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Pragmatic functions of I in academic discourse: linguistic research articles

Author(s): Veronika Raušová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2018

This study presents comparative research focused on the frequency and usage of the 1st person singular pronoun I in linguistic research articles (RAs) written in English by native speakers of English and native speakers of Czech. Two specialized corpora, together comprising 80 RAs, were compiled for the purposes of this study. The study shows that in comparison to previous research, the use of I gradually increases in RAs of Czech authors but the device is still underused compared to RAs of native English speakers. The underuse is linked to longstanding traditions of Czech academic writing. Moreover, the pragmatic functions of propositions featuring I as an explicit authorial reference in the discourse (Stating opinions and claims, Discourse organisation and guidance, Research process recounting) were linked to the tenets of the Politeness theory, to show benefits and risks of exploiting implications that they carry.

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K jedné kapitole z dějin jazykovědy. Příspěvek k 150. výročí úmrtí srovnávacího jazykovědce Augusta Schleichera

Author(s): Lenka Vodrážková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2018

The article concerns the history of linguistics in the 19th century, in particular August Schleicher’s place in the history of linguistics and his scholarly heritage for linguistics in the 20th century, recalling that he was the founder of a method still characteristic of comparative linguistics today. The report describes the theory and methodology of this German representative of comparative linguistics, presenting Schleicher’s research, which was influenced by Darwin’s Origin of Species and by Hegel’s philosophy. In Prague (1850–1857) Schleicher worked intensively on the synchronic and historical grammar of Old Church Slavonic (1852) and of Lithuanian (1856–1857). In Jena (1857–1868) he wrote one of the major syntheses of comparative and historical grammar of the Indo-European languages — his Compendium der vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft der indogermanischen Sprachen (Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European Languages, 1861–1862) in which he postulated the first historical and comparative phonology of the Indo-European languages, which depends on the regularity, or “universal validity”, of the rules of sound change, or “sound laws”, and consolidated the large number of phonological and morphological descriptions of individual Indo-European languages into the unified system of a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language; Schleicher then represented the inter-relationships of the Indo-European languages in the form of a genealogical tree diagram (Stammbaum).

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LES STRATÉGIES DISCURSIVES ET ÉNONCIATIVES DU DISCOURS LÉGISLATIF ALGÉRIEN PUBLIÉ EN FRANÇAIS : CAS DES TEXTES DE LOI SUR LA GÉNÉRALISATION DE L’UTILISATION DE LA LANGUE ARABE

Author(s): Mahmoud Bennacer / Language(s): French Issue: 33/2020

L’objectif principal de cet article est d’examiner les stratégies linguistiques du discours législatif, mobilisées par le législateur algérien à des fins juridiques. La visée attendue par cette contribution est de rendre compte des marques discursives et fonctionnelles des textes de spécialité relatifs au droit algérien, écrits en français, en l’occurrence la loi sur la généralisation de l’utilisation de la langue arabe. Il sera question essentiellement de mettre en évidence la configuration des relations de communication entre les protagonistes dans les publications officielles, qui se profile essentiellement dans le langage juridique, marqué substantiellement par le principe de domination symbolique institué par l’instance officielle.

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AUTOUR DE L’IDENTITE DISCURSIVE DANS LE CAS PARTICULIER D’UNE ETUDE COMPAREE DU MILIEU DE RECLUSION FRANÇAIS ET ROUMAIN

Author(s): Valentina Gabriela Hohota / Language(s): French Issue: 33/2020

Notre proposition d’article s’intéresse aux différentes facettes de la notion d’identité discursive et ses degrés de manifestation analysée dans le contexte d’une étude comparée du milieu carcéral français et roumain. Nous nous proposons d’observer les comportements du sujet parlant détenu lors de l’expression de son identité discursive. Notre objectif est de comprendre la mesure dans laquelle la nouvelle identité, une fois manifestée, permet au détenu d’exister pour une période plus ou moins longue dans le milieu d’incarcération. En règle générale, l’identité discursive consiste dans l’adaptation du discours de tout locuteur aux situations de communication que les nouveaux contacts sociaux lui imposent et, en conséquence, aux communautés socio-discursives auxquelles il appartient.

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CONSTRUCTIONS PREPOSITIONNELLES EN FRANÇAIS CHEZ LES LOCUTEURS PEULS DE LA VILLE DE NGAOUNDERE-CAMEROUN

Author(s): Moïse Mbey Makang / Language(s): French Issue: 33/2020

L’économie de ce travail repose sur les constructions prépositionnelles des locuteurs peuls solarisés et non scolarisés de la ville Ngaoundéré. Cette ville est un paysage linguistique implacablement marqué par l’émergence d’un français dynamique, résultant du contact de langues en l’occurrence le français et le fulfulde. Dans cette ville, on note la présence de nombreux idiomes identitaires locaux auxquels s’ajoute un usage poreux des prépositions. Un tel visage des prépositions amène donc à s’interroger sur les particularités de cet usage. Ces particularités proviennent-elles d’une cohabitation entre le français et le fulfulde. Qu’est-ce qui caractérise l’usage des prépositions des locuteurs peuls ? L’objectif de ce réflexion est de décrire les prépositions émises par ces locuteurs tout en faisant ressortir les assauts ethnolinguistiques qui impactent le parler des locuteurs scolarisés ou non scolarisés L’hypothèse de la fonctionnalisation de la langue sous-entend qu’avec la scolarisation et l’apprentissage formels ou sans la scolarisation, les locuteurs construiront des prépositions avec des mêmes performances. L’organisation syntaxique des prépositions des locuteurs soumis à cette étude est influencée par des assauts ethnolinguistiques régionaux, fondement d’une typologie distincte du français standard.

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ASPECTS OF THE INDIRECT OBJECT IN ENGLISH AND ROMANIAN

Author(s): Nicoleta Florina Mincă / Language(s): English Issue: 33/2020

The paper is conceived as a presentation of several important aspects regarding the indirect object in English and Romanian. In English, the indirect object is a secondary part of the sentence which completes the meaning of the verb. It is used in the dative case and can be of two types: long / prepositional indirect object and short / non-prepositional indirect object. In Romanian, the indirect object appears as a very large syntactic class. It can be realized by nouns, pronouns or numerals, in many of the cases preceded by prepositions.

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LA FORMATION DES HYPOCORISTIQUES EN FRANÇAIS ET EN YORUBA

Author(s): Tajudeen A. Osunniran,Isaiah Bariki / Language(s): French Issue: 33/2020

La question abordée dans cet article est celle de la formation des hypocoristiques en français et yoruba. Pour le yoruba, nous nous plaçons au sein de la communauté yoruba du sud-ouest du Nigéria et pour le français, au sein de la communauté francophone ivoirienne. Dans ce cas-ci, nous nous intéressons à la formation des hypocoristiques à travers des prénoms français portés par des Ivoiriens. L’objectif est de faire un contraste tout d’abord des différents procédés à travers lesquels ces néologismes appellatifs sont formés et ensuite des caractéristiques morpho(phono)logiques de ces néologismes-là. La méthodologie est de nature contrastive, selon une approche descriptive synchronique. L’étude s’appuie sur un corpus de 279 hypocoristiques provenant de 200 prénoms tirés des contextes sociolinguistiques des Ivoiriens et des Yoruba. Notre analyse montre que la troncation est le procédé principal dans la formation des hypocoristiques dans les deux langues. Cependant, alors qu’en français, la troncation est de nature phonologique, en yoruba, elle est principalement de nature morphosyntaxique et se fait en fonction des considérations sémantico-pragmatiques. En français, les hypocoristiques sont minimalement monosyllabiques et maximalement dissyllabiques alors qu’en yoruba, ils sont minimalement dissyllabiques et maximalement quadrisyllabiques. L’étude révèle aussi le mimétisme anglo-saxon dans la formation des hypocoristiques dans les deux communautés, cela étant plus prononcé en yoruba. Ainsi, cette étude se veut une contribution à la littérature sur la formation des hypocoristiques.

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LES MORPHEMES GRAMMATICAUX DES VARIETES DE L’EOTILE : UNE COMPARAISON MORPHOSYNTAXIQUE

Author(s): Allou Serge Yannick Allou,Tamala Louise Ahaté / Language(s): French Issue: 33/2020

Eotile also known as bétiné is a Kwa language (J. Stewart 1989, K. Williamson and R. Blench 2000) from Côte d'Ivoire, a country in West Africa. Originally homogeneous, it split (H.Dagri-Diabaté 1984) into two varieties, adiaké and vitré, around the 18th century; inducing in synchrony different degrees of vitality and an evolution in distinct sociolinguistic environments. In fact, the adiaké spoken in the eponymous locality, with six speakers, is moribund (A.F.Kakou 2014). The vitré in Grand-Bassam is dynamic with around 3,500 speakers (T. L. Ahaté 2008, A. F. Kakou 2009). The opposite trajectories of these bétiné dialects have certainly resulted in linguistic variations. Hence the conduct of this study whose central question is to know what are the forms and syntax of the grammatical marks of the éotilé. The aim is to make a comparative inventory of these morphemes. To do this, the analyzes focused on a corpus made up of 800 lexemes and statements. From their examinations, it emerges that the dialects of the éotilé have in common bound and free grammatical morphemes. However, there are also some differences in form and syntax in these grammatical units.

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Echivalenţe ale timpurilor prezumtivului românesc în limba italiană

Author(s): Magdalena IURESCU / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

Expressing uncertainty, doubt and probability, the presumtive mood is realized by specialized morphemes only in Romanian language. It is actualized into two tenses [present and perfect], that mark simultaneity, respectively anteriority towards the moment of speach. From the morphological point of view, it is characterized by three sets of paradigms: the present tens is realized by the help of the future, subjonctive and conditional of the auxiliary „to be” and the gerund of the basic verb, whereas the perfect has homonymous forms with the anterior future, the perfect subjonctive and the perfect conditional ones. Since Romanian is the only language of the Romanic family that presents specialized forms for expressing the modal meaning of probability, this paper proposes to find correspondences between the Romanian presumtive and the italian unspecialized means of expression that contain this modal value. For this purpose, it will be analyzed a corpus that comprises fragments of Alberto Moravia’s novel, „Ciociara”, translated into Romanian by George and Adriana Lăzărescu. The study will try to explain the reason why some of the modal or temporal forms from the source text are transposed by the translators into presumtive in Romanian language.

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АСОЦИЈАТИВНИОТ МЕТОД КАКО МОЖНОСТ ЗА СОГЛЕДУВАЊЕ НА РАЗЛИЧНОСТИТЕ (МАКЕДОНСКО-ПОЛСКИ АСОЦИЈАТИВИ)

Author(s): Snezhana Venovska‑Antevska,Biljana Malenko / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 2/2016

The impetus to investigate association fields originated from the need to define semantic fields in terms of lexical analysis as well as the way these fields, through a systematical regrouping, build nests of semantemes that are related and cognate yet distinct from each other, thus creating communicative situations and acts adequate to the language needs of certain cognitive processes. The association method of analysis particularly shows the experience of the speaker and, through that research, can perform a description of the semantic fields build by lexemes. The language world picture can be seen with the help of the comparative method of research covering associations derived by materials from the association dictionaries of some languages. Here merely illustratively we take up two lexemes (house and work) from the Polish, the Serbian, the Bulgarian, and the Macedonian language.

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L’emploi des formes d’adresse en français, italien et espagnol péninsulaire : correspondances et différences

Author(s): Eva Havu / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2020

In the three examined Romance languages, the system of pronominal forms of address derives from Latin, but in each of them, it has developed in a slightly different way. The use and pragmatic function of nominal forms of address accompanying these pronouns can also vary according to the language. First, we shortly examine the diachronic development of forms of address and then focus on the speakers’ own representations of their actual use. The analysis is mainly based on three types of corpora collected according to identical principles (questionnaire, dialogues in contemporary novels and films). The examined sociolinguistic variables are age, the situation of communication and the relation between the speakers. The results are analysed from a contrastive point of view.

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Interferencias y contrastes en la fraseología somática española y rumana

Author(s): Oana Adriana Duță / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 1/2020

Our communication starts from a formal analysis of Spanish idioms with CABEZA, OJO, BOCA, LENGUA, CARA, DIENTE, MANO, NARIZ, OREJA, PIE, DEDO, PELO and their Romanian equivalents. Pursuant to this analysis, we propose a hierarchy of the correspondence levels, based on a descending scale of cross-linguistic transparency, and of the four relevant situations found in our corpus: idioms with the same body part in both Spanish and Romanian; idioms with a different, but contiguous body part or another word that is contiguous to the body part of the source idiom; idioms with a different body part; idioms with phraseological equivalence in Romanian, but no body part. Lexical correspondence between Spanish and Romanian from this point of view is statistically quantified by means of coefficients and a categorial distribution is obtained that shows a high level of lexical congruence between Spanish and Romanian: except PELO, all the body parts included in the analysis show more than 50% lexical correspondence, i.e. more than half of the Spanish idioms have a Romanian phraseological equivalence with the same body part.

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Dislokace, extrapozice a nominativus pendens

Author(s): Ondřej Pešek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2021

The study defines the categorial framework for the analysis of so-called dislocated structures in contrastive perspective. First, it describes the systemic possibilities of the French and Czech syntaxes in relation to the phenomena studied. The syntactical potential is assessed from a functional point of view, making it possible to explain differences in the use of systemically possible structures in the two languages. The evaluation of systemic possibilities is complemented by a parallel corpus analysis performed in the InterCorp corpus. The study does not include all cases classified as dislocation (extraposition) in the specialized literature, as it focuses primarily on the left-hand extraposition of selected valency verb complements.

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Hispanizmy v slovenskej lexike

Author(s): Bohdan Ulašin / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2021

The main goal of this work is to map Spanish loanwords in contemporary Slovak. Based on the defined criteria, we found 108 words of Spanish origin. We paid great attention to the etymology of the words, which was a key criterion in their selection. In addition to these loanwords, we offer an overview of words that came into Slovak from Arabic and Indian languages through Spanish, as well as of those that originated in other languages, but with the original basis of the word also coming from Spanish. We analyze the Spanish loanwords as for the adaptation processes, in terms of classification into thematic areas, we classify them chronologically according to the century of the first written occurrence as well as the frequency of their use in Slovak.

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‘Corporate-speak’: Language Policies in the Romanian Business Context

Author(s): Anda Ileana Duță / Language(s): English Issue: XXI/2020

In Orwell’s 1984, Newspeak limits individuals’ capability to think and to express themselves freely. The implementation of corporate language policies in a corporate context may serve a similar function. This paper focuses on the ‘Romglish’ jargon used in business-speak as a result of the global expansion of multinational organizations and the domination of English as lingua franca. Moreover, corporate language infiltrates people’s everyday speech: it could be used either “as easy shorthand” (Sandberg 2006) or to signify elitist exclusionary practices.

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CONTROVERSIAL ASPECTS OF THE CULTURAL IDENTITY IN POSTMODERNISM. SEARCHING FOR A MULTICULTURAL EGO

Author(s): Florentina Pascu / Language(s): English Issue: XII/2011

The present paper propose o revaluation of major paradigms in a cultural context focused on globalism and identity. A necessary debate must take into account the need for a model of reception and of interpretation of the world that passes beyond the limits of any type of Rationalism, wanting to defend its notion of “sublime” and – finally – rediscovering the “divine”.

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УМЕТНИЧКИОТ ТЕКСТ КАКО КОМУНИКАЦИСКИ ФЕНОМЕН

Author(s): Tamara Kjupeva / Language(s): Macedonian Issue: 23/2021

The Fourth Industrial Revolution brought the greatest expansion of information and concepts, which increased the need for skills in interpretation the new language and communication codes. Language has received a broader definition, because modern human communication refers to all new systems that have their own rules and ways of behaving. Stories are the most important aesthetic, psychological, emotional, educational and upbringing tool for understanding the world and its phenomena in children. Developing society, information systems and media, the multiplication of languages and discourses from which children learn new languages on a daily basis to understand and communicate with the world, open up challenges for the language and the meanings of words. Macedonian students are below the OECD countries average in the reading literacy.

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ДИСКУРСИВНЫЕ ПРАКТИКИ И МЕТАЯЗЫКОВОЕ КОММЕНТИРОВАНИЕ В РЕЧИ ПРЕДСТАВИТЕЛЕЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫХ МЕНЬШИНСТВ БОСНИИ И ГЕРЦЕГОВИНЫ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ СЛАВЯНСКИХ СООБЩЕСТВ РЕСПУБЛИКИ СЕРБСКОЙ)

Author(s): Sergey A. Borisov,Gleb P. Pilipenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2020

The paper discusses the typology of metalinguistic comments in the speech of representatives of the Slavic minority communities residing in the Republic of Srpska (Bosnia and Herzegovina). Using a corpus of examples from the Ukrainian, Polish, Slovene and Czech languages gathered during ﬁeldwork carried out between 2016 and 2019, the authors show that the informants provide both contact elements and intralinguistic units with metalinguistic comments. Such comments reﬂect the complex ethnic and confessional composition of the area where the ﬁeld research was conducted, providing information about the linguistic situation in the communities under scrutiny.

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НОМИНАЛИЗАЦИЈЕ У РУСКОМ ЈЕЗИКУ У ПОРЕЂЕЊУ СА СРПСКИМ: КОГНИТИВНОЛИНГВИСТИЧКИ ПОГЛЕД

Author(s): Biljana Marić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2019

The paper makes an attempt at interpreting nominalization constructions from a cognitive perspective. We are focusing solely on constructions which present a new model of government with regard to the initial sentence proposition: the transformation V+Acc provides the following nominalizations N(v) + na + Acc, N(v) + k + Dat, N(v) + nad + Inst, N(v) + o + Loc in Russian. In Serbian a similar result is observed and the attention is paid to the following transformational relationship: V + Gen → N(v) + od + Gen.

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DA, POUR AND TO CLAUSES IN GRADUALLY TELEONOMIC VERB CONSTRUCTIONS. A COMPARATIVE APPROACH TO SERBIAN, FRENCH AND ENGLISH

Author(s): Tijana V. Ašić,Tatjana S. Grujić,Yves M. Bardiere,Frederic J. Torterat / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2017

This paper examines how the Serbian “da” subordinate clause, the French preposition pour and the English particle to, mainly used in clauses expressing purpose, can become linguistic forms expressing temporal and oppositional values. In other words, it represents an original analysis of what we call non / pseudo-teleonomic clauses in Serbian, French and English. It examines the similarities and differences between the three languages and shows that the “da” subordinate clause in Serbian has a much more extensive scope than pour in French, which in turn has wider applications than to in English. The study is illustrated by concrete and genuine examples primarily drawn from the press in the three languages. It aims at reaching generalization via the principle of continuum which makes it possible to tackle teleonomic vs pseudo-teleonomic issues not in terms of binary opposition but in terms of gradience.

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