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Językoznawstwo komparatystyczne a badania naukowe Edwarda Lotki

Author(s): Mieczysław Balowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2018

In the first part of the article, author describes three stages of comparative research conducted in Poland: confrontation of phonetic, phonological, inflectional and word formation system of all Slavic languages, confrontation of selected levels of two or more Slavic languages and development of literary languages on the Czech-Polish borderland. The author starts with a description of historical and comparative-historical linguistics. Then he proceeds to typological research in a characterological variant. He indicates the creation of mixed codes on the Czech-Polish border. In the second part, the author characterizes the scientific works of Professor Edvard Lotka, placing them on the background of previously described schools of linguistics.

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Controversie nello stabilimento del modo potenziale: analisi testuale e traduttologica dell‘espressione del futuro e dell‘ipotesi in italiano e in spagnolo medievali

Author(s): José García-Fernández / Language(s): Italian Issue: 1/2019

The potential mood has been a matter of long-standing controversy. In Italian Studies, conditional verb forms have traditionally belonged to this category, frequently called the conditional mood, even when Alarcos Llorach includes future tenses in it, too. Following the functionalist principles of Hispanic linguistics, Alarcos defends the position that the future should be included within the conditional mood. According to this innovative claim, in line with the ideas advocated by the linguist Pavao Tekavčić, Emilio Alarcos’ proposal has proved to be perfectly applicable to Italian. This is the reason why a contrastive perspective has been adopted. In this article, a close scrutiny of the first translation into Spanish of The Decameron aims to show the similarities and differences between the Spanish edition and the original Italian text. With the focus on the detailed study of the hypothetical meaning of some verbal periphrases and modal adverbs, as well as on the values of verb forms conjugated in the potential (both future and conditional tenses), the grammatical analysis will reveal the way in which Spanish and Italian, specifically 14th-century Tuscan, have, since the Middle Ages, shared a number of morphosyntactic characteristics, many of which have survived until today. A conclusion can be drawn from all of this: Italian and Spanish behave in the same way, except for one case relating to the use of the conditional. It must be noted that the conditional perfect in Italian is used in certain contexts to refer to facts that in Spanish are expressed in the conditional simple, since they are considered non-finite and, thus, aspectually non-perfect.

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Unterschiedliche Kasussysteme im Bosnischen und Deutschen als mögliche Ursache von Fehlern in Übersetzungsaufgaben von Gymnasiasten

Author(s): Aldina Šerifović / Language(s): German Issue: 18/2022

Unterschiede z wischen dem Bosnischen und Deutschen gibt es unter anderem auch im Kasussystem. Die bosnische Sprache verfügt über sieben unterschiedliche Kasus, während in der deutschen Sprache nur vier Kasus unterschieden werden. Die drei Kasus, die es im Deutschen nicht gibt, sind: Vokativ, Instrumental und Lokativ. Der Vokativ ist mit dem Anredenominativ im Deutschen gleichzusetzen. Dem Instrumental kann eine Präposition vorangestellt sein oder auch nicht. Der Lokativ wird ausschließlich mit Präpositionen verwendet. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Kasussysteme in den beiden Sprachen kann man bei deutschlernenden Bosniern Fehler auf morphosyntaktischer Ebene erwarten. Als Untersuchungsmaterial für diese Studie dienen von Gymnasiasten auf den Niveaus A2 und B1 gelöste Übersetzungsaufgaben. Übersetzt wurden Sätze, die den Instrumental und Lokativ beinhalten. Das Ziel des Beitrags ist es, Fehler, die mit der unterschiedlichen Zahl der Kasus in der Ausgangs- und Zielsprache zusammenhängen, zu identifi zieren und zu erläutern.

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GENERATIVNA METRIKA IN SLOVENSKI VERZ

Author(s): Neža Kočnik / Language(s): Slovenian Issue: 2/2022

This article discusses the main generative metric theories and the question of their applicability to the analysis of Slovenian verse. The attempt at a generative metric analysis of Slovenian verse is based on Prešeren's and Kette's iambic pentameters, while the paper also presents the findings of statistical verse analyses carried out for the purposes of the thesis of the same title, which complement the already existing findings on the Slovenian iambic pentameters. Particular attention is paid to the problem of ambivalent monosyllables and trisyllables and polysyllables extending over at least two icts. Comparison of hypothetical realisations with those supported by the material shows that the only example of a rare realisation is the realisation of a bold position with an accented syllable of an uninitially accented polysyllable, followed by an accented syllable of another only inically accented polysyllable, which was confirmed in the material in only one case.

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Zur Bildung von Personenbezeichnungen nach den Vorstellungen von einer gendergerechten Sprache. Kritische Bemerkungen zum deutschen und zum polnischen Sprachgebrauch

Author(s): Edyta Błachut / Language(s): German Issue: 9/2020

The change of social, political and professional gender roles has affected the way gender distinctions are expressed in language in different social groups including the scientific community. Gender distinctions can be either marked or they can be neutralized. The goal of this article is to present different ways of forming gender-sensitive expressions in Polish and German. Both German and Polish employ many linguistic devices to make gender distinctions, which can be either reflected in spelling and word-formation (e.g. using the gender marking asterisk * or gender marking suffixes) or in the linguistic system (e.g. new forms describing feminine job titles). The presented examples are discussed from various perspectives (form and content, grammatical acceptability, stylistic level, etc.).

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Verba priedēkļi latgaliešu rakstu un latviešu literārajā valodā

Author(s): Daiga Deksne / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 13/2022

Prefixation is a productive technique of verb derivation in Latvian. In the Standard Latvian language, 11 prefixes are used for verb derivation. In the Standard Latgalian language, the borrowed prefixes pra-, pod-, roz- and da- are used, as well. The aim of the study is to clarify the meanings of the prefixes found only in the Standard Latgalian language, and to establish whether the prefixes found in both Latvian and Latgalian have the same meanings. The hierarchy of foreign prefix meanings used in Latgalian are reflected in the radial meaning models. The models are constructed by analysing the prefixed verbs excerpted from “Corpus of Contemporary Latgalian Texts”, and some other sources. Examples of prefixed verbs used in Latvian standard language are excerpted from “lvTenTen: Corpus of the Latvian Web” and “The Balanced Corpus of Modern Latvian LVK2018”. The results of the study show that the number of meanings of prefixes pra-, pod-, roz- and da- is small. The meanings of these prefixes in the Standard Latvian language are expressed by different prefixes.

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Lithuanian and Latvian laterals: Comparison of acoustic properties

Author(s): Jolita Urbanavičienė,Jana Taperte / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2022

The aim of the paper is to examine how acoustic contrast manifests itself between /l/ and /ʎ/ in Latvian, as well as /l/ and /lʲ/ in Lithuanian. For the study, speech recordings of 6 adult informants (3 Lithuanian and 3 Latvian male speakers) have been analysed. Initial and final laterals in closed symmetric [l]V[l] sequences and intervocalic syllable-initial laterals in V[l]V sequences have been examined. During the analysis, the focus is placed mainly on locus equations, as well as changes in formant structure (especially F1 and F2) triggered by position and vocalic context. Acoustic data demonstrates differences in coarticulation effects between Latvian palatal /ʎ/ and Lithuanian palatalized /lʲ/. The formant structure of /ʎ/ and /lʲ/, unlike the corresponding non-palatal laterals, is more stable and less dependent on the quality of adjacent vowels. Vowel context affects the degree of palatalization, e. g. palatalized [lʲ] next to [ɪ], [iː] and [eː] is pronounced “softer” than next to [ɔ̟], [o̟ː], [ʊ̟], and [u̟ː]. Latvian /ʎ/ is characterized by a more stable vowel F2 locus, which indicates higher degree of coarticulatory resistance to vowel effects; the quality of /lʲ/, on the contrary, depends more on vowel context. The same is true (although to lesser degree) for the Lithuanian /l/. The assumption about the similarity of Latvian non-palatal /l/ and Lithuanian palatalized /lʲ/ is only partly supported by the recent data. In terms of the degree of coarticulation (indicated by slope values of locus equations), Latvian /l/ is closer to Lithuanian /lʲ/, while its formant structure, especially low F2, brings it closer to Lithuanian /l/.

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MOYENS D’EXPRESSION DE LA POSSESSION INALIÉNABLE DANS LES CONSTRUCTIONS VERBALES AVEC DES NOMS DE PARTIES DU CORPS (DOMAINE FRANÇAIS-ROUMAIN)

Author(s): Daniela Dincă,Ilona Bădescu / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2022

Means of Expressing Inalienable Possession in Verb Structures with Body Part Nouns (French and Romanian). Departing from the verb structures with the possessive dative that express the inalienable possession between a noun that names body parts (Nbp) and its possessor in Romanian (Ro: I-a rupt gâtul. / Fr. Il lui a rompu le cou), we set out to establish a typology of verb structures consisting of two subclasses: (1) Verbs that place the possessor in the possessive dative and the Nbp in the accusative (direct object); (2) verbs that place the Nbp as an adverbial modifier and the possessor in the possessive dative, possessive accusative or genitive. The second objective of our study is to carry out a comparative-based analysis of the ways of expressing the inalienable possession in the verb structures of the two Romance languages, constructed with the lexeme Fr. cou, gorge / Ro gât, to highlight the similarities and differences in this relationship-type structures specific for the two Romance languages. For the analysis we resorted to an authentic corpus, complied from real-life examples sampled from journalistic texts (Corpus Leipzig, online newspapers), supplemented by electronic dictionaries (TLFi, CNTRL, Dex online). Given the richness of verb structures and the considerable number of differences between the two languages, we systematised our analysis in several stages: (1) identifying the verb structures built with the possessive dative; (2) establishing a verb structure typology according to the syntactic function assigned to the Nbp (subject, direct object, indirect object, adverbial modifier) and its possessor (possessive dative, possessive accusative, genitive); (3) highlighting the similarities and differences between the two languages in terms of the construction of the inalienable possession relationship between the Nbp and its possessor.

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O MARCADOR DISCURSIVO DESDE LOGO COMO “OPERADOR DE CONCRETIZAÇÃO E EXEMPLIFICAÇÃO”

Author(s): Ana Paula Loureiro / Language(s): Portuguese Issue: 4/2022

Discourse Marker Desde Logo as a “Concretization and Exemplification Operator”. This study analyses the use of discourse marker desde logo in Contemporary European Portuguese as an example marker (EM), sharing semantic-discursive properties and contexts with other items, such as “por exemplo”, “concretamente”, “sobretudo”, “principalmente”, etc. Exemplification is a very frequent and important operation in discourse, involving typically the relationship between two main elements, the exemplifying one and the general one (“general element”, EM “exemplifying element”). Example markers are also frequently combined with each other and with other discourse strategies, reinforcing or specifying the pragmatic meaning. On the other hand, there are fuzzy borders between exemplification and other pragmatic functions, like reformulation, information ordering or some epistemic values. Based on the analysis of a contemporary corpus, the first results show that (i) desde logo can be used in the same typical contexts as other EM, (ii) desde logo has more similarities with EM like “sobretudo”, “principalmente” and “antes de mais nada” and (iii) due to conflict with other discursive functions, desde logo has some contextual constraints.

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Semejanzas y contrastes en los sistemas de puntuación y en el uso de la coma en las oraciones subordinadas sustantivas y de relativo en español y polaco

Author(s): Aneta Pawlak / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 3/2022

The objective of the article is twofold. On the one hand, it aims to briefly compare the definitions of punctuation marks in Spanish and Polish, to justify their syntactic-logical function from a diachronic point of view, and to compare the graphic representations of punctuation marks in both languages. On the other hand, it attempts to compare, in more detail, the use of the comma in subordinate substantive clauses and in relative clauses in both languages, starting from the Spanish syntax and based on the corpus from literary works. The conclusion shows that, between both languages, there are more similarities when it comes to defining punctuation marks than when comparing the use of commas in specific syntactic structures.

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GLAGOLI PIJENJA U ENGLESKOM I SRPSKOM JEZIKU KAO IZVORI POJMOVNIH METAFORA I METONIMIJA

Author(s): Jelena Lj. Biljetina / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 26/2022

The aim of this paper is to analyse verbs of drinking in English and in Serbian that are used to express various drinking processes, but that can also be used to express various other processes not related to drinking. In other words, the paper analyses the transferred meaning(s) that the analysed verbs express in both languages in order to identify the other processes expressed by the verbs of drinking. The corpus for the analysis was excerpted from the relevant monolingual dictionaries of English and Serbian and consists of ten verbs of drinking: five English verbs, to drink, to guzzle, to imbibe, to quench, to suck and five Serbian verbs, piti, ispiti, lokati, napiti se, opiti se. The dictionary definitions of the ten verbs were analysed in order to identify the transferred meanings of the verbs. The definitions were then subjected to conceptual analysis with the goal of identifying the conceptual mechanisms (conceptual metaphor or conceptual metonymy) that underly the transferred meanings. The identified meanings were also subjected to contrastive analysis that aimed at identifying the similarities and differences in transferred meanings among the analysed verbs and at identifying their formal correspondents or translation equivalents. The analysis shows that in both languages drinking verbs develop their transferred meanings primarily regarding the concepts of accepting or absorbing an entity and that in most cases such meanings and conceptual mechanisms underlying them show a high degree of equivalence, as the most frequent conceptual mechanism in both languages is conceptual metaphor. However, the differences are mostly observed at the semantic level.

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The in-out spatial relation as conceptualized and verbalized by Danish Directional Adverbs and their equivalents in Polish

Author(s): Aleksander Kacprzak / Language(s): English Issue: 25/2018

The present paper aims to investigate and compare the conceptualization and verbalization of the in-out relation in Danish and Polish. The introductory paragraphs focus on the differences in the distribution of content in Polish and Danish employing Leonard Talmy’s typological classification of languages into verb-framed and satellite-framed, and provide information about Danish Directional Adverbs which are believed to be the key to understanding spatial relations in Danish. The analysis in the following paragraph reveals similarities and differences in the perception of the in-out relation through image schemas such as container and center-periphery. The analysis of the center-periphery image schema in Danish reveals that there is often a presupposed reference point in situations where the directional adverb does not refer to the in-out relation denoted by the prepositional phrase, which leads to a description of the general structure of this image schema in the last part of the article.

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INALIENABLE POSSESSION IN SWEDISH AND DANISH – A DIACHRONIC PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): ALICJA PIOTROWSKA,Dominika Skrzypek / Language(s): English Issue: 23/2017

In this paper we discuss the alienability splits in two Mainland Scandinavian languages, Swedish and Danish, in a diachronic context. Although it is not universally acknowledged that such splits exist in modern Scandinavian languages, many nouns typically included in inalienable structures such as kinship terms, body part nouns and nouns describing culturally important items show different behaviour from those considered alienable. The differences involve the use of (reflexive) possessive pronouns vs. the definite article, which differentiates the Scandinavian languages from e.g. English. As the definite article is a relatively new arrival in the Scandinavian languages, we look at when the modern pattern could have evolved by a close examination of possessive structures with potential inalienables in Old Swedish and Old Danish. Our results reveal that to begin with, inalienables are usually bare nouns and come to be marked with the definite article in the course of its grammaticalization.

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Ciemności egipskie, kimeryjskie, zewnętrzne. Znaczenia jednostek frazeologicznych na tle porównawczym

Author(s): Natalia Breyvo / Language(s): Polish Issue: 02/2023

This article discusses the origin of Polish phraseological units for complete darkness (ciemności egipskie, ciemności kimeryjskie, ciemności zewnętrzne) compared to their Russian and English equivalents and presents the peculiarities of their meanings perceived from the angle of their sources and a texts of many varieties.

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The Influence of Bilingualism on the Production of Stop Consonants in L1 (Arabic) and L2 (English): Acoustic Analysis of Stop’s Closure Duration

Author(s): Somaya Abunima,Sumaya F. ALSHAMIRI,Shahidi Hamid,Sharifah Raihan Syed Jaafar,Alareer Refaat / Language(s): English Issue: 15/2022

This paper investigates the impact of bilingualism on the difficulties of pronunciation for both L1 (Arabic) and L2 (English). It assesses the production of stop sounds in Arabic and English through an acoustic analysis of stops' closure duration (henceforth CD), as pronounced by Arabic-English bilinguals whose L1 is Palestinian Arabic. Additionally, the paper aims to highlight the difficulties of pronunciation in both languages. Three groups of same aged adult subjects participated in the production tests; 1) Arabic-English bilinguals whose L1 is Palestinian Arabic, 2) Arabic-monolinguals, and 3) English-monolinguals. The stops in word-medial and final positions were included in closed syllables (CVC) in meaningful words inserted in carrier sentences. The results revealed that the CD of the interaction of stops was represented in four categories; 1) unidirectional effect of L1 on L2 that caused a foreign accent, 2) bidirectional influence resulting in L1-L2 interference, 3) unidirectional impact of L2 on L1, and 4) nativelikeness in both languages without language interference. In addition, the findings showed that bilinguals faced pronunciation challenges in both similar and dissimilar sounds. This paper is expected to initiate more comprehensive studies in the field of interaction between Arabic and English in the Arabic context.

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Dänisch in Zeiten der Globalisierung – Englische Einflüsse auf die dänische Gegenwartssprache

Author(s): Andrzej Szubert / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2022

Languages influence each other, and Danish is no exception in this context. In the times of globalization the influence comes mainly from English. The aim of the present paper is to demonstrate the historical ties between the two above-mentioned languages and, based on multiple linguistic studies, to gauge whether Danish is endangered by English or not. In addition, the paper touches on topics such as language policy, Danish speakers’ attitudes towards English, and statistical research.

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English Discourse Markers in Estonian-English Bilingual Blogs and Vlogs

Author(s): Anna Verschik,Helin Kask / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The paper explores English discourse markers (DMs) in bilingual ­Estonian-English blogs and vlogs. The research questions are: (1) What are the functions of English DMs that appear in Estonian bilingual speech of vloggers and bloggers? (2) Is there any difference between vlogs and blogs as far as English DMs are concerned? 45 blogs and 8 vlogs were analysed (365,973 and 73,858 tokens respectively). The results show that the prevalent type of DMs were evaluatives, while the share of interactional performatives and markers of discourse structure and force was similar. The attractiveness of expressive meaning explains the preference for evaluative. The tendencies in blogs and vlogs are similar but the number of DMs in vlogs is higher because it is an oral genre.

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UNHEIMLICHES MAUTHAUSEN. ZU LYDIA HAIDERS ROMANEN

Author(s): Joanna Jabłkowska / Language(s): German Issue: 40/2019

Lydia Haider, is a young Austrian writer, whose work is in line with two tendencies characteristic for Austrian Literature. Haider describes Austrian province from a position of critical distance, focusing on the critique of language and attempts to thematize the lack of reckoning with national socialist past in specific Austrian contexts. The article analyses two novels by Haider: congregationand rotten. The novels foreground the discussion on the denial of the Nazi crimes on the lands surrounding Mauthausen Concentration Camp. The main question posed in the article is whether Haider could be called a inheritor of the critical “Heimatliteratur”. It is also important to investigate whether the young author offers new aesthetic solutions, adequate for contemporary perspective from which we can view the unsettled Nazi past.

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Problèmes d’acceptabilité des occurrences relevées dans les corpus informatisés : exemple des prédicats nominaux désignant une propriété ou un trait de caractère

Author(s): Grażyna Vetulani / Language(s): French Issue: 4/2022

In this paper, we present the problems encountered during our research in the field of nominal predication in Polish, in particular concerning nouns referring to properties and character traits. In a previous work on predicates referring to various activities and behaviors, carried out with the use of electronic corpora (the National Corpus of Polish Language, as well as electronic sources available on the Internet), we obtained a dictionary of verb-noun collocations with high lexical coverage comparing to traditional dictionaries (not based on electronic corpus research). Using the same corpus data and methodology as before, we conducted a study of the class of predicative nouns referring to properties and character traits. However, the results obtained following the application of this method proved to be unsatisfactory. In this article, we consider the reasons for this in order to optimize research methods later in our work.

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Restructuring in a Mesolect: A Case Study on the Basis of the Formal Variation of the Infinitive in Ukrainian–Russian Surzhyk

Author(s): Gerd Hentschel,Olesia Palinska / Language(s): English Issue: 22/2022

In addition to Ukrainian and Russian, Ukraine is linguistically characterized by a Ukrainian–Russian mixed speech called Surzhyk. Given the background of Ukrainian–Russian relations and the emancipation of Ukrainian from the previously dominant Russian, Surzhyk has become the subject of an emotional discussion in independent Ukraine. The majority of Ukrainian scholars working with pre-Labovian and implicit theoretical sociolinguistic (and contact linguistic) models view the distribution of Ukrainian and Russian elements in Surzhyk as spontaneous and chaotic. Furthermore, Surzhyk – together with many who use it – has been widely stigmatized, even by linguists, as a post-colonial legacy from the times of Russian and Soviet dominance. Taking as an example the forms of verb infinitives, a corpus-based quantitative analysis of about 10,000 instances evidences that Surzhyk shows a considerable degree of stabilization in the use of competing morphological forms. This stabilization can be interpreted best as an instance of structure building in a mesolect between Ukrainian dialects on the one hand and, on the other hand, Russian and (to a certain degree) Ukrainian standard languages in competing roles during the recent history of Ukraine.

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