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Príhovorovosť a prirodzený jazyk – cieľ Štúrovej slovenčiny aj sú- časných moderátorov

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Príhovorovosť a prirodzený jazyk – cieľ Štúrovej slovenčiny aj sú- časných moderátorov

Author(s): Ľubomír Bajaník / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 3-4/2015

How can we link Slovak national hero Ľudovít Štúr to contemporary journalism and TV news presenters? Ľudovit Štúr, the leader of the Slovak national revival movement along with his companions realised that the newspaper is more flexible mass medium than magazines or books. The word and text as the main body of matter in articles played very important role in propagating the new language stan- dards and knowledge. Štúr managed to use the new Slovak literary language – his own child – in modern way. He forecast the trends in syntax and outlined the word order closer to contemporary sentence struc- ture, which helps better understanding of the content. The article also examines the way how TV presenters choose the words and construct sentences to make his/her cues attractive a thus grab the attention of vie- wers. Should TV presenters use expressive and emotional words to do so? In the 19th century Ludovit Stur proved that there is no need to exaggerate. The power of information in its profound form should be the most important issue of prepared speech. Story telling in living Slovak language was the main tool of Štúr’s efforts and still has been important tool of news presenters or reporters. Clear, vivid and meaty lan- guage is faster source of information than text covered with expressive trumpery.

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ანგლიციზმები მოზარდების ლექსიკაში ახალი კონოტაციებით

Author(s): Lela Makhviladze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 8/2024

In this paper we deal the phenomenon of social variation of the language using the example of the already generally recognized sociolect, the so-called “youth language” - the way teenagers, students and members of various youth groups speak. What is meant here is primarily the special vocabulary. Youth language is a complex language phenomenon and the vocabulary of teenagers and youth is original and variable. It is widely expressed and well-studied sociolect in specific language variants. Youth language is a mean of integration and separation of youth from the world. The phenomenon of group-specific language usage by young people, which is mainly characterized by stylistic-connotative, emotional-expressive and -evaluative meaning elements, as well as provocative (taboo, vulgar) vocabulary, creative/original and metaphorical forms, non-standard short words and hybride new word models, etc. is studied. In the paper the wide usage of Anglicisms and Americanisms often used by young people to create “their own linguistic style” is discussed and the forms that are more or less integrated in the German language system and the forms which are often used by young people with new connotations are presented. Based on the obtained and analyzed factual material, the paper presents the variants of slang of young people („Disco-Deutsch“, „Hip-Hop-Jargon“) and linguistic means, examples of Anglicisms and German-English mix (so called „Denglisch, Anglodeutsch“). In the article some peculiarities in the word formation and lexis, that distinguish the youth language specific lexis and the original youth language style from the standard language is highlighted.

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არქაული ლექსიკის კვალი აჭარის პონტოელ ბერძენთა მეტყველებაში

Author(s): Teona Abuladze / Language(s): Georgian Issue: 9/2024

The Pontic dialect developed in isolation over the years due to certain historical, geographical, and political conditions, which resulted in significant divergence from both the mother tongue and other dialects of the native language. It is also worth noting that Pontic is more conservative than other dialects of modern Greek, which has contributed to the preservation of ancient Greek lexical items within it. The dialect spoken by the Pontic Greeks in Adjara exhibits significant characteristics across all levels of the linguistic hierarchy, particularly in vocabulary, especially in the context of foreign linguistic influences, which makes it an important subject for research. The study of the Pontic dialect spread throughout Georgia is particularly interesting because it developed in a distinct multilingual environment and was naturally influenced by other languages. However, it has managed to retain its uniqueness despite these external influences, as evidenced by the presence of archaic Greek lexical units. In analyzing the research material with the aim of classifying archaic forms, we can identify several groups: 1. Lexical units that are either absent from modern Greek or have undergone changes but have been preserved in Pontic, such as ράφτω (sewing) - კერვა, οπίς (back) - უკან. 2. Lexical units that are phonetically altered but are believed to be directly related to ancient Greek, such as ωβόν (egg) - კვერცხი, χαλκόν (kettle) - ქვაბი. 3. Some lexical units with synonymous equivalents in both modern and ancient Greek are also present in Pontic, with one variant being preserved, such as σκαφίρ - ტაშტი, გობი. 4. Pontic vocabulary often results from the combination of two words from ancient Greek, such as αγρέιπον - ჯეირანი. 5. Certain words that have not undergone any changes at any stage of linguistic development are confirmed in Pontic and have been preserved in their original forms, such as γωνίαν - კუთხე and others.

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Spāņu valodas dzimtes kategorija etnolingvistiskā un sociolingvistiskā aspektā

Author(s): Alla Placinska / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 15/2024

The study examines the creation and development of the grammatical category of gender in the Spanish language, its definition and application, as well as cultural and historical circumstances that have influenced these processes. The particular interest in the gender category is due to the sociolinguistic polemics among the modern Spanish society, mass media and linguists about the recommendations for inclusivity in using the language. The recommendations have been recently elaborated by linguists, as well as public and political institutions. In Spanish, there are two genders, feminine and masculine. There is no neuter, however, there are some common gender nouns. The representatives of feminism insist language is discriminatory towards women because the male gender forms denote both male and biologically unmarked nouns used to denote people collectively. The advocates of the inclusive language demand that the use of the unmarked gender be abandoned, replacing it with other forms. One of the most radical suggestions is to introduce the third gender. It is proposed to be made by adding the ending -e (-es in plural) and derived from the nouns already existing in the two gender forms, such as: maestro, maestra, maestre. At the terminology level, binom sexo/género (sex/gender in English) and the linguistic use of these terms raise interest. The results of the study lead to the conclusion that the language already is non-discriminatory and contains grammatical forms for describing gender neutrality. The claim that male dominance in society dictates their dominant role in language has not been substantiated by scientific evidence. Discrimination against women is a societal problem that has also found its reflection in language, mostly at the lexical level. The guidelines developed by several institutions for the implementation of inclusive language have not been supported by the Royal Academy of Spain and are described as efforts to create an artificial discourse.

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DER NAME LEIPZIG UND DIE GERMANISCHE LAUTVERSCHIEBUNG

Author(s): Jürgen Udolph / Language(s): German Issue: 90/2024

The article deals with the etymology of the place name Leipzig. Initially, it was widely believed that the Slavic word lipa ‘linden tree’ formed its basis. However, a closer examination of historical spellings, especially those cited by Thietmar von Merseburg, who was fluent in Slavic, such as Libzi and others, prompted a reassessment. Nevertheless, no attention has been paid so far to whether Germanic tribes adopted this name before or after the onset of the Germanic sound Shift. This aspect is crucial in determining which Indo-European word group can be viewed as the basis for the place name.

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DAIKTAVARDŽIAI SU PRIESAGA -ISTAS, -Ė VARIANTIŠKUMO, NORMŲ IR DABARTINĖS BENDRINĖS LIETUVIŲ KALBOS SUBSTANDARTIZACIJOS ASPEKTU

Author(s): Rita Miliūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 91/2024

The article examines nouns with the suffix -istas, -ė used to denote persons. These words are characterised by variation, norm fluctuation and innovation in the current Lithuanian language. The article aims to determine potential connections between the usage of new hybrid derivatives with this suffix and the process of sub-standardization of the standard Lithuanian language, which bears significant similarities to the dynamics observed in European standard languages. Until the beginning of the 21st century, the suffix -istas, -ė in Lithuanian was mostly found in loanwords used to name people based on their profession, activity, etc. After examining neologisms of this type recorded in the Lithuanian neologism database, as well as their semantic features and usage contexts, structural and functional innovations are found. First, in lower-prestige usage of Lithuanian (sub-standard), there is an increase in hybrid derivatives that combine native roots with the borrowed suffix -istas, -ė. Second, about two-thirds of these hybrids carry negative connotations and are used to denote persons engaged in undesirable, unproductive, or harmful activities. Their entering into the standard Lithuanian language (mainstem media) can be seen as one of the indicators of sub-standardization of the standard Lithuanian.

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JAUNŲJŲ RYTŲ AUKŠTAIČIŲ – ANYKŠTĖNŲ, KUPIŠKĖNŲ IR UTENIŠKIŲ – TARMINĖS KALBOS VAIZDINIAI: RIBOS IR OBJEKTYVUSIS TARMIŠKUMAS

Author(s): Laura Brazaitienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 91/2024

The article presents a study of the images of the dialect spoken by the young Eastern Aukštaitians of Anykščia, Kùpiškis and Utenà. The research material is the data on schoolchildren’s attitudes from their answers to the questions in the questionnaire conducted and prepared according to the methodological principles of perceptual dialectology. The data analysis shows that young Eastern Aukštaitians of Utenà (the subjects of Utenà and Rõkiškis) consider themselves the most active users of the dialect code. The Eastern Aukštaitians of Anykščia (schoolchildren from Anykščia) also admit to speaking the dialect. The Eastern Aukštaitians of Kùpiškis (schoolchildren from Kùpiškis) tend to distance themselves from this code. Drawn (mental) maps of the dialects reveal the similar attitudes of the subjects. Young Eastern Aukštaitians recognise a person who speaks the dialect mainly by the sound characteristics. The system of the objective dialecticity features of the speakers under research includes not only the fuzzy but also the characteristic and distinguishing traits of the subdialects analysed. The images of dialecticity (places and features) that have emerged from the attitudes of young language users and evaluators allow us to identify the researched members of the language community not only as Eastern Aukštaitians but also as Eastern Aukštaitians of Anykščiai, Kùpiškis and Utenà.

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DIE ROLLE UND DIE FUNKTION DER DISKURSMARKER AM BEISPIEL EINES YOUTUBE-INTERVIEWS

Author(s): Gëzim Xhaferri,Biljana Ivanovska / Language(s): German Issue: 17/2024

This study examines the importance and role of discourse markers in an online YouTube interview. It specifically focuses on discourse markers, or so-called pragmatic markers, in spoken language. Discourse markers (DM) are widely used in oral communication and are often found in dialogues between speakers and their interlocutors. Speakers use them to ensure a smooth flow of conversation and to help their interlocutors understand the meaning of their utterances appropriately. The use of DM in this interview depends on the context and objectives. The choice of DM and other language elements depends on the target audience of the interview. Additionally, speakers use discourse markers to adjust the intensity of their statements or mitigate the linguistic content of their actions. The analysis sheds light on the relationship between the participants in the respective communication and demonstrates how speakers adjust politeness based on their conversation partner and situation. Examination of the language use of the moderator and the guest in the interview confirms the assumption that language is related to the attitudes of the speakers and that language is adapted depending on the communicative situation.

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POLOŽAJ HRVATSKOGA JEZIKA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI

Author(s): Šimun Musa / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2018

If the Croatian language is observed in its long-term flow, it can be seen that due to historical, sociological, geographical, demographical, economic, political and other reasons it has a special growth and stratified structure. Starting from the oldest written monuments (Baška and Humac tablet from the 11th and 12th century), when it was realized as the language of literacy and literary beginnings, through numerous development eras marked by changes of phonological, morphological, syntactical and lexical nature, to the latest period, which is the central part of this paper, Croatian language achieved its standardization confirming itself as an autonomous and polyvalent language of public communication. In that long-term period it was followed by different temptations, threats, prohibitions and compulsions, but despite all those difficulties Croatian language has survived in its vitality. Today Croatian language in Bosnia and Herzegovina is systematically and legally equal to other two official languages. However, despite incompatibility of its constitutional solutions and real language usage, analysis in this paper shows how it will endure the current difficulties and traps and be unique language of Croatian people in Bosnia and Herzegovina. That is the reason why deliberate language policy and planning of the Croatian language status should be lead.

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O HERCEGOVAČKIM KREMATONIMIMA

Author(s): Irina Budimir,Josipa Šunjić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2019

The paper discusses the motivation of chrematonyms in the Federation of B&H and especially in the cantons with the Croatian speaking majority – in the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton and in the West Herzegovina Canton. The data were taken from the data base of the registered craftsman and catering services, educational institutions, shops and companies based in these cantons of the Federation of B&H. All together 225 names in Herzegovina-Neretva Canton were analysed plus 141 name in West Herzegovina Canton. The analysis has shown that the chrematonyms are mostly motivated by personal name, most frequently by the name of the owner, antroponym as well as by common nouns. The largest influence of foreign names from English language was noted in the category „fitness center“ and „dance schools“, whereas the smallest influence was noticed in the category of educational institutions. Italian language has the largest influence on the analysed chrematonyms for the flower shops and bakeries.

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FONOLOŠKE OSOBITOSTI ŠIROKOBRIJEŠKOGA GOVORA NA PODRUČJU SELA LJUBOTIĆI, KOČERIN, POTKRAJ, CRNE LOKVE I MOKRO

Author(s): Mario Pinjuh,Marija Vukoja Mikulić,Josipa Šunjić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2022

The paper analzyes a part of phonological linguistic features of the speech of Široki Brijeg, a city in West Herzegovina. The speech of Široki Brijeg belongs to the western, Neo-Shtokavian Ikavian dialect. Linguistic material that was used in the research is a recording of Široki Brijeg speech in the villages Ljubotići, Kočerin, Potkraj, Crne Lokve and Mokro collected with a recorder from April till June 2020. The paper aims at showing the basic features of Ikavian speech of the Široki Brijeg area as well as emphasising some of the phonological features.

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SPRACHE IN DEUTSCHEN HIPHOP-LIEDTEXTEN IM KONTEXT DES SPRACHKONTAKTES

Author(s): Nikolina Pandža / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2022

Diese Arbeit hat sich zum Ziel gesetzt, auf die Hip-Hop-Sprache in deutschen Liedtexten näher einzugehen. Da dieses Musikgenre amerikanischen Ursprungs ist und unter dem Einfluss der US-Musikszene steht, werden englische Wörter entlehnt und in die Texte miteingebaut. Neben diesen sind Entlehnungen und Fremdwörter aus dem Türkischen, Arabischen sowie einigen slawischen Sprachen als Folge des Sprachgebrauchs von Hip-Hoppern mit Migrationshintergrund zu verzeichnen. Der dadurch resultierende Sprachkontakt weist Formen wie Codeswitching auf, welche in Anlehnung an kontaktlinguistische Ansätze in der Arbeit näher erläutert werden. Nebenbei werden im theoretischen Teil auch Einblicke in die geschichtliche Entwicklung des Hip-Hops und seine Bedeutung für die Jugendkultur und Jugendsprache gewährleistet. Als Untersuchungsgrundlage ziehen wir das Korpus vier ausgesuchter ausgesuchter Liedtexte von deutschen Künstlern mit Migrationshintergrund heran, deren Profile in Kurzform vorgestellt werden. Im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchung liegt die semantische Erläuterung von Entlehnungen / Fremdwörtern im Rahmen des Codewechsels. Nebenbei werden die von Hip-Hop-Künstlern gebrauchten Sprachelemente (Eigennamen, Markenartikel, Brand-Abkürzungen) sowie Stilfiguren (Hyperbel, Sarkasmus Metapher usw.) bezüglich der bearbeiteten Thematik (sozialpolitische Problematik, Identitätsfindung, Prahlerei, Gewalt, Homophobie) beschrieben.

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TERMINOLOŠKI ASPEKTI MEDICINSKOGA NAZIVLJA – IZMEĐU NORME I UPORABE

Author(s): Anamarija Gjuran-Coha,Tajana Tomak / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/2023

Medical terminology is the primary instrument for transmitting information between physicians and patients and between physicians themselves. Every terminology strives for standardization, which implies harmonization according to the principle of uniformity, systematicity and integration into the Croatian language system. LSP is subject to norms, and the creation of terminology should consider certain principles. Standardized terms as well as “ad hoc” created terms which are there sult of naming new consept or object are used in medical communication. Aiming at the standardization of terminology, the project Struna was started. Two medical terminologies, anatomical and physiological, have been standardized so far as well as the terminology of ophtalmology, pharmacology and stomatology. Other medical terminologies still represents a challenge to professionals-doctors and linguists. The aim of this paperis to explore terminological dilemmas which are presentin medical language. This corpus based research willtry to give solutions for same terminological questions uncertain ties presentin medical publications.

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THE IMPORTANCE OF TEACHING CULTURE IN ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES (ESP)

Author(s): Marijana Drinovac Topalović,Sandra Ljubas / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2024

The importance of teaching culture within English for Specific Purposes (ESP) programs is underscored by the necessity for cultural competence and linguistic proficiency, particularly in professional communication. ESP differs from General English education by tailoring instruction to the specific linguistic needs within various professional and technical domains. As the globalised professional world increasingly demands effective intercultural communication, ESP programs must integrate cultural education to prepare learners for authentic interactions across cultural boundaries. This paper examines the importance of cultural aspects in professional communication and the integration of cultural education into ESP curricula, supported by the theoretical frameworks of Byram, Morgan et al. (1994), constructivist perspectives (Hughes & Sears, 2004), intercultural competence (Fantini, 1997), culturally relevant pedagogy (Ladson-Billings, 1995), multicultural education (Parker, 2019), and cultural intelligence (Earley & Ang, 2003). By delving into these pedagogical models and theories, the paper aims to demonstrate that cultural competence is not just an additive element but a core component of ESP curricula, essential for fostering professional, communicative competence among learners

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Diskriminacija lietuvių kalboje ir kultūroje

Author(s): Irena Smetonienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 97/2024

Following the methodology of the Lublin School of Ethnolinguistics, the article focuses on the concept of discrimination, examining it in terms of what it means to Lithuanians. The study is based on Lithuanian lexicographic data, material from various texts, and the results of a young people’s survey. The aim is to identify what Lithuanians think when they use the lexeme discrimination in speech or writing and what new shades of meaning emerge in the context. Based on data from all three levels, a cognitive definition of the concept is provided in the synthetic analysis.

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Kosmopolitizmas šiuolaikinio lietuvio pasaulėvaizdyje

Author(s): Marius Smetona / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 97/2024

Following the methodology of the Lublin School of Ethnolinguistics, the article examines how Lithuanians understand the term cosmopolitanism. The study is based on Lithuanian lexicographic data, material from various texts, and the results of a young people’s survey. The aim is to identify what Lithuanians mean when they use the lexeme cosmopolitanism in their speech and writing, and what new shades of meaning emerge in context. Based on the data from all three levels, the synthetic analysis provides a cognitive definition of the term.

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Sprachökologische Betrachtungen zum Deutschen in Dänemark

Author(s): Klaus Geyer / Language(s): German Issue: 77/2024

This article analyses the German language in Denmark in its various contexts of language ecology. A crucial aspect of this approach is that German is not only considered, for example, as an intensely taught and learned foreign language in the education system or as the vivid language of the German minority in the south of Jutland, but that all those areas in which the German language plays a role in the Danish society are dealt with, thus including the enormous importance of German in Danish tourism and in business and economic life in general. In this way, a systemic overview over the language ecology of German in Denmark can be reconstructed. For a better understanding of today’s situation of German in Denmark, a brief historical outline of the centuries of intensive language contact between German and Danish is provided at the end of the article.

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Voice actors in focus: language attitudes and practice in Hungarian dubbing

Author(s): Andrea Parapatics / Language(s): English Issue: 45/2024

In the present article, Hungarian voice actors’ language attitudes and experiences are studied with relation to the texts to be read out while dubbing and narrating foreign language audiovisual products. The study was conducted with the great moral and practical support of the trade union of Hungarian voice actors and its two popular and famous members as the representatives of this profession have never been asked and studied from a sociolinguistic viewpoint before. With their help, 10% of the profession participated in the study, filling out a commonly designed online questionnaire. Since most of the foreign language audiovisual products that are released in Hungarian cinemas, television and online streaming channels still get Hungarian dubbing or narration, while its language quality is decreasing, it is worth investigating the process behind the final products. The study points out many problems of the texts’ linguistic quality and presents the attitudes of those who have to give their voice to these, and might have a chance to correct them, or might not. The paper presents the first phase of an overall research that aims to explore the case of Hungarian dubbing from a sociolinguistic viewpoint. In the future, audiovisual translators’ and consumers’ – inland, transborder, and emigrant Hungarians’ – attitudes will be studied to cover a wide range of stakeholders of the question.

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Okazionaliųjų posakių retorinės išgalės paveikiajame reklamos diskurse

Author(s): Skirmantė Biržietienė,Viltė Nausėdaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2024

The purpose of the research is to discuss the rhetorical value of occasional expressions in Lithuanian social issue advertising (SIA). Combining rhetorical discourse analysis and interpretation techniques, the aim was to identify which occasional expressions are used to actualize the realities of the present day, to solve social problems, also to convey the needs and attitudes of society. Occasional expressions are studied as instruments that fulfill the communicative intentions of the addressee and create the persuasiveness of the discourse. The analysis showed that occasional expressions are used to highlight persistent problems that are accepted as a norm by society. It is common to recreate those expressions that are well established in the linguistic consciousness of the addressee, are associated with cultural tradition, have become a marker of identity, and therefore function as a verified argument.

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Leksiniai veiksmažodžiai lietuvių sakytiniame akademiniame diskurse: dėstytojų pozicijos švelninimas humanitarinių ir socialinių mokslų seminaruose

Author(s): Greta Maslauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 19/2024

This study investigates the use of lexical verbs as hedging devices in Lithuanian academic discourse, based on data from the VuSemCorp corpus, which comprises seminar texts from the humanities (philosophy, literature, linguistics) and social sciences (sociology, political science, communication studies). The analysis focuses on the frequency, semantic categories, and pragmatic functions of lexical verbs in lecturers’ speech. Findings reveal that lecturers strategically employ lexical verbs to acknowledge alternative interpretations, soften criticism and directives, and demonstrate politeness. Hedging their utterances enables lecturers to adopt the role of guides or facilitators rather than authoritarian figures, thereby cultivating an open, interactive, and collaborative learning environment. An interdisciplinary perspective highlights that the use of lexical verbs for hedging varies by discipline. Sociology, linguistics, and philosophy demonstrated the highest frequency and diversity of hedging verbs. Lecturers in these fields showed a pronounced tendency to soften statements using first-person singular and plural forms, marking their subjective opinions and sharing interpretative responsibility with students. This linguistic strategy reflects a stronger emphasis on engaging students in co-constructing knowledge specific to these disciplines. Additionally, this article emphasizes the roles of (inter)subjectivity, politeness, and speaker commitment in the relatively understudied domain of Lithuanian spoken academic discourse. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how hedging shapes communication dynamics in academic settings.

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