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The author brings up important, from her point of view, problems of the history of language as a linguistic discipline. There are as follows: time and thematic limits, the question of links between historical linguistics and other scientific disciplines (interdisciplinarity, transdisciplinarity, complementarity) and the matters regarding a possibility to apply basic linguistic paradigm in historical research. The reflexion refers also to the method and methodology which are hard to differentiate in this kind of studies.
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Joanna Przyklenk in her article devoted to the relations between historical linguistics and sociolinguistics focuses on three main issues. Firstly, she presents several ideas that are common to both disciplines. Secondly, the strong link between historical and social attitude in linguistics is considered in the shape of historical sociolinguistics, subdiscipline whose beginnings are dated back to 1980s in the West. In the paper its roots, theoretical background and the current state of research are discussed. Thirdly, the author takes an attempt to characterize the contemporary Polish studies, trying to describe these works in the context of the foregoing periodizations of the Polish studies on language history. Detecting an inspiration in historical sociolinguistics for Polish-oriented investigation, she points out these areas of diachronic enquiry that thanks to socio-lingual view could develop historical linguistics itself.
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Studying history of language is the oldest area of linguistics, as its beginnings can be traced back to the 19th century. Hence, it has functioned and developed under changing scientific paradigms, adopting their methods of description and ways of approaching research material. The subject of interest in the discipline is particularly broad, as it encompasses the entirety of texts and phenomena that appeared in the past. The description of linguistic phenomena in broad cultural and social context remains the main objective of historical linguistics; as a result, it benefits from the insights provided by many disciplines such as history, sociology, communication studies, cultural studies, and literary criticism. The 21st century brought new opportunities for the development of historical linguistics, which was enabled by two factors: development of digital technologies and the Internet and emergence of new research methods. The former has widened the access to historical material thanks to digital libraries and the development of electronic dictionaries which register lexical resources in different stages of language evolution. The latter has made it possible to present a new synthesis of the history of Polish from the perspective of such disciplines as historical sociolinguistics, linguistic genre studies, and communication studies.
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The article presents historical genre studies as one of the sub-disciplines practiced within philology, and rooted theoretically in general genre studies, as it takes over from this source the conceptual apparatus and the agreed and/or disputable theoretical problems and the methods of their solving accessible at a given time. Being a part of genre studies, it draws inspiration from a few disciplines that have already been annexed by this discipline, i.e. from textual studies, stylistics or discourse analysis, yet extending the scope of connections with history of the language. The primary object of research of the genre studies mainstream under discussion is genres of speech analyzed from the historical perspective. Detailed issues may appear in different aspects. Researchers of historical phenomena focus especially on the following problems: 1) origin (in this case, origin of genres), 2) processes of crystallization of their patterns, 3) temporally embedded metamorphoses, 4) circumstances (including causes) of changes (especially the cultural context), 5) (evolutionary or sudden) nature of transformations. Epistemic paths may be arranged in diverse configurations. A pretty expressive issue comprises history of a particular genre of speech or a set of genres related to history of a given cultural (discursive) community.
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The typographic era of the Polish language beginned 1521 and 1522. In 1522 „Żywot Pana Jezu Krysta” was published twice in two competitive publishing houses in Cracow. These two editions are the textual basis of the paper. The typographical technology increased the pace of intellectualization of Polish. As result of the process the pace of standardization and graphization of Polish was increased as well. Intellectualization, i.e. increase of the functional efficiency of Polish, should be regarded as the causative predominant feature of gradual transformations of the standard language of that time. Standardization and graphization of Polish should be recognized as subordinate factors towards intellectualization. In beginnings of the typographical era, both complementary effects of intellectualization entered the new phase along with the publication of the first Polish printed books which were addressed to the wide range of readers becoming a good for sale. The analysis of two editions of „Żywot Pana Jezu Krysta” shows that in 1522 there were two diverse so-called particularistic norms, i.e. the diverse catalogues of standard solutions depended on the publishing houses. The hierarchy of the factors presented in the paper should be taken into consideration when the description of transformation of the Polish language at the beginning of the typographical era is intended.
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Renata Bronikowska and Aldona Przyborska-Szulc present „The electronic corpus of 17th and 18th century Polish texts (up to 1772)” which is being created in the Institute of Polish Language, Polish Academy of Sciences. The first part of the text is devoted to the sources included in the corpus. The authors discuss the types of collected texts and metadata by which they are characterized. They also show the geographical representation of the sources. The second part describes different types of annotation and tools which support works on the corpus.
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This paper discusses the relevance of manuscript studies in historical-linguistic and philological analyses of medieval texts. The aim is to show that in the process of textual edition many pivotal aspects of a source text may be lost, ommitted or inadequately transmitted. Examples of such editorial omissions come from Old and Middle English, and Middle High German metrical renditions of „Pater noster”. It is argued that an analysis of a medieval text must crucially involve studying its manuscript context.
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The article characterizes documents that are useful in the reconstruction of the old language of thought. One can distinguish among them the source material (this is a legacy of the author or period, the status of linguistic awareness is extracted from it on the basis of the analysis of the specific forms of written documents) and metalanguage sources (these are texts expressing a direct attitude to the language). The body of the article fills the description of the latter sources. The author deals with two issues. Firstly, he presents a typology of metalanguage sources. Secondly, he discusses specific variables interpretation useful in the process of explication.
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A starting point for the considerations presented in the article are the words by Stanisław Urbańczyk who in „Encyklopedia języka polskiego” („Encyclopaedia of the Polish Language”) writes that the task of historical dictionaries is “to depict Polish vocabulary of previous epochs” and “enable researchers to study the development of lexical resources of the Polish language”. The authors are convinced that those two opinions must be extended to include all and not only historical dictionaries. Each stock of words can provide material for historical linguistic studies, especially for the study into lexis, its history, formation and development. In order to corroborate the above thesis, the authors provide the selected examples of scholarly activities which are based on different dictionaries.
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Thanks to the Internet and electronic media the etymologists today have easier access to historical-linguistic, dialectal and onomastic sources as well as to etymological dictionaries. They also better access to many etymological monographs and studies. Moreover, today the etymologist has no problems making use of analogous materials published in foreign languages, the obtaining of which in the past had posed a major problem. This will clearly accelerate progress in etymological research, thereby opening up new vistas for etymology.
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Peter Loderecker’s „Dictionarium”, published in Prague in 1605, is one of the first dozen printed dictionaries containing Polish vocabulary items. Nevertheless, it has been scarcely studied. One of the scholars dealing with Loderecker’s work claims that the Polish section coincides with the lexical material of Jan Mączyński’s „Lexicon Latino-Polonicum” (1564). The poster deals with the question of possible sources of Loderecker’s „Dictionarium”.
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The article is a synthetic overview of the current state of research in the field of historical phraseology. Its purpose is to present some trends and directions dominating in the work on the historical phraseology and indication of the most pressing research needs. The text also includes the description of selected literature about range touched in the title.
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The object of the analysis consists in the metaphorical representation of the concepts-values of the mental sphere in the Old Polish and Middle Polish periods in the plant category. The metaphor a concept is a plant is realised by the use of various words of the lexical field of the plant; I analysed the metaphors which feature the lexeme kwiat [flower] (and its derivatives). The purpose of the article is to direct the reader’s attention to the richness of the realisation of the plant metaphor which represents values in the early ages, to the set of concepts which are thus represented, to the possible relationship of this metaphor with evaluation and a glimpse at its permanence in the Polish language. The metaphor a concept is a plant featuring the lexeme kwiat in the early Polish language was used to refer to concepts which represented various spheres of life – ethical, social, folk values, as well as anti-values, referring above all to the sphere of morality. Therefore the metaphor was used to represent concepts regardless of the evaluations which were ascribed to these concepts. With the course of the development of culture and due to the change of thinking about the world the way the lexemes used in the metaphor a concept is a plant, their frequency and the concepts themselves changed but the plant as a source domain of metaphors continues to be viable in the Polish language.
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The text discusses the diachronic aspect of regional studies placed at the boundary between the history of language and dialectology. The author presents how the two fields interact and intermingle, which is particularly visible in the context of the regional past as well as the linguistic and cultural specificity of regions. Applying the methods of diachronic linguistics to dialectology and using dialectology in the studies on the history of the language enables to create a multifaceted picture of linguistic phenomena and explain their cultural contexts.
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The progress of historical research, new interpretation of socio-political events and cultural changes form new premises dissertating for the necessity of creating a new synthesis of the history of the Polish language in Silesia. Thus far noted compendia do not clarify the historical background of the modern linguistic changes taking place in contemporary Silesia. In the article, the author presented the basic methodological assumptions of the proponed synthesis. Description of the issues should focus on two axes. The first one is the evolution of the normalized polish language that is settled in official usage and Silesian writing. This variation is characterized by canon import, system and stylistic archaisms and the development’s irregularity. The latter axis of the description focuses on the issue of the evolution of Silesian dialects in the systematic and functional aspect. The Silesian polish language developed under specific conditions – domination of two languages: Czech and German in particular. Therefore the matters connected with the linguistic policy of the countries, which boarders were Silesian, as well as with the formation of linguistic awareness of Silesians and linguistic changes being the result of postwar immigration will be discussed. The implied range of the description taking into consideration Silesian multiculturalism demand a specified methodological approach. The author formulates some rules that enable to meet those demands. Moreover, he discusses some specific issues such as the cognitive and material values of the studies published in recent years, issues connected with periodization of the historical events, and the canon of sources. The synthesis will be closed by the discussion of the discourse about the Silesian language status that last since the 1990s.
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The article is a reflection on historical-linguistic education in didactics of Polish language in Poland. On the one hand the author was inspired to take up this theme by headword of Congress of Historical Linguists, ie. „Historical Linguistics – Protecting the Future, Respecting the Past” (Katowice, 13–15 April 2016). On the other hand an inspiration of this elaboration was a book „Signs of memory” edited by Maciej Grochowski and Zofia Zaron dedicated to the great Polish linguists of the second half of the twentieth century. The author shares her insights on historical-linguistic education at the academic level, noting the need to strengthen master – student relationship. In addition she discusses the method of tutoring which is based on individual cooperation between master (tutor) and his/her student. Moreover she indicates a few possibilities of using this method in historical-linguistic education with students.
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Ewa Oronowicz-Kida and Agnieszka Myszka try to answer a question whether knowledge about the history of language may be interesting for former grammar school pupils. The authors analyse the position of historical and language issues in the national curriculum at all levels of school education and use a questionnaire to check knowledge of former secondary school pupils in this respect. An analysis of questionnaires leads us to conclusion that recent secondary school graduates know selected issues from the history of language, but they lack any knowledge about historical grammar. However, young people see in contemporary Polish language certain phenomena resulting from development of language that they would like to have explained. The authors are of the opinion that, at the level of university education, you cannot resign from relaying at least basic knowledge about mechanisms of language development, however, it should be done in close connection with an analysis of literature and culture.
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Two volume set of „Selected Essays on the History of Polish Language” edited by Marek Cybulski was published by the University of Łódź Publishing House in 2015. This edition compiles texts ranging from the oldest ones such as „Bulla gnieźnieńska” („Bull of Gniezno”) to those from the first decades of the 21st century. They are presented in the chronological order and arranged in such a way that one can easily compare them according to the theme, style and literary genre. The article presents the possibilities of using this edition in university teachings, for example by showing the formation of genres (e.g. advertising) or by exposing influence of pragmatic factors on linguistic layer of the text.
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Albanian is an Indo-European language which forms its own branch in the Indo-European family and has no close relatives. It is spoken by about 7.6 million people, mainly in Albania and Kosovo, and also in parts of Italy, Macedonia, Montenegro, Greece, Romania, Serbia, and the diaspora. Albanian is thought by some scholars to be a descendant of Illyrian, a group of Indo-European languages spoken in the Western Balkans until perhaps the 6th century AD. Others believe that Albanian descended from Thracian or Dacian, Indo-European languages spoken in parts of the Balkans until about the 5th century AD. Albanian absorbed some words from Greek and many words from Latin between the 2nd century BC and the 5th century AD. After that, it was influenced by the languages of Slavic and Germanic tribes who settled in the Balkans. There were also borrowings from the Proto Romanians or Vlachs from the 9th century AD. A few brief written records are preserved from the 15th century, the first being a baptismal formula from 1462. The scattering of books produced in the 16th and 17th centuries originated largely in the Gheg area and reflect Roman Catholic missionary activities. Much of the small stream of literature in the 19th century was produced by exiles. Perhaps the earliest purely literary work of any extent is the 18th-century poetry of Gjul Variboba, of the enclave at San Giorgio, in Calabria. Some literary production continued through the 19th century in the Italian enclaves, but no similar activity is recorded in the Greek areas. All these early historical documents show a language that differs little from the current language. The documents from different regions and times exhibit marked dialect peculiarities, however, they often have a value for linguistic study that greatly outweighs their literary merit. The standard language, written in a standard Roman style orthography adopted in 1909, was based on the south Gheg dialect of Elbasan from the beginning of the Albanian state until World War II and since, has been modeled on Tosk. The Albanian alphabet, that is still in use today, was approved in the Congress of Manastir and it is composed of two main dialects: Gheg and Tosk
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