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K současným kontrastivním přístupům v české a francouzské lingvistice: od synchronního srovnávání jazyků k interkulturní pragmatice

Author(s): Milena Srpová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2013

In December 2011 the French Linguistic Association (Association des Sciences du Langage, www. assoc‑asl. net/) organized a conference at the René Descartes — Paris 5 University entitled Linguistics in Europe. One of the panels was devoted to European contrastive linguistics. The following text offers an outline of some of the data presented in the introductory paper on this topic. The first part contains a remark on the concept contrastive. The second part presents certain contrastive approaches in French and Czech linguistics.

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Nominální anafora a determinace — kontrastivní analýza francouzských a českých systémových možností

Author(s): Ondřej Pešek / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2014

This study deals with the issue of nominal anaphora in Czech and in French. Applying the contrastive perspective, we analyze the distribution of determiners within the different types of anaphora. The goal is to highlight the semantic specificities of determiners (identifiers) as they manifest themselves in the anaphoric relations. The results show the structural differences which exist between the two compared languages.

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Univerbizace v konkurenci (na českém a bulharském jazykovém materiálu)

Author(s): Olga Martincová,Božana Niševa / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1-3/2018

In line with the Czech and Bulgarian linguistic tradition, we consider univerbization to be a denomination process in which multi-word denominations are turned into synonymous single- -word denominations. Our paper focuses on the demonstrations of multi-word denominations competing univerbized denominations (i) from the structural point of view (competition of univerbates differing in their denominative and word-forming behaviour and the techniques of their formation) and (ii) from the point of view of communication (competition at the level of communication fields and at the level of linguistic denotations). From that starting point, we compare Czech and Bulgarian neological material to show the demonstrations of typologically rele vant dynamic tendencies in univerbization under the conditions of the contemporary Czech a nd Bulgarian language situations.

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Tomáš Duběda: Études de Prosodie Contrastive, le Cas du Français et du Tchèque.

Author(s): Jan Radimský / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2014

review of: Tomáš Duběda: Études de Prosodie Contrastive, le Cas du Français et du Tchèque. Praha: Karolinum, 2012, 206 pp. ISBN 978-80-246-2212-5

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Kateřina Šichová: Mit Händen und Füssen reden. Verbale Phraseme im deutsch-tschechischen Vergleich

Author(s): Věra Hejhalová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2015

review of: Kateřina Šichová: Mit Händen und Füssen reden. Verbale Phraseme im deutsch-tschechischen Vergleich Tübingen: Julius Groos Verlag, 2013, 435 pp. ISBN 978-3-87276-892-6

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PUBLISHER’S DESCRIPTIONS OF LINGUISTIC BOOKS: COMPARISON OF CZECH AND ENGLISH DISCOURSE STRATEGIES

Author(s): Aleš Klégr / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2014

The paper investigates a specific type of genre, descriptions of linguistic books in Internet catalogues of three Czech and three Anglophone publishers. It strives to capture their structural organization and some other characteristics that could bring into relief differences between the Czech and the English discourse strategies of their composition. Using a two-level analytical framework to identify the structural parts of the descriptions and the meaning components that realize them, the study finds certain tendencies that to some extent distinguish between them. Still, the English descriptions and even less so the Czech ones are far from homogeneous and striking dissimilarities can be found both between and within the Anglophone and the Czech publishers.

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Mezikulturní komunikace: Rusové v porovnání s Čechy

Author(s): Ludmila Stepanova / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2018

The paper presents the problems of intercultural communication between Russian and Czech people. Success in contacts between two members of foreign nations is based on the knowledge of theother’s mentality and traditions. The author describes some examples of unsuccessful contacts between representatives of the two nations. The author of the paper analyses the character of the Russian people within the frame of four criteria identified by G. Hofstede.

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Филиппинский испанский язык: структура и прагматика

Author(s): Olga Chesnokova,Irina Anatolievna Martynenko / Language(s): Russian Issue: 2/2019

The article examines Spanish components in the toponymy of the Republic of the Philippines, regarded as a kind of “cartographic” form of the Spanish language present in this area. Through the language contacts prism between Spanish and Filipino and other languages, primarily English, the authors systematise the structure and pragmatics of the Spanish components in the toponymy of the Philippines, consider their current state by means of onomastic methods and linguocultural research. The article shows that the main thematic groups of motivating attributes in Philippine toponyms of Spanish origin are: 1) religious units with a widely ramified system of symbols and associations, including personalized, 2) motivating anthropotoponyms, i.e. protagonists known in the history of Spain and the Philippines, 3) migrant toponyms, 4) descriptive toponyms. The language status of Spanish lexemes in the Philippine toponymic framework reveals both their complete assimilation and likening to the norms of the receptor language. Spanish components in the toponymy of the Philippines are represented in macro- and microtoponyms, reflecting various aspects of interaction at the level of onomastic vocabulary of Spanish and Philippine ethnoses in the polyethnic Republic of the Philippines.

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O času a způsobu modálních sloves v italštině ve srovnání s angličtinou

Author(s): Eva Klímová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2020

The article deals with Italian and English modal auxiliaries, considered as non-grammatical competitors of grammatical means, i.e. the verbal mood, acting as indicators of different modal meanings. Within the modality of the utterance, defined as “the grammaticalization of a speaker’s (subjective) attitudes and opinions”, modal auxiliaries may not only be associated with epistemic and deontic modal meanings; they may also contribute to the expression of various illocutionary acts. Thus, they are observed on the borderline between different types of modality. The tense and mood of two Italian modal auxiliaries, potere and dovere, are investigated with the aim to demonstrate how their inflexional forms may correspond to several English modal auxiliaries expressing the same modal meaning. At the same time, the constructions with modal auxiliaries may be considered as analytical deontic and epistemic moods that contribute to the explicit indication of a particular modal meaning.

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Role aspektu v překladu italských pasivních konstrukcí

Author(s): Petra Čechová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2020

This paper deals with the Italian periphrastic passive and its auxiliaries venire and essere from an aspectual point of view, based on the Czech language. After a short summary of the main differences between Czech and Italian regarding the notion of verbal aspect and periphrastic passive, it analyses a generally expected claim that in the present tense passive constructions containing the auxiliary venire should be translated into Czech with a higher incidence of imperfective verbs than of passive constructions containing the auxiliary essere. This trend should not be found in the simple past tense or in the imperfect tense. The analysis confirms a difference in the present tense, but does not confirm its absence in the past tenses. Moreover, the difference between the two auxiliaries is even more apparent in the imperfect tense.

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Alena Jaklová ‒ Rüdiger Harnisch (eds.): Od tradice k budoucnosti. Jazykově-literární dědictví východního Bavorska a jižních Čech jako fokus univerzitní spolupráce

Author(s): Jana Matúšová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2021

Review of the book Od tradice k budoucnosti. Jazykově-literární dědictví východního Bavorska a jižních Čech jako fokus univerzitní spolupráce by editors Alena Jaklová and Rüdiger Harnisch.

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Kolokační grafy a sítě s použitím nástroje #LancsBox: aplikace v angličtině a češtině

Author(s): Václav Březina,Petr Pořízka / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2021

This article deals with the notion of collocation graphs and lexical networks, which not only represent the visualization of the collocational relationship between linguistic units — these have been traditionally displayed in a tabular form with frequency distributions and association measure values — but also an important analytical method in its own right. We illustrate the use of collocation graphs and networks with two case studies as examples demonstrating the use of this technique in lexicography and discourse analysis. The examples are based on both English and Czech corpora, which we analysed using #LancsBox, a free tool which can build collocation graphs and networks on the fly.

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Syntaktische Musterreplikationen bei deutsch-tschechischen Bilingualen: Ein gebrauchsbasierter Ansatz

Author(s): Aneta Bučková / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2021

The article deals with the analysis of syntactic pattern replications of Czech -German bilinguals. The analysis draws on spontaneous language data from narrative interviews with two groups of bilinguals who were born in Czechoslovakia around 1955 and emigrated to West Germany in the late 1960s. These are described in regard to language acquisition and language attrition. The study makes a strong case for the usefulness of an interpretive framework in the area of argument structure and related valency for the analysis of pattern replications. For this purpose, traditional valency theory and cognitive construction grammar are combined. In this way, the cognitive processes behind contact -induced patterns differing from the homeland variety can be captured, as shown by the example of the accusative construction.

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English Cognitive Verbs and their Translation into Ukrainian: a Corpus-Based Approach

Author(s): Svitlana Matvieieva,Nataliya Lemish,Alla Zernetska / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2021

The paper deals with the English cognitive verbs selected from the novel Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets by J. K. Rowling and their translation into Ukrainian. The study data are represented by 35 cognitive verbs (875 entries in total). The authors’ classification of cognitive verbs covers 3 lexical and semantic groups of thinking, knowledge, and memory (with their further division into 8 thematic subgroups: (I) verbs of thinking include verbs of thinking process, deliberation, and reflection; verbs of intention to do something; verbs of expressing expectations; (II) verbs of knowledge – verbs of realizing, finding something out; verbs of certainty / uncertainty; verbs of knowledge acquisition; (III) verbs of memory – verbs of information memorizing and storing processes; verbs of finding and reproducing information stored in memory). The subject matter discovers the peculiarities of different ways of translation of the English cognitive verbs into Ukrainian. The results were received based on the corpus of two parallel texts (the original of the novel by J. K. Rowling and its translation into Ukrainian by V. Morozov). The obtained data allow to provide the translator with the ready-made solutions for rendering the English cognitive verb ‘to think’ into Ukrainian, which is proved by quantitative calculations within a corpus-based approach. The employment of a corpus-based approach outlines the algorithm of analysing a discrete language unit, using the procedure of sentences / abstracts alignment that enables a researcher to process all the possible contexts of this lexical / grammatical unit. The latter opens wide prospects for further analysis of the other cognitive verbs, as well as of any other language units.

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Different, Yet Similar: Given names of contemporary Japanese and Taiwanese young women

Author(s): Ivona Barešová,Petr Janda / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

This paper presents a comparative overview of basic characteristics of given names in Japan and Taiwan, and, based on an analysis of primary data, provides a closer look at names of Japanese and Taiwanese females born in the last decade of the twentieth century. The names are examined from the point of view of their length, structure, and especially their semantics. They are discussed in the context of the period, and also in respect to the culture-specific naming criteria as well as current name selec¬tion trends. The findings suggest that despite various differences at all levels of de¬scription the names are remarkably similar in the meanings they convey. Through the characters in which they are written, the names reflect, directly or through various associations or allusions, similar contemporary values, aspirations for and expecta¬tions of the named individuals, providing an unconventional insight into the two societies of the examined period.

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Arapçadan Türkçeye Geçmiş İnsana Ait Özellikler İle İlgili Benzer Kelimelerin İncelenmesi

Author(s): Adem Özkan,Cemal Özdemir / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 24/2022

Language is the element that provides communication between people basically. With the developing of the conversation between people, variations are observed in the language. The main effective factors in the increase of this interaction are religion, trade, education and wars. For these and similar reasons, people who met each other exchanged words. Although it is desired to make language simplification studies today, the use of familiar and stereotyped words could not be stopped. Turkey has been a home to many civilizations due to its geographical location. Due to this cosmopolitan historical structure, the place of foreign words in Turkish vocabulary is undeniable. There are transitions to Turkish from Arabic, as well as from French and Persian. With Islam, there has been an interaction between Arabic and Turkish languages and word transitions have been experienced. The aim of the study is to classify and examine similar words related to human characteristics that have been transferred from Arabic to Turkish. In line with the purpose, word transitions between the two languages were investigated and the basis for the study was prepared. In addition, the transition between words was structurally attached to the grammar rules and caused sound events. In the study, the sound events in question are given in detail in tabular form. The study was conducted with a holistic approach and descriptive method. As a result of the study, 139 words with human characteristics, which were transferred from Arabic to Turkish, were determined. These words are classified into 16 different categories. During the transition, 31 words have undergone sound changes. 108 words are exactly the same. The study is unique at the point of classification of human words and determination of structural changes, and it is a source for later researchers.

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Türkçe ile Hintçe/Urduca Arasındaki Bazı Ortak Deyimler

Author(s): Gauhar IMAM / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 24/2022

Idioms are one of that elements which are the part of the language. Usually, it plays an important role in linguistics as metaphors and short expressions. These idioms are shaped by the way of thinking and living of the society in which they came from, have some aspects which differs from society to society, just like proverbs. It is not always easy or even possible to transfer proverbs and idioms to another language, especially in translation activities. Idioms, which are concrete indicators of the accumulation of centuries, such as the fertile alluvial lands accumulated at the mouth of a river, have also been accepted as the criterion of wealth of languages. This article will focus on the common idioms in Turkish, Hindi and Urdu along with the characteristics of the idiom concept. In our examination it has been seen that the number of common idioms in the mentioned languages are very high. In addition to the historical relationship between these languages and nations, it can be also said that the common idioms reflect a similar worldview. Some of the common idioms in the mentioned languages are the subject of this article.

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NIKOLA PETANOVIĆ NAIAD – PISMO MAKEDONCIMA! O siromašno, ali prosto i božansko makedonsko pleme! (Prilog crnogorsko-makedonskim kulturnoistorijskim vezama)

Author(s): Dragan Perović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 79/2022

The similarities between Montenegrins and Macedonians, and their heavy battle for the perseverance of their identities were a topic of writing of Nikola Petanović Naiad - a great warrior for the right and honor of Montenegrin freedom. Between the two world wars, in the most difficult times for Montenegro, Naiad still kept mentioning the “simple and godly tribe of Macedonia”. He supported Macedonia and its rights to decide about its faith, cultural and spiritual heritage.

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Rodzaj męskożywotny a typ paradygmatu. O tendencjach rozwojowych we współczesnej deklinacji polskiej (na przykładzie anglicyzmów)

Author(s): Iwona Kosek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2022

The selected issues of the Polish inflectional system relevant to the so-called masculine animate gender (M2) are discussed. The material for the analysis includes English loanwords connected with the Internet or modern technology. The article owes its inspiration to both observations of the linguistic behavior of contemporary Poles as well as literature. It is pointed out that, in the analyzed material, the genitive singular ending is unstable (with two variants: -a and -u), the -a ending is expansive, and two kinds of accusative syncretism coexist (one with nominative and another with genitive). The processes may contribute to a considerable language system change – a new inflectional paradigm for masculine animate nouns with different forms of nominative, genitive, and accusative may develop. However, as the discussed material indicates, this kind of development seems rather unlikely in the nearest future. The bifurcation of the accusative in two different cases is also dubious. Nevertheless, the tendency to assign the masculine animate gender (M2) to inanimate masculine nouns is not only stable but also increasing.

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English-Ukrainian Parallel Corpus: Prerequisites for Building and Practical Use in Translation Studies

Author(s): Svitlana Matvieieva,Nataliya Lemish,Alla Zernetska,Volodymyr Babych O.,Maryna Torgovets A. / Language(s): English Issue: 40/2022

Consistent demand for highly professional translators determines continuous attempts of researchers and programmers to develop and propose reliable tools for both improvement of translation quality and facilitation of translators’ work. Last ten years have brought the parallel and comparable corpora into the focus of Ukrainian scientists’ attention. The aim of the paper is to specify the prerequisites for building the English-Ukrainian parallel corpus and describe its application in Translation Studies. A parallel corpus as a separate type of linguistic corpora cannot be built without alignment that enables placing and extracting corresponding sentences/paragraphs of source and target texts in one space. To create parallel corpora, it is necessary to perform additional text preparation. The Sketch Engine system (an example of a web-oriented system for work with corpora) can offer the solution for annotation with Excel. However, Sketch Engine lacks artificial intelligence techniques for further word processing. There is probability that employment of a neural network in the future will enable text alignment in parallel corpora instead of system users. Data from parallel corpora can be used in translation lexicography, comparative lexico-grammatical works, studies in the theory and practice of translation, language teaching, and development of machine translation systems. Corpus-based translation analysis is extremely relevant to identifying translation solutions that can only be explored on the basis of translation products. It is stipulated by rather frequent absence of dictionary equivalents in most contexts and ready evidence of possible translation variants in parallel corpora that provide the usage of a language unit in a wide range of contexts.

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