basis in the works of Russian Slavists of the 19th century – up to the hypotheses about the “own roots” of Old Russian writing and literary language in the Soviet period and the subsequent criticism of these hypotheses.
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Roman jurists defined an obligation as iuris vinculum, i.e., a legal relationship or bond between persons governed by legal norms other than those established on the basis of religious, moral, or social patterns of behavior. The Roman poet Horace (65-8 B.C.) frequently used legal terms and situations as artistic embellishments. This preference to combine or dress up the poetic image with a legal idea or concept made his style lively and original, but not only that. He also provides indirect evidence of legal practice in ancient Rome.
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Phrases and their syntactic meanings in Old Russian were very different from contemporary language. In the course of the historical development there were shifts of meaning of some cases. These changes were caused the attempt of the language to express certain relations in a more accurate way. Expressing of certain meanings by simple, non-prepositional cases was gradually reduced; simple cases were replaced by prepositional cases. Historical study of genitive form´s use enables us to hypothesise their original semantics.
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U duk sikur bora e bardhë, e bukur, mik fort i rrallë për një qytet bregdetar si Durresi, filtroi edhe më ajrin e detit dhe bëri më të tejdukshme konferencën shkencore që organizonte Qendra e Studimeve Albanologjike (Shqipja në etapën e sotme, politikat e përmirësimit dhe të pasurimit të standardit, Durrës, 16-17 dhjetor 2010). Pjesëmarrësit qenë hulumtues e dijetarë me emër prej të gjitha trojeve shqiptare dhe prej mërgatës.
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This paper analyses – on the basis of the surviving documents – the context in which in September of 1658, citizens of Chiprovtsi sent a letter to the pope asking him to secure the salary for the teacher in their catholic school Ivan Lilov/Lilich. A facsimile edition of the document written in Venetian Cyrillic in Illyrian is provided, accompanied by a translation into present-day standard Bulgarian.
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Nikola Mihaylovski is best known in the history of the modern Bulgarian literary language as a co-founder, along with Ivan Momchilov, of the Tarnovo School of Linguistics and Spelling. His contribution to the formation of the epistolary style of the modern Bulgarian literary language has not been studied so far. The article examines his book Little Bulgarian Letter book, 1868. His theories about the types of letters are presented. The etiquette of letter templates that he presents in his textbook is analysed, as is the specific terminology used.
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The article is dedicated to three textbooks in stylistics, published at the turn of the twentieth century, which marks the beginning of modern Bulgarian stylistics. The book of R. Puhlev contains a short theoretical part. The books of B. Angelov and V. Yordanov are impressively modern with regard to the included problems, as well as the used terms and their definitions. The two texts are juxtaposed and some of the theoretical accomplishments of the authors are highlighted. Both books have been written for didactic purposes, yet they are fundamental for the development of stylistics in Bulgaria.
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The Conjunctions chtoby ‘so that, in order to’ and daby ‘so that, in order to’ arose almost simultaneously in Russian (the first, most likely, in Church Slavonic texts), moreover, in the period from the 15th to the 17th centuries there was no strict distinction between them, although there had already been a tendency for more frequent use of chtoby in administrative and everyday texts, and of daby in Church Slavonic texts. On the other hand, the data of modern languages (19th – 21st centuries), both Russian and Church Slavonic, indicate that at some point chtoby was finally ousted from the “synodal” Church Slavonic, and daby in Russian already was already perceived as a “bookish” and archaic conjunction. The author puts forward the thesis that the roots of the named functional and stylistic differentiation should be sought in the 18th century, the period when separate Church Slavonic and Russian literary languages were born.
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