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This paper conducts a contrastive analysis of German and Serbian somatisms that contain the words Hand and ruka respectively. The lexeme Hand has different interpretations in both languages. In Serbian, ruka could mean both arm and hand, which is why only the term ruka is taken into consideration, and not šaka (which just means hand). A brief overview of the phraseological research will be given before the analysis, along with the primary terminology of contrastive studies. Issues with terminology inconsistencies will only be addressed, but not researched. A list with individual semes of the lexemes Hand and ruka will be listed in the empirical part of the paper. After that, 110 German somatisms and their Serbian counterparts will be classified and shown in percentages according to their type of equivalence. The largest number of these pairs had the equivalence of differences in lexis (26,36%), while the least somatisms have differences only on morphosyntactic level (13,63%). The rest of the values that come up in between show no major deviations.
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Introduction. The paper focuses on actual scientific areas in theory of speech genres and translation. The current study aims to propose solutions to theoretical and practical problem of speech genre role in translation. This paper is intended to identify genre forming factors of scientific text influencing translation. Materials and Methods. The current study is implemented on materials of three genres referring to different types of scientific texts: scientific-technical monograph (scientific texts), popular scientific speech (popular scientific texts), and user’s guide (documentary texts (scientific and business)). Speech genre is considered as a model of statement; its specificity is formed by a set of genre’s characteristics. Genre analysis of the original English texts, the official translations, and Russian texts of respective genres has been conducted; a comparison of the official and interlinear translations has been undertaken; the cases of discrepancies between the official and interlinear translation on the main genre parameters such as the communicative goal, the image of the author and the recipient, dictum, and linguistic features have been also discussed. Results. Genre transformations and modification of genre-forming parameters of the original text (taking into account the features of these parameters specific to genre of host language) often made by scientific text translators have been described. It was discovered that the translators seek to preserve in translation the communicative purpose and the communicative goals of the original text (i.e. do not apply the necessary genre transformation according to the genre-forming parameter), which leads to disorders of language, genre, and stylistic norms of the host language. Conclusions. All genre-formed parameters of the scientific text have an impact on transla-tion: professional translators use the genre transformation in accordance with the common genre and stylistic translation rules. The degree of influence of genre-forming parameters on translation primarily depends on the type of compositional and semantic organization of scientific text: genres with ‘fixed’ structure require more genre transformations; genres with ‘loose’ struc-ture do not need genre transformations. There is the problem of genre-oriented training of pro-fessional translators at present.
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The paper presents a distinct example of how the name of a well-known geographical area in the Durmitor Mountain (Old Herzegovina, today Montenegro) became distorted from “Drovnjak” to “Drobnjak”, to illustrate and discuss an enduring process of altering toponyms with Serbian linguistic basis, under Western, Latin, and Roman Catholic cultural influences, particularly in the last 100 years along with the establishment of Serbo-Croatian linguistic community. The paper presents a distinct example of how the name of a well-known geographical area in the Durmitor Mountain (Old Herzegovina, today Montenegro) became distorted from “Drovnjak” to “Drobnjak”, to illustrate and discuss an enduring process of altering toponyms with Serbian linguistic basis, under Western, Latin, and Roman Catholic cultural influences, particularly in the last 100 years along with the establishment of Serbo-Croatian linguistic community. This paper can be an incentive for similar researches in territories where Serbs predominantly live or used to live, so that such distorted toponyms could be restored to their original forms, as part of the process of new standardization of geographical names led by the Commission for the Standardization of Geographical Names of the Republic of Serbia.
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In linguistics the term “metysatsia” is suggested for the nomination of a phenomenon of “interaction of related languages”, which, however, hasn’t come into active circulation in linguistic studies, but there is need to actualize it. The process of the Russian language’s influence on the Ukrainian one has been closely explored, but the reverse process of the impact of the Russian language on the Ukrainian one hasn’t been practically studied, though even Dahl’s Dictionary, which is the most authoritative explanatory dictionary of the Russian language of the late nineteenth century contains many Ukrainianisms. There is need to explore in details the outlined process distinguishing the system of borrowings that are fixed in the Russian language and speech. The article focuses on the above-mentioned problem.
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Starting from the idea that some of the terminology related to fixed lexical patterns in English has been borrowed by Romanian linguists, sometimes with their validated English meaning, some other times with confusing and rather contradictory meanings (see, for example, phraseological unit and idiom), the present paper aims at providing a comparative presentation of some of the most representative approaches to the various types of fixed lexical patterns existing in English and Romanian and of the terminology adopted by the specialists representative of these two linguistic and cultural spaces.
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Introduction. The study is devoted to the problem of studying endangered cultures and languages by referring to the facts of explication of “folk” metalinguistic reflection. The aim of the work is to generalize knowledge about the language of speakers of endangered archaic forms of German language, who are living in Siberia. Materials and Methods. The work analyzes lexical means, which are, on the one hand, central elements of the structure of metalinguistic utterance, and, on the other hand, they are considered as representatives of dominant meanings of the system of everyday knowledge about the language. For the purpose of data-gathering, a dialectological survey has been conducted for the first time in the districts with the highest proportion of Germans (the Novosibirsk region of the Russian Federation). During the field work, a semi-structured narrative interview was used. It allowed to build up a corpus of metalinguistic utterances using German dialects. Data processing was carried out using statistical calculation, context analysis and cognitive modeling techniques. Results. It was revealed that at the present time the secondary German dialects, considered by their speakers as native forms of the language and interpreted in comparison with the modern German literary language and other linguistic formations, are preserved within the Novosibirsk region. Metalinguistic reflection is carried out according to the following models: language as a means of communication of a certain group of people and language as a system of words and language as a system of sounds. Each model assumes that the central object of reflection is a particular aspect of a language and the verbalization of this reflection is carried out in German dialect speech with usage of a certain set of lexical means. Conclusions. The conducted qualitative analysis of metalinguistic discourse in combination with quantitative analysis allows to draw a conclusion that the everyday knowledge of German dialect speakers reflects a significant range of linguistic phenomena, but it is meaningfully different from systematic scientific knowledge. The utilitarian understanding of language (language as a communication tool) is prevailing. The most frequently mentioned unit of language is a word. The material side of the language with its pronouncing features is also an object of comprehension. The phenomena of morphological and syntactic levels of linguistic system are interpreted indirectly by Germans of Siberia.
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This paper deals with French and Serbian phrasemes with the components Fr. coeur/Serb. Srce(heart). All the phrasemes were classified into five conceptual fields according to their underlying imagery and analyzed using semantic and contrastive analysis. In both languages, numerous examples emphasize a person’s positive character traits (goodness, nobility, purity of soul, tenderness, sincerity, spontaneity, naivety, joy, fearlessness) as well as negative traits (insensitivity, malice, shyness, cruelty,inconsistency). A large number of phrasemes express a sad person’s psychological states: primarily sadness, pain and despair, as well as fear, rage, unhappiness, and distress. The conclusion drawn from the analyses is that, the French lexeme coeuris moreproductive than the Serbian srcein phraseological expression.
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Linguistic possession has been studied in various ways from all linguistic viewpoints, from the pioneering works of Lévy-Bruhl (1914) to those in generative grammar by Velázquez (1996), in linguistic typology by Hagège (1978) and Koptjevskaja-Tamm (2002) or in cognitive grammar by Nikiforidou (1991), Heine (1997) and Pamies (2001; 2004). However, many doubts remain on that question. There is a surprisingly high cross-linguistic variation in the relation between meaning (the concept of possession) and grammatical forms (possessive and genitive constructions, prepositions, possession verbs, etc.), even within the same historical family, and there are frequent contradictions which could be explained in a simple way by applying the concept of grammatical metaphor (Halliday 1985) and taking into account contextual issues.
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The article presents the phenomenon of interlingual homonimy between the Polish and Spanish language systems. The homonymic pairs are commonly called false friends (Span. falsos amigos) because they tend to cause certain linguistic errors and misunderstandings. The author presents this phenomenon based on the chosen words whose pronunciation and spelling are similar enough to be considered by an inexpert speaker as words with common etymology and meaning. The analyzed words have been divided according to the classification criteria for the homonyms proposed by Małgorzata Majewska.
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Artykuł jest analizą hipotezy dowodzącej, że struktura języka może być źródłem inwentarza kategorii konceptualnych. Autorki stosują model funkcjonalno-leksematyczny leksykografii funkcjonalnej do analizy struktury definicyjnej pojęć oznaczających emitowanie światła i ich rozszerzeń metaforycznych w języku angielskim i hiszpańskim. Poprzez taką analizę autorki dochodzą do ustalenia zbioru zasadniczych kryteriów służących do klasyfikacji jednostek leksykalnych do poszczególnych domen poznawczych oraz do zdeterminowania i klasyfikacji związków między nimi zarówno na poziomie mikro-, jak i makrostruktury. Ustalone parametry wydają się być zbieżne ze znanymi w literaturze gramatyki kognitywnej schematami wyobrażeniowymi, co może być traktowane jako kolejny dowód na potwierdzenie tez podejścia kognitywnego do języka.
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The article presents the author of Esperanto Lazar Ludwig Zamenhof and the influence of Slavic languages to Esperanto. / Članok govori o avtoru jezyka Esperanto Lazaru Ludviku Zamenhofu i o vlivah slovjanskyh jezykov do jezyka Esperanto.
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The fully revised, extended and updated second edition of the “Variantenworterbuch des Deutschen (German Variant Dictionary)” covers hitherto not lexicographically coded peculiarities of the German language in Romania, Namibia and Mexico and thus the present variety spectrum on the margins and far beyond the closed German language area. Focussing on the written-language side of the standard varieties to which the inventory in the GVD is dedicated, the dictionary points out differences and thus peculiarities of the different varieties of the German language spoken in the respective centres. The article therefore presents important innovations in an overview.
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This article is a proposal for a habilitation thesis and follows up a dissertation entitled A Contrastive Description of the Standard Pronunciation of Dutch and Czech from the Perspective of Czech Learners of Dutch. A number of crucial research questions are formulated in the text. First, a survey of the phenomenon of Czech Dutch is provided in this article in order to indicate the potential problems of its understandability for Dutch native speakers. Furthermore, the question of evaluation of the pronunciation is discussed. The evaluation criteria are summarized and the level of pronunciation that should be reached by non-native speakers, along with some attitudes to the language norm in the Netherlands and in Belgium.
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The way in which directive speech acts are formed and used in Polish and Dutch differs considerably in both languages. This contribution focuses on perception of directive speech acts in an informal context in Polish and in Dutch and reports on a pilot survey for a larger-scale politeness standards research. The purpose of the study is to look at Polish and Dutch politeness standards from two sides. Firstly, we look at how the language user interprets the degree of politeness in different sentences within a certain context and to what extent this is related to the form. Secondly, we investigate how the users of both languages interpret the survey sentences as a whole: when is it for example seen as a request and when as a command?
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The article is devoted to the semantic-syntactic analysis of the possessive derived causative verbs in German and Ukrainian aiming at distinguishing their semantic and syntactic structures as well as establishing the correspondence between the components of both structures. The semantic component of constructions with possessive derived causative verbs and means for their expression on the syntactic level has been identified. As a result of a comparative study, both common and distinguishing features of the possessive derived causative verbs functioning within the aforementioned languages have been identified. Theprevalence of the distinguishing features is caused by the specificities of the word formation system of the German and Ukrainian languages.
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The article analyzes the role of Sanskrit in the formation of the linguistic theory of the famous Russian linguist F. F. Fortunatov.The author shows the influence of Sanskrit on the formation of the methodology of comparative historical linguistics in Fortunatov’s works, on his famous teaching about the form of the word, on the typological classification of the world languages, formulated by Fortunatov, on his teaching about the grammatical classes of words and accentual laws. The article concludes that Sanskrit playeda great role in the formation of Fortunatov’s linguistic concepts.
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This descriptive study aims to suggest an alternative to help second grade students at the department of German translation acquire first translation skills in praxis based on the method of translation-focused contrastive grammar in the frame of German – Turkish translations. The suggested teaching method was preferred consciously taking the current general student profile, performance, language level and expectations, as well as the academic conditions in Turkey into consideration. It has been observed in the praxis translation lessons that the current second grade students studying at the translation departments tend to translate resource-based and one to one. The translation-focused contrastive grammar method suggested in this study is accepted as a tool to reinforce the German grammar knowledge of the students, to teach students basic strategies regarding translation praxis and at the same time to strengthen language awareness regarding the use of the Turkish language.
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Aim. The aim of this article is to investigate the patterns in the translation of sex-related vocabulary from English to Polish in search for any changes regarding the markedness, poetics, and linguistic variety. Methods. The study is conducted on the pairs of English erotic novels and their Polish translations. It involves both quantitative (corpus-based methods) and qualitative (Descriptive ranslation Studies) methods. Results. The results indicate significant change in the area of marked vocabulary. In English-Polish translation, a vast majority of the marked vocabulary related to sex is replaced with unmarked vocabulary, paraphrased, or simply deleted. The qualitative analysis also suggests certain changes in the poetics of text, introduced by the means of addition. These changes mostly result in sexual encounters becoming more romanticised in translation. Conclusions. While the observed trends in translation are unmistakeable, it cannot be concluded with certainty what have led to the changes of the source text. Since the analysed texts were all published around the same time, by different publishing houses, and were translated by different translators, we are leaning towards the hypothesis of self-censorship in translation.
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This study explores spatial reference in three different languages: Estonian, Finnish and Russian. We concentrate on the use of demonstratives (i.e. pronouns and adverbs), and the association between the demonstrative pronoun system (i.e. two- and three-term system) and the use of other referential devices (e.g. noun phrases and third person pronouns). More specifically, we test the influence of the distance of the referent from the speaker and change in the deictic field on the use of demonstratives. We show using a free production experiment that the use of demonstratives has a different susceptibility to these factors in different languages. Furthermore, in these languages, there is an association between the elaborateness of the demonstrative pronoun system and the use of other referential devices.
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