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Review of: H. H. Hоck, B r. D. Joseph. Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics. Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin - New York, 1996. 602 p.
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This article offers a look into the controversial issue of semantics and usage of passive structures by examining evidence from Bulgarian, Russian, and English. Efforts are made to clarify the semantic differences between active and passive structures, especially with respect to the notions of “passive meaning” and “centrifugal/centripetal direction of verbal action”. Special attention is also paid to the identification of semantic and syntactic reasons for a wider use of passives in analytical languages compared to synthetic languages.
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This article discusses some of the basic theoretic and practical problems concerning the functional equivalence in compound sentences with a subordinate temporal clause, between two essential oppositions characterising respectively the French and the Bulgarian temporal system, namely the opposition between simple and complex verbal tenses in French, versus the Bulgarian opposition between imperfective and perfective morphologic aspect, whose typical manifestation is the perfective imperfect. It is pointed out that according to this equivalence, in subordinate temporal clauses, complex French tenses should be very often translated by simple Bulgarian tenses of perfective aspect.
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Review of: Л. Лашкова. Увод в сравнителната граматика на славянските езици. София, Емас, 2000. 224 с.
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The paper treats the regularities in the distribution of the verbs ima and sam in Bulgarian existential sentences from the standpoint of logical syntax. Sentences containing ima conform with typical communicative referential characteristics of existential sentences, while sentences containing sam realize peripheral models in the domain of existence. Semantic and pragmatic properties of sam-sentences are described in the comparison to similar structures with ima. Contrasts with Russian verbal and nonverbal existential sentences reveal the lack of exact parallelism between Bulgarian and Russian in the domain of existence.
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The phonemic systems of contemporary Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian have been analysed in this paper and the similarities and differences between them have been determined. For this purpose V. A. Vinogradov’s classification of the structural differences between the two languages (1972) has been used. According to this classification, in which he gives an articulate phonological interpretation, the differences between the Bulgarian and the Serbo-Croatian phonetic systems are analysed on the basis of different systems of choice, of phonemic categories and of contextual realization and of phonemes.
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Review of: C. Stamenov. Papers in English and Contrastive Linguistics. Plovdiv University Press, 2000, 136 p.
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Review of: Г. П. Нешчименко. Этнический язык. Опыт функциональной дифференциации на материале сопоставительного изучения славянских языков. München, 1999, 231 с.
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The present article attempts a brief contrastive analysis of Romanian and English regarding the synthetic or analytic character of the respective languages in various lexical, grammatical fields. After judging numerous instances of contrastive analysis, the author concludes that the degree of syntheticism of Romanian is much higher than that of English, which renders Romanian grammar more difficult to study than the English grammar, although the latter is far richer in compartments (for instance, it has sixteen verbal tenses, whereas Romanian grammar has much fewer). Teaching grammar with the aid of a contrastive analysis is a practical instrument for translation from and into English, and accelerates English language acquisition by the Romanian students.
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This article presents an analysis of current trends in Russian-Polish and Polish-Russian thematic translation lexicography in terms of the football-related lexicon. The point of departure for the analysis is a small dictionary, intended for a broad audience, which was compiled by means of the modern method of excerption of a specially constructed corpus, containing a rich collection of phrases and precisely determined equivalents – the Russian-Polish and Polish-Russian Pocket Football Dictionary. As a result of critical analysis, the author formulated several conclusions concerning the modification of the corpus, which is the basis for compiling similar translation dictionaries, the scope of the lexicon and phrases included in the dictionary, as well as the methods of determining and presenting equivalents.
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The authors of this article aimed to point out the differences in lexis and grammatical constructions between the varieties of Spanish spoken in Spain and Latin American countries. In order to obtain the most authoritative material the authors used the answers of respondents from six countries: Argentina, Chile, Spain, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela. They made this choice because of the mentioned countries’ geographical location as well as the anticipated influence of other languages due to migration processes. This allowed the authors to show a lot of variety in the respondents’ choice of specific words and sentence constructions. The article also discusses the voseo phenomenon, the rioplatense dialect, and phonetic differences between them. They demonstrated the lexical, grammatical, and sociolinguistic differences between the varieties of Spanish.
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The aim of the article is to examine how the originally historical phenomena of language islands can be studied from a contemporary perspective. The previous language island definitions are reformulated in relation to modern circumstances (globalisation processes, mobility, media development). In the case of the former German language islands in Schönwald (Upper Silesia) and Wilamowitz (Eastern Silesia) current recordings of the language material are available, while the Rusyn language islands in Lower Silesia are an example of a modern form of island languages. The most important conclusion of the performed analysis with regard to the methodology of modern language island research is the need to include observations of the linguistic landscape in contemporary research of language island phenomena.
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The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of the linguistic landscape of two towns located on the Polish-Czech border: Kudowa Zdrój and Náchod. Their location makes it possible to attempt a comparative observation of how two levels of the linguistic landscape are created: top-down and bottom-up. It also gives the opportunity to analyze the behavior of the residents themselves and their attitude towards the neighbor’s language. The article also highlights which communication strategy is more attractive for both nations – whether communication is heading towards general globalization nowadays, and the dominant language is becoming lingua franca – English, or whether borderline influences the development of receptive multilingualism (lingua receptiva).
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