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« Imagen » ou les arabesques de l’imagination dans les annonces pour l’emploi en milieu scientifique

Author(s): George Sosin / Language(s): French Issue: 1-2/2015

This paper will try to demonstrate that scientific job advertisements are, after all, a type of advertising, as their English name actually shows. A corpus of scientific job advertisements from The New Scientist supported the analysis of the different discourses conveying a clear and concise message. All the discourses supporting job advertisements, i.e. the discourse of human resources, advertising, tourist and ESP, mention the apparently antinomic notions of “science” and “imagination”. The peculiar environment of job advertisements shows that these two notions are compatible with each other since the advertising aim is paramount.

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Néo-oralité urbaine et éducation populaire au Cameroun. Lecture des hymnes et devises d’associations de jeunes

Author(s): Théophile Kalbe Yamo / Language(s): French Issue: 1-2/2015

Reflecting the dynamics of associative life among youth, urban orality in Cameroun generates multiple literary genres nowadays. Of these, hymns and mottos have particularly caught our attention. These two genres of urban neo-orality in Cameroun develop an original aesthetics, that the hereby study aims at outlining. Hymns and mottos influence institutional ideals, reflect current topics and establish an effective dialogue with the traditional oral motifs of several ethnic groups in Cameroun. Their analysis helps determine clear procedures for the contextualisation and “popularisation” of diverse national ideals, for establishing certain values that are particularly promoted by cosmopolitan urban societies.

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Quelques réflexions sur les primitives, les prédicats, le sens des termes dans les ontologies et dans le lexique standard

Author(s): Krzysztof Bogacki / Language(s): French Issue: 08/2015

The article deals with two terms: “primitives” and “predicates” found in technical reports on ontology, on natural languages and in programming languages. The way they are used seems to confirm the Latin phrase: Si duo dicunt idem non est idem. However, one must attenuate this supposition which is due to the fact that the descriptions of ontologies, of the programming code and of the natural language texts are made in formal language. The obtained descriptions have two aspects: ‘formal’ and ‘lexical’ or ‘semantic’. Both predicates and primitives appear in linguistics and computer science on the formal level, and not on the ‘lexical’ one. A glance at the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union as the base-text used to develop a micro-ontology leads to the conclusion that the authors introduce the concept of dignité humaine ‘human dignity’ by an arbitrary stipulative definition rather than by reporting one. The meaning assigned to this term does not coincide with any of the registered meanings of this expression in the standard language

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Prevođenje nacionalno markiranih frazeologizama

Author(s): Edina Spahić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 9/2012

Pojam kulturema se sve učestalije upotrebljava u traduktologiji ali i u drugim disciplinama. Ovim radom smo željeli ukazati na prisustvo takvih jezičkih elemenata u frazeologizmima i na probleme koje te složene jezičke jedinice stvaraju u procesu prevođenja. Posebno smo se zadržali na prevodu španskih frazeologizama motivisanih tauromahijom kao tipičnom kulturnom tradicijom Španije. Neprevodivost ovih jezičkih jedinica na jezik metu (JM) i pronalaženje adekvatnog prevodilačkog rješenja osnovni je motiv za nastanak ovog rada.

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Der Instrumental des Mittels und der Art und Weise und seine Übersetzungsäquivalente im Deutschen

Author(s): Aldina Šerifović / Language(s): German Issue: 9/2012

Unter dem Aspekt der kontrastiven Linguistik werden in der folgenden Arbeit die Bedeutungen des Instrumentals in der Bedeutung des Mittels und der Art und Weise erschlossen und ihre Übersetzungsäquivalente werden nach Engels Modell als Ergänzungen und Angaben analysiert. Dabei wird geprüft, welcher syntaktischen Ebene sie angehören, d.h. es wird geprüft, ob sie verbdependent sind oder ob sie den Status von Angaben haben. Es geht um die Frage der Äquivalenz bei der Übersetzung aus einer Sprache in die andere. Der Gegenstand der Untersuchung sind Phrasen im Instrumental ohne Präposition, die vom Verb abhängen und demnach den Status von Satzgliedern haben und diejenigen, die Satelliten von anderen Wortarten (Attribute) sind. Die kontrastive Analyse zeigt, dass das primäre Übersetzungsäquivalent des Instrumentals die mit-Phrase ist, aber dass auch andere Übersetzungsäquivalente, vor allem in der Form einer Präpositionalphrase existieren.

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НЕКОТОРЫЕ МОДЕЛИ АФФИКСАЛЬНОЙ ДЕРИВАЦИИ КАК ПРИЧИНА НАЛИЧИЯ ЛАКУН (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ БОЛГАРСКОГО, РУССКОГО И ГРЕЧЕСКОГО ЯЗЫКОВ)

Author(s): Viktoria Kaneva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 10/2014

The article discusses the role that the means of formation of new lexical units by affixation in Russian, Bulgarian and Greek play in the appearance of “blank spaces” in the vocabulary of these three languages. The main methods of word formation in all three languages are almost identical, but there are peculiarities, which result in the presence of non-equivalent lexis in one of the languages in relation to the other two. Analyzing the means of formation of new lexical units by affixation in the three languages reveals two main reasons for the existence of lexical gaps in the compared languages, namely the different productivity and frequency of use of corresponding affixation models, and secondly the absence in one of the languages of similar in meaning and usage affixes carrying specific meaning.

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Sur l’emploi des toponymes du Kosovo-Metohija en français d’aujourd’hui

Author(s): Selena Stanković / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2015

Dans cet article, nous analysons l’emploi des noms de lieux du Kosovo-Metohija en langue française depuis la fin du XXe siècle jusqu’à aujourd’hui. La période citée se caractérise par un vaste usage de l’albanais et de l’anglais et par un usage très réduit du serbe dans la communication publique et officielle au Kosovo-Metohija. Les instances internationales admettent le changement de désignations toponymiques et la sup-pression des noms basés sur un contexte historique et culturel serbe. Ainsi, nous sommes témoins d’un essai d’effacement du passé par la substitution de ces appellations et la création de nouvelles. Vu ces faits et la réalité toponymique, nous tâchons de voir quelle pratique a été adoptée en français dans la dénomination des entités géographiques au Kosovo-Metohija. Nous avons basé notre recherche sur des ouvrages traitant de thèmes liés au Kosovo-Metohija, des articles de presse, des articles scientifiques, des sites internet des institutions françaises à Priština, des dictionnaires du français.

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EVIDENTIALITY IN ENGLISH AND SERBIAN QUALITY DAILY PRESS

Author(s): Predrag Niketić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

This paper focuses on the linguistic concept of evidentiality, which is yet to be uniformly defined by linguists, its relationship to epistemic modality, and its linguistic realisation in English and Serbian, specifically in selected corpora from daily quality newspapers in English and Serbian. The aim of the paper is to establish relevant cross-linguistic similarities and/or differences between English and Serbian expressions of evidentiality as manifested in English and Serbian “serious” journalistic discourse by applying contrastive analysis to the various markers of evidentiality used in the selected journalistic corpora of both languages. Methodologically, evidentiality is treated as both a grammatical and a functional category. The corpus is limited to the topic of world news articles, as more uniform samples provide for a more objective contrastive analysis. The analysis of the samples reveals a significant overlap between syntactic structures and semantic properties of reported evidentiality markers in English and Serbian journalistic discourse.

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ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH VOWELS PRODUCED BY AMERICAN SPEAKERS AND HIGHLY COMPETENT SERBIAN L2 SPEAKERS

Author(s): Dušan Nikolić / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2016

The paper submits the findings of the research which explored the acoustic properties of highly competent Serbian L2 speakers’ vowels and the vowels produced by American native speakers in two reading tasks. The study involved four participants: two female native speakers of English and two highly proficient female Serbian speakers of English. The participants were instructed to read a dialogue and a story, after which the duration and the quality of the vowels produced were measured. Based on the analysis of the collected data, the results showed that there were differences in the production of vowels between the two groups of speakers, but it was concluded that, despite these differences, the Serbian participants did not have any major issues with the production of vowels that would significantly, or at all, afflict their intelligibility. Neither the vowel quality nor the vowel duration was critical for the Serbian participants compared to that of the American speakers. What the research instead inferred was that the American participants displayed a strong tendency to reduce their vowels, while the Serbian participants did not reveal such a marked tendency to do the same.

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Eesti ja soome keele vastastikune mõistmine üksiksõna- ja tekstitasandil:

Author(s): Annekatrin Kaivapalu / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 11/2015

The paper deals with the mutual intelligibility of written Estonian and Finnish on two levels: on the level of individual context-free words and on the level of a text as a whole. The study aims to explain whether and how Estonian speakers understand Finnish and Finnish speakers Estonian with no previous formal learning or exposure to the closely related target language, and how the comprehension of individual context-free words differs from the comprehension of a text. The results of the comprehension tests and the participants’ comments on their process of understanding are discussed to shed light on the possible symmetry of mutual intelligibility and on the linguistic determinants having an impact on the comprehension process. The discussion is followed by proposing a model of intelligibility. According to the test results, the Estonian-speaking participants were more successful in comprehending context-free words, particularly the words with similar meaning and similar spelling, as well as loanwords. Finnish-speaking participants succeeded better in comprehending the whole text. Perceived cross-linguistic similarity has a crucial role in comprehending both of the target languages: the base of understanding is finding similarities between Estonian and Finnish, as well as other previously learned languages and the target language. Those similarities are combined with metalinguistic and general knowledge and the assumptions made are checked in the context of a sentence, a paragraph and a text. Context operates as a kind of filter, either confirming or disproving the assumptions made. The distribution and order of use of the components of the understanding process vary from person to person and largely depend on the participants’ previous knowledge and experience.

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Plain Language in the Czech Republic, the UK, and the US

Author(s): Eva Dvořáková / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

Over the past 50 years, plain language has been an important topic in English-speaking countries, finding its way particularly into legal and official documents. Curiously, plain language has never been a widely discussed topic in the Czech Republic. It would therefore be interesting to see whether Czech tax return instructions (which are, after all, addressed to the wide public) display any plain language features, in comparison with their British and US counterparts. The present contribution aims to compare tax return instructions from the UK, US, and the Czech Republic in terms of their readability (using readability measures), sentence length, passive constructions, certain personal pronouns (you and we), nominalisations (with the -ion suffix), and lexical richness (type-token ratio). For the purposes of the analysis, the official English translation of the Czech tax return instructions has been used so that the comparisons can be made within one language. The results have confirmed the initial hypothesis that the Czech tax return instructions are not compliant with plain language rules.

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Csernicskó István: Az ukrajnai többnyelvűség színe és fonákja

Author(s): Vilmos Gazdag / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2022

Steps that include the possibility of resolving the language issue, such as the attempt to declare the Law on Indigenous Peoples of Ukraine or the Language Law unconstitutional, have not yet yielded real results.

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Nominalisierung in Abstracts deutscher und polnischer sprachwissenschaftlicher Artikel

Author(s): Adam Gołębiowski / Language(s): German Issue: 9/2020

The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the use of nominalized verbs and adjectives in abstracts of research articles in linguistics written by German- and Polish-speaking scientists. The paper begins by describing academic texts as a subject of (comparative) linguistic investigation. The next section focuses on structure and pragmatic features of abstracts as components of research articles. Subsequently the role of nominalization as one of the strategies of syntactic compression (also called syntactic condensation) and as an element of nominal style in academic texts is discussed. The next part presents the results of qualitative analysis of the data gained from 20 German and 20 Polish abstracts of research articles in linguistics. The concluding section 6 sums up the presented study and offers some recommendations for further research.

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Postcolonial analysis of educational language policies of Ireland, Singapore, and Malaysia

Author(s): Zuzanna Grala / Language(s): English Issue: 8/2022

The aim of this paper is to compare the educational language policing in Ireland, Singapore, and Malaysia. While distant geographically, the three countries experience similar linguistic processes when it comes to anglicisation, and propose different solutions to the issue of balancing linguistic rights, and promotion of English as the language of globalisation.This comparison aimed to find out what influences language policing in postcolonial countries, and in what ways language shift can be prevented. The aspects of language policing strategies are presented as a way of protecting linguistic human rights, but also as a way of dealing with the aftermaths of the policies implemented by the British Empire.Similarities and distinctions in the language policies of Ireland, Singapore, and Malaysia prove that the weak position of native languages originates not in the “natural” decline of a language, but rather in the policy of promoting English by the colonial forces. Ethnic and linguistic discrimination favouring English speakers in Ireland, Singapore, and Malaysia, originates in similar, imperial linguistic ideologies, which are still reflected in the current language policies of countries of colonial past. While the countries approach their bilingual educational policing in different ways, ultimately the outcomes seem similar when it comes to linguistic attitudes and prestige.

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CONSTANT DRIPPING WEARS AWAY A STONE. HOW HEIKKI E. S. MATTILA ESTABLISHED COMPARATIVE LEGAL LINGUISTICS

Author(s): MARCUS GALDIA / Language(s): English Issue: 49/2022

This article describes Heikki E.S. Mattila’s achievements in the area of comparative legal linguistics. It concentrates on the process of emergence of basic conceptual structure in Mattila’s work. Its further expansion and methodological requirements established by the founder of comparative legal linguistics are analyzed as well. Particularly, the establishing of Comparative Legal Linguistics as teaching subject is scrutinized from the methodological perspective that is based on interdisciplinarity. Likewise, possibilities for expansion of the conceptual structure of the newly established area of knowledge are discussed as well.

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Setninger i norsk og polsk – definisjoner og inndelinger

Author(s): MARTA OLGA JANIK,Oliwia Szymańska,Barbara Łukaszewicz / Language(s): Norwegian Issue: 25/2018

In this article we give a brief summary of how Norwegian and Polish sentences are classified in the widely acknowledged grammar books. Therefore, we review the definitions of sentences in both languages, and compare the various classifications applied in Norwegian and Polish. Additionally, much focus is given to classification of sub clauses, which happen to be differently characterized in the respective languages. We would claim that there is a significant bias regarding features that determine classification of sub clauses in Norwegian and Polish. While in Norwegian a lot of emphasis is put on structural features, focusing on how particular units are organized within a sentence, the Polish classifications seem more semantic-oriented. As far as grammatical terms are concerned, Norwegian is featured by far more notions that might yield intransparency for a Polish learner or grammarian. On the other hand, the Norwegian classifications seem far more transparent. Due to a lack of 1-1 relation between terms used in Norwegian and Polish, we cater for this need by providing terms applicable for both languages. We believe that this may come into useful for all who try to systematize their knowledge about sentences in both languages.

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The bilingual model of F.H. Donckemann from 1826

Author(s): Svorad Zavarský / Language(s): Esperanto Issue: 46/2022

This article highlights the relationship between Neo-Latin Philology and Esperantology. Both these disciplines focus on a language that is non-native, international, and used in many different contexts. The benefit of Neo-Latin Philology for Esperantology can be expressed through the saying historia magistra vitae (history is life’s teacher), while, vice versa, Esperantology can fulfill its role in relation to Neo-Latin Philology in that it functions according to a modified version of this saying—namely, vita interpres historiae (life is history’s interpreter). More specifically, this article deals with the tract entitled Commentatio de hodierno linguae Latinae usu in litteris doctrinisque tradendis (A Commentary on the Use of the Latin Language in Scholarship and Education) which was written by F. H.L. Donckermann in 1826. In it, the author considers the advantages and disadvantiges of the use of vernacular languages in education and science, and he comes to the conclusion that a common international language, which for him is Latin, is necessary. Finally, he proposes a bilingual, Latin-vernacular model, while at the same time discussing the means through which this model could be continually maintained. The ideas and proposals of Donckermann correspond admirably to later development within the Esperanto community.

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ANIMAL SIMILES EXPRESSING HUMAN TRAITS IN ENGLISH AND SERBIAN

Author(s): Dejan M. Milinović / Language(s): English Issue: 27/2023

This paper provides a contrastive analysis of adjectival as … as similes in English and adjectival comparisons with kao in Serbian, in which the tenor is a human being and the vehicle is an animal stereotypically associated with the given trait, to examine the extent to which specific groups and types of animals are used to express the same or similar human traits in the two languages. A total of 69 English and 39 Serbian similes motivated by animals were examined and categorised according to the meaning of the adjectives used for comparison. The analysis shows that they are used to express a wide range of human characteristics, including behaviour, prowess, state and appearance. Almost half of the English similes and a third of the Serbian similes refer to behaviour, and more than half of the similes in each category in both languages have a negative connotation. Wild animals are more often attributed prowess and power, while farm animals are predominantly seen with subservient features. The findings are indicative of and congruent with the important role that animals play in human language perception. Animal similes not only provide a colourful and creative way of expressing human characteristics but also reflect cultural attitudes towards certain traits and animals.

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Grammatische Merkmale der deutschen und arabischen Rechtssprache – eine kontrastive Studie am Beispiel der verwaltungsgerichtlichen Urteile in Deutschland und Ägypten

Author(s): Amany SHEMY / Language(s): German Issue: 58/2024

This contrastive study deals with the legal grammar of German and Arabic administrative court judgments. On the basis of a selection of recent judgments of several administrative courts in Germany and Egypt, sentence types, use of the verb as well as condensation forms such as nominalization and attribute series are examined. The study reveals a number of notable parallel trends in both legal systems. Long hypotactic sentence constructions dominate, which are usually difficult to understand. However, the complexity of the sentence structure is not the same in all parts of the administrative court judgments of the two languages. The two legal languages also have in common the tendency towards a compact style. Many complex nominal forms are often embedded in sentence constructions, which serve to replace subordinate clauses. However, the two legal languages differ with regard to the use of connectors, active/passive forms and modality expressions as well as tense forms

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Koncept „gołąb” w językowym obrazie świata Ukraińców, Rosjan i Polaków

Author(s): Olena Kowalewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 01/2024

The article is dedicated to analysing the linguistic aspect of the concept “dove” in how Russian, Ukrainian and Polish languages depict the world. The aim of the article is to identify ver- balizers of the concept, as well as similarities and dissimilarities in the various semantic meanings shaping the structure of the concept in these three different but also related worldviews. There are different ethnocultural, mythologic and symbolic meanings connected with the conceptual meaning of the dove. The linguistic cultures in question share a common polysemanticity of this concept, which reflects both the positive and negative connotations (of which the former are much more common). The semantic structure is dominated by dove images in Christian and Slavic culture (common to the three worldviews), as well as peripheral ones, which are linked with mythology, tradition and folk beliefs (distinct and individual for the linguistic cultures studied here).

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