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The researched problem is dedicated to the results of the economic sanctions of the EU against Russia, which lead to a significant transformation in the energy mix of Europe. The main highlights of the changes are in the field of gas and oil.
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The manuscript examines the possibilities for fighting in cyberspace as a new field of war. The purpose of cyber warfare is to damage computer systems, create interference, or obtain classified information by infiltrating computer systems and networks. The main motivation is the realization of certain interests in the international arena. Existing legal rules and regulations on warfare are generally applicable to cyber warfare. Before starting a cyber war, it is necessary to establish jus ad bellum (ie the right to use force). In addition, the reasons for the use of force in any form must be legal and permitted by law.
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The ambitious goals of so called „Green deal“ require decrease of the greenhouse gas emissions. That means transformation of all energy production capacity because of the new energy consumers – the electric vehicles. The general energy consumption in Bulgaria increases slightly. The country currently is in line with the goals for share of renewable energy. The transport is the sector with the highest share of consumed energy both in the EU and Bulgaria. With the enlargement of the electric vehicles fleet, it is necessary the standards for charging to be unified. The distribution of charging points needs to be more even, they need to be easier for use and the pricing for the energy to be more transparent and in line with the payment standards in Bulgaria and the EU.
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The transport sector is the most affected by the impact of the pandemic COVID-19 on a national and global scale. In this regard, the present report offers a comprehensive analysis of the impact of the pandemic on resilience of the development of this sector. Based on this analysis, possible recovery measures in the context of the new energy transition policies formation. That is why the main objective of the research presented in the present report, is to offer options for a sustainable recovery of transport after the COVID pandemic, which will contribute to the realization of an energy transformation of the sector.
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This article examines the concept of European energy security in the crisis management and defines short-term and long-term measures to solve the defined problems. The conclusion is that swift action must be taken measures to complete a fully functioning European energy market. Finding solutions for the supply of energy resources from other suppliers and the quick transition to the utilization of energy from renewable sources. At the moment, the European Union is well prepared to meet the challenges that come their way.
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The growth of RES-generating capacities is a consistent process, which is most pronounced in relation to photovoltaic plants. It is a process that is observed not only in Bulgaria, but also on a global scale. With such distinct trends, the serious challenge before the high, medium and low voltage is the integration of this type of non-stationary, erratic and increasing energy flows with each subsequent year.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to demonstrate whether the proposed changes to European Union customs law actually justify the claim that the customs union will be introduced to the next level, based on customs risk management. Design/methodology/approach: The author performs a comparative analysis of the currently functioning customs regulations of the European Union (mainly the EU Customs Code) in the field of customs risk management, the practical approach to risk on the example of the Polish National Tax Administration (KAS) with the change in the European Union customs law regulations planned by the European Commission. The scope of the analysis includes terminology regarding customs risk used in regulations, IT tools, organisational structures of customs administration and the methodology currently used. Further, the study presents the new philosophy of customs risk management, included in the draft of the new Customs Code of the European Union, including the justification for the project. Findings: It is a bit too early to be able to clearly confirm whether the customs union, which is the basis of the European Union, will actually be used and managed at a higher level than now. The reason for this is the lack of all planned regulations, including implementing ones, specifying individual issues of the practical functioning of the new risk-based approach. However, the European Commission’s plans to build a new customs risk management system at the EU level should be assessed positively.
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This chapter by Carmelia Mariana Bălănică Dragomir and Cecilia Șerban explores the various facets of ecotourism, including its current challenges, results, and future trends. It discusses the economic and environmental impacts of ecotourism, emphasizing the need for sustainable development. The chapter addresses the integration of global value chains in tourism, the importance of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and the role of international environmental treaties. It highlights the necessity of innovative technologies, market incentives, and regulatory frameworks to promote ecotourism. The authors also examine the socio-economic benefits of ecotourism, such as job creation and local community development, while identifying obstacles like underdeveloped infrastructure and legal frameworks.
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This chapter, authored by Dinu Ostavciuc and Gina Aurora Necula, explores the critical role of cooperation and interaction between prosecution bodies and various institutions in investigating and combating illegal migration. It discusses the legal and practical frameworks that facilitate collaboration among different law enforcement and governmental bodies. The chapter emphasizes the necessity of well-organized interaction to overcome the complexities and cross-border nature of illegal migration crimes. It also addresses the legislative challenges and proposes amendments to improve the coordination and efficiency of investigative processes. The importance of systematic, coordinated efforts involving national and international bodies, expert institutions, and non-governmental organizations is highlighted as essential for effective crime detection and prosecution.
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This chapter by Gina Ioan presents a comparative analysis of the quality of life from an economic perspective in Romania and the Republic of Moldova. It examines the relationship between economic growth and economic development, using statistical data to explore the factors influencing economic well-being. The study highlights the significant differences in macroeconomic indicators, income levels, and quality of life between the two countries. It delves into aspects such as GDP growth, poverty rates, health, education, and the impact of COVID-19 on economic stability. The chapter underscores the importance of sustainable economic policies and strategies to enhance the quality of life and reduce socio-economic disparities.
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The purpose of the study is to track the dynamics of the main macroeconomic indicators for the euro area, for selected countries in the euro area and for Bulgaria, based on empirical and statistical information for a five-year retrospective period. In this way, similarities and differences in economic development can be highlighted and cause-and-effect relationships can be explored. Despite efforts to mitigate negative external shocks, gross domestic product growth slows during 2023. The level of inflation is decreasing significantly due to the increase in interest rates, but at the expense of this, the economic activity will continue to slow down. Investment has a negligible contribution to the aggregate product, and foreign trade is shrinking. Based on the analysis of interdependencies and the peculiarities of the cyclical development of the considered economies, including Bulgaria, the most likely scenario for their short-term development is either recession or low but unstable economic growth.
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Digitization, globalization and the advent of artificial intelligence are pushing the world towards rapid change. All spheres of socio-economic life were affected, including the banking sector, which underwent a serious metamorphosis in the last decade. A decade after the appearance of the first cryptocurrency, today the financial institutions of the EU, as well as its political leaders, are on the verge of introducing a digital euro. This report synthesizes the main expectations from the introduction of the digital euro and analyses both the possible benefits and potential risks of its use. The limitations of the study are related to the unknown nature of the problem arising from the dynamic development of technologies and their application in business and finance.
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The paper identifies some recent studies and examples in the context of circular economy in Latin American countries, for example Columbia, Brazil, Mexico. The paper provides mapping of interest in sustainable innovations, corporate social responsibility, green supply chain and all other aspects relative to Sustainable Development Goals in Latin American countries, including also the sustainable recovery after Covid-19. The analysis of the existing literature confirms the necessity to improve sustainability pillars in Latin American business into economic, environmental and social directions.
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The purpose of the report is to assess the progress and impact of the European Union‘s ambitious policy framework known as the Green Deal. By looking at various studies, articles and the EU‘s published results and information over the period, this report delves into the extent to which the Green Deal‘s objectives have been achieved, its effectiveness in addressing environmental challenges and the potential impact it has on the global transition towards a green economy. It assesses whether the measures set out in the agreement have delivered tangible results and examines how the EU‘s commitment to sustainability supports global efforts to combat climate change.
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The changes in the consumption of organic products is highly dynamic since advent of the market for organic foods and cosmetics. Consumers show a high responsiveness to the actual economic situation, depending on multiple factors. This work focuses on the EU while the Covid-19 pandemic and before the current high inflation period. A short term forecast according the market development is given, based on different variants for motivation and goals of the main players in the market.
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The aim of this paper is to address the European aspects of sustainable transformation, particularly transport mobility and digitalization. The object of the article is digitalization as a path towards sustainability. The subject is the prospects and challenges for transforming towards a sustainable way of living. To cover the goals, the following tasks are set: 1) definition of sustainability and mobility; 2) mentioning the similarities between digitalization and a sustainable mobility model; 3) defining prospects and challenges for implementation. The main results are theoretical and practical application of the conclusions, introduction of good practices and proposals.
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The purpose of this article is to examine some new trends in the integration of ESG goals for sustainable development in companies’ practices. Some quantitative and qualitative indicators of sustainable development are considered. The focus of the report is the challenges and opportunities for Bulgarian companies to achieve sustainable development. From 2024 ESG becomes mandatory for certain companies in the EU and in Bulgaria, which will have to submit non-financial information in the form of a report on their application. For now, these changes concern large corporations, but it is expected that within two to three years, they will become mandatory for SMEs as well.
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The study analyzes one of the most discussed issues concerning EU cohesion policies and, in particular, the macroeconomic effects these policies have on the development of the Bulgarian economy. A central focus of the report is the quantification of the multiplier of expenditures co-financed by the EU. The results indicate that the crowding out effects and the lack of additionality among national policies limit the multiplier coefficient for each 1 BGN spent to around 0.3-0.4. This estimate is lower than the alternative macroeconometric approach (SIBILA 2.0) currently used by public institutions.
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The foreign exchange market changes sharply due to the uncertainty worldwide, digital currencies and technology, and continuous crises in various countries and regions. The European Union as one of the major participants on the global foreign exchange market by its own currency, the euro, and the European Central Bank, are influenced as well by that turbulence. The purpose of the paper is to present the foreign exchange market in times of continuously arising crises and to analyse the adoption of the digital euro in terms of the European economic integration and the currency board in Bulgaria.
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The study examines inflation developments during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Along with the pandemic, other reasons for the price dynamics during this period are also considered. The report investigates the different dynamics of inflation in the EU countries, with an emphasis on Bulgaria. The research methodology includes an analysis of both general inflation and inflation by individual product groups. The contribution of these groups to general inflation is also examined. The analysis shows that during the COVID-19 pandemic, inflation, the most intense in the last few decades, has characteristics that significantly distinguish it from previous crisis periods when we witnessed high inflation levels. Inflationary processes take place in quite different ways in different countries and in particular in the EU. During the pandemic, the inflation differential between the member states widened, with the countries of Central and Eastern Europe registering a significantly greater increase in prices. This is mainly observed in food and utilities, but also to a significant extent in services such as health care, education and hotels and restaurants.
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