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The article aims to throw light on specific effectiveness capabilities of the British diplomatic language in international relationships. The linguistic approach will focus on the particular techniques by which British diplomats have successfully developed responsibility, persuasiveness and power frommedieval times till modern day, when training reveals its highly evaluated potential.
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The idea for this research topic came to me after listening to a Romanian acquaintance speak first in Romanian, then in Japanese. Coming from a poor gypsy community from the south of Romania, A. had barely finished high school and her speech contained clear markers of her social background. Her Japanese, however, learned from her Buddhist priest husband and her mother-in-law, sounded cultured and elegant. Focused on field work conducted at a bar in Osaka, owned by a former Romanian hostess and tended by a Romanian man, as well as on numerous interviews, our paper will analyze the language choices made by other Romanian hostesses who tend to gather there when their regular hours are over. The concept of social class is less defined in Japan compared to other societies, but the lines and borders exist and it is our purpose to try to define them.
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Translation-research is a specific, experimental way to understand the formation of the structure of the translated text and the creation of a translation that is faithful to the original. In order to understand what is going on in translator’s mind, the translation-research relies on the psychological aspects of the translation process based on an introspective observation. In the translation activity, which is a creative process between the author and the translator, arise "conflict" situations. The temporal medium, the dual nature of translation, the fundamental differences between the process of an artistic text creation and its translation must be considered in the process of transforming the original into the second material reality.
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The article addresses the issue of linguistic, particularly phonetic factors affecting the perception of speech. It draws on the findings made in the course of the auditory analysis of the commercials under consideration. The paper analyses sociolinguistic factors influencing the choice of linguistic means in English television commercials to ensure the effective impact of advertising texts on the addressee, as well as the interaction of the pragmatic potential of oral informational texts with their prosodic organization. It proves that sociolinguistic features and pragmatic potential alongside with the prosody of television commercials contribute to the maximum influence on the addressee. The article substantiates the classification of structural components of English television commercials, which is used as a theoretical basis for further experimental phonetic study of prosodic means interaction in the analyzed texts. The research elaborates the matrix of alternative variants of structural-algorithmic schemes of linguistic means interaction of the television commercial content. Abstracting from the specifics of the text content, it allows theoretically to predict and experimentally trace both general changes of its prosodic organization, and the peculiarities of prosodic parameters interaction at structural boundaries.
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Considerations on enunciation theories have had a major impact on the approach of the literary discourse. Enunciative strategies value the aspects of the pragmatics of enunciation, such as: communicative action, dialogue, polyphony. Mikhail Bahtin developed a theory of language, translinguistics, based on key concepts in the evolution of pragmatics: “Dialogism”, “Polyphony”, etc. The term “polyphony” distinguishes between two methods of use: the application to speech phenomena (M. Bahtin), the application to language phenomena (O. Ducrot). In the conception of the Russian linguist, polyphony emphasizes the intrinsically dialogical character of the discourse, in the conception of the French linguist, polyphony is related to the enunciation. In the current research, we aim to briefly present the two uses of the concept.
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This paper explored semantic phenomena in English clinical terminology of veterinary medicine. The aim of this work is to study such semantic phenomena as synonymy, antonymy, polysemy and hyperogyponymia in clinical veterinary terminology. The author focuses on the generalization of theoretical views on the essence of the phenomena of synonymy and antonymy in terminology in general. The peculiarities of the using synonymous and antonymous units in English clinical terminology of veterinary medicine are shown. The main types of synonyms and antonyms and their structural features in the studied terminology are identified and analyzed. Synonymy and antonymy are typical phenomena in this system that make it more flexible. They are characterized by sufficient consistency and order. The phenomenon of polysemy in veterinary clinical terminology is rare, but in various forms. Hyper-hyponymic relations between units, based on generic-species conceptual commonality, form multi-level hierarchical structures that represent a complex framework of the terminological vocabulary of clinical veterinary medicine. This type of relationship between units is one of the most important principles for structuring knowledge and organizing the terminological composition of the "animal disease" term system.
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The article is devoted to the characteristics of the formation peculiarities of the veterinary terminology in the English language. Based on the analyzed sources of the formation of English veterinary terms, it was concluded that the term system develops under the influence of semantic processes in the vocabulary of the national language and their assimilation by the term system of veterinary medicine. An important source of the increase in English veterinary terminology is borrowing from the terminology of various disciplines and fields, since veterinary medicine is a complex integrative science that combines dozens of sections and directions. Significant sources of the increase in the English veterinary terminological system are borrowings from other languages, metaphorization and neologization.
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The article deals with the phenomenon of the development of electronic lexicography and the problem of classifying electronic dictionaries. Findings reveal, that Among researchers, there is no single opinion on the content, scope and features of the basic concept of electronic lexicography because electronic dictionaries are a relatively new phenomenon, which has evolved over several decades from machine-readable dictionaries and exact copies of paper editions to complex digital lexicographic systems with a wide arsenal of functions. Modern electronic dictionaries tend to hybridize, often combining alphabetic and thematic ways of organizing material, lexical and encyclopedic information, which complicates the possibility of distinguishing clear differential features of a particular lexicographic resource and cruelly assigning it to one or another type. The plurality of criteria for comparing dictionaries complicates the construction of a unified general classification of dictionaries of different types, and a multidimensional characterization of a particular dictionary can be carried out using the facet method using the basic list of parameters, which remains open and can be replenished with the development of the system of lexicographic resources.
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The article presents the main characteristics of the English clinical terminology system of veterinary medicine such as scientific base, systematization, accuracy and unification, variability, comprehensibility, standardization, development and adaptation, technological integration. The peculiarities of the formation of English clinical veterinary terms are characterized. The research trends and lexical peculiarities of the terms of the clinical veterinary field are highlighted. Factors contributing to its development and the increase of the terminological array are considered.
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The Maramures subdialect is the fifth subdivision of Daco-Romanian (alongside the Muntean, Moldavian, Banatian and Crisian subdialects), having its own dialectal particularities in all of the language compartments. It is also individualised at the morphology level, through ways in which the vocative is expressed by forms in which the accent is shifted from the literary language through the use of variants where apocope operates.
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The purpose of this article is semantic andgenetic characterization of fishing vocabulary in Kuyavian dialects. The author’s field of interest includesthe names of fishing activities, people engaged in fishing, the means of water transport used by them,fishing grounds, bait, containers for storing and carrying fish, tools for making nets, and the names of acti-vities related to fishing. An analysis of the collected material has resulted in identifying the motivationalbasis and determining the origin of the naming units in question. It also shows that the vocabulary associa-ted with fishing is characterized by the presence of many archaic words: błyskawka, jadrzyć. Many of thedialectal words have a broad-territorial scope, e.g.: rybaczyć, wychodnia, glizda. A narrow-territorial scope(known only in Kuyavia) is attributed to jadrzyć, płótować, ubierać and ubieranie. The project as also ledto finding words either not attested by dialect dictionaries or the directory of the Dictionary of Polish dia-lects (pińczak), or not recorded in the meanings provided in this work, for example: łodyga / odyga, odyż-kować. What is more, to a small extent the collected material reflects the material and social culture ofKuyavian fishermen.
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In this article, we aim to clarify and refine, through practical examples, the concept that Sanda Golopenția introduced into Romanian linguistics, namely that of conversational history. We will demonstrate the extent to which this concept manifests when individuals exercise their linguistic competencies (elocutionary, idiomatic, and expressive), quantifying the domain in which it is most prevalent. In our endeavour – primarily theoretical – we will rely on methodologies specific to the philosophy of language and pragmatics.
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This paper deals with a linguistic area of interest in the field of French food-related lexicon, that is the ever-increasing amount of words borrowed from the British and American English covering all the grammatical categories. The number of words borrowed from English is becoming bigger and bigger due to the progress in science and technology. The entry of Anglicisms in most languages and fields is explained by one’s need to express certain realities that have occurred over the last years.
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Ethnologists and anthropologists have long acknowledged the intricate relationship between language and culture, a central focus in the study of any living language. From this standpoint, the exploration of proverbs and sayings, which encapsulate the collective "wisdom" of a people and their distinct culture, necessitates not only an understanding of their linguistic context but also a deeper dive into their cultural underpinnings. Throughout the history of proverbial origins, it is not uncommon for proverbs to emerge from various other folklore genres, including novels, legends, historical narratives, anecdotes, fables, and more. Proverbs often intermingle with diverse forms of expressions, such as aphorisms, sentences, phrases coined by renowned writers, and so forth. Moreover, there exist literary proverbs - a writer's skillfully articulated saying laden with figurative significance that transcends its original context to gain an autonomous existence. Such literary proverbs can permeate the general populace, becoming part of the collective wisdom. Conversely, proverbs sourced from folk traditions or taken from the people may be reinterpreted by writers and reintroduced into the cultural vernacular.
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The present paper deals with the linguocultural study of literary titles. Different aspects of titles have always been the subject of scholars’ interests. However, there are still some problems that require special attention. One of such issues concerns the revelation of their linguocultural essence that should be carried out via interdisciplinary and interparadigmatic research methodology. The novelty of our approach to the literary title lies in the fact that we consider it as a linguocultural phenomenon which should be studied both in relation to the work it entitles and in the context of the literary-cultural paradigm within which the work was created. If we apply functional methodology of linguistic analysis to the title, it can be defined as specific type of a text − a pre-text or a foretext, encompassing in a compressed form the conceptual nucleus of a literary work or its aesthetic evaluation, which can unfold and expand simultaneously with the main bulk of the text located beneath it. Due to its prior position, the title acts as an orginizing dominant of the text, structuring it semantically and compositionally in such a way that brings the main ideas and emotions of the work into focus. We assume that within the framework of modern linguistic thought, when lingual units are analyzed with the help of the three-dimensional semiotic model integrating semantic, syntactic and pragmatic aspects of reasearch, the title is considered as a specific aesthetic sign. This assumption relies on the fact that the literary title is chosen by the author only after completing the process of writing the text, and presumably after serious consideration of the ways of presenting the main idea most effectively. We claim that diachronic comparative analysis of literary titles reveals the fact that their structuralsemantic typological dynamics reflects the alternation of literary-cultural paradigms that is predetermined by epochal changes of literary thought.
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My analysis in this ar cle is focused on the language of the guide How to talk/write aboutabor on? posted on the website of the Founda on for Women and Family Planning FEDERA(formerly Federa on). The mission of the Founda on is to act in support of fundamental humanrights, as they write, and in par cular “women’s right to decide whether and when to havechildren.” The authors of the guide try to prove that one of these rights is a woman’s right to anabor on. They run a well-thought-out campaign on how to gain an advantage over the defendersof “conceived life” already at the informa on stage, and achieve the intended goal, i.e., theadop on of the proposed legal regula ons. The ar cle analyses the linguis c means used in thispublica on and tries to prove that its authors resort to overt manipula on.
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A study of toponyms allows us to research ethnisity, mentality, material and spiritual culture, lifestyle, faith and religious issues of an ethnic unity. The discussed toponyms (Khutsuri, Saqdriari, Cross, Tarangel's Throat, Korokha Seri, Naecclevi, Sajvari, Rulegora, Navanebi, Tskhratskaro, Mukhaestate, Kvajvari, Saberekhevi, "The Source of the Monks", Jgrag Balashi, Minatskaro, Sajvari, Napudzveri, Jgrag Tsepeli, Jvariseri) are the first sources of research on ethnic and cultural history, man, community, ethnos and relations with the foreign cultural world. The toponyms for analysis reveal the procedure for their creation and names, writing and literary language productions, and dialectical characteristics; On the preservation of Georgian consciousness from the inhabitants of the Muslim and the lost historical-ethnographic units of Georgia (Adjara and Tao-Imerkhevi). The ethnographic materials on toponyms found in the historical-ethnographic units of Georgia reveal the human "law of life", one of the main determinants of relations on faithreligiosity. With the folk etymologies of Toponym, their complex-ethnohistorical research makes it possible not only to distinguish the correct interpretation, but also to perfectly represent the pragmatic goals of the toponym creation. Based on the "always renewable reality of the nation", the name of the toponyms of the cultural and faith created on the basis of self-awareness in the language of the ethnos is confirmed in the regions of Georgia: "An Observational Reading and Understandable Book"; "History toponyms". It turns out about the importance of lexical units used in the common Georgian (We will consider the example of "the most literate"); In various historical and ethnographic units of Georgia, historical significance is narrowed today. The reality conveyed by our "history toponyms" and related materials may be known to scientific circles, but the description will be updated with new information and the relevant conclusions of the study. Consequently, we consider the present and the future to be an outstanding thing for the socio-living cultural history monument, the political and social past of the nation, the source of mentality, the geographical object of the country, the knowledge of the people in memory of the people (/museum archive) and the complex ethnohistorical research. toponymia; "from the ever-present righteous of the nation"; Toponym - "An Observational Reading and Recognition Book"; "History toponyms"; Lexical unit - "uneducated"; People's Memory (/Museum Archive); Ethnohistorical research.
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Research of the Language is always actual. It is the truest witness of the history of the civilization and always undergoes changes. Changeability of the language system in time is clearly seen when comparing manuscripts of different periods of the concrete language. For this or other speaker, the corresponding old manuscripts may be as unclear as the example from any other language. There are a lot of words that have been recently coined and they also might not be understandable for middle high German speaker. In Old High and Middle High German Texts there are known words but nowadays they are used in different meanings than during the early period of the development of the German Language. The words are known in Old High and Middle High German texts, but today they are used in a different sense than in the early period of the development of the German language. Language is social phenomenen. Changes in the Language are defined by historical and social factors. The changes of the concrete language depended in the bearer of the language, there changes will never be homogenous and similar, if he uses in everyday conversation the nuances and forms of the language even Anglicism when the speech of the speaker, articulation attracts attention of the listener. Our goal is to establish the unity of the social and the change of the historical conditions, we must preserve the national identity, and try to introduce innovation on that basis. We can absorb some things from the western culture, create some new things and offer them to Europe or the world.
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In a scientific work, based on texts published in Kartluri and the latest recorded materials, positional varieties of the second subjective and third indirect objiective person sings of the verb are studied. Attention is drawn to the variety of allomorphs of person signs and identical phenomena in other dialects. Some of the signs of the person are similar to the literary language (kh-, s-, h-, 0- ), while the other part is presented in phonetic (hs-, hsh-, io-, ios-, ioh-, z-, sh- … )variety and is different depending on the angles. In Western Kartlur, under the influence of the Imer dialect, prefixes h- and s- are often lost before consonants, while in Northern, Samkhru and Shida Kartlur they are often found, but there is no certain rule in their use. As a result of the weakening of the s-prefix, we get ჲ (,,io”). This sound is not equally widespread in the speech of all parts of Kartli, although we find all its cases, which is confirmed in Kakhuri, Mthiuluri, Pshauri, Ingilour and Fereidinul... ჲh- (‘ioh’, ჲs- (‘ios’), hs-, hsh- double prefix is found in the Kaspi municipality and in the valleys of Aten and Tsedis, it appears relatively less often in the valley of Big and Little Liakhvi, it is almost not found in the nearby villages of Tskhinvali (Kurta, Kekhvi, Kemert, Achabet...), while The speech of the Fron Valley is a transition zone between Shida Kartlar and Western Kartlar. These prefixes are sometimes used in the same verb: hshchams // hschams ←scams (‘eats’); mihsdevs ← misdevs (‘follows’); moჲsts’q’vit’a ← mosts’q’vit’a (‘stopped’); gaჲhkra → gahkra (‘hit’). The conclusions obtained as a result of the research are important for the analysis of the key issues of Georgian dialectology and the structure and history of the Georgian language.
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Barbarisms, foreign Words, neologisms, archaisms, slangs, jargonisms, vulgarisms are part of vocabulary. They enter a language in every period. Sometimes already existing words change or gain another meaning and enrich existing vocabulary. The modern Georgian language faces a huge amount of barbarisms entering from English nowadays. Among the numerous factors causing this endless process are: globalization, international relations, development of information technologies and opportunities for our students getting education abroad. Barbarisms next to foreign words, neologism, archaisms, slangs, jargonisms and vulgarisms form vocabulary. Barbarism are words of foreign origin which have entered a language. However, foreign words are words or phrases borrowed from other languages. They serve for different stylistic purposes in literature. Barbarisms have entered dictionaries while foreign words are still left away of them. An enormous number of new vocabularies enter a language in every period. Sometimes already existing words change or gain another meaning and enrich existing vocabulary. Sometimes they serve for some reasons or just exist for some occasions. However, if these words appear in a written language, they become fixed and form general vocabulary. They are established in a language and become synonyms of already existing words. So, neologisms are newly entered words in a language. Words changing their meanings or words dropped out of a language are called archaisms. Archaisms sometimes are used in literature, especially, in poetry as well as in some dialects. Slangs are highly colloquial words having humorous or emotional connotations and jargonisms are words or phrases used for professional purpose. They have social character. Vulgar words or vulgarisms are left on the outskirts of standard vocabulary.
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