Eesti nimed latgale perekonnanimistus
Review of: Ilmārs Mežs. Latviešu uzvārdi arhīvu materiālos. Latgale. Rīga: Latviešu valodas aģentūra, 2017. 344 lk.
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Review of: Ilmārs Mežs. Latviešu uzvārdi arhīvu materiālos. Latgale. Rīga: Latviešu valodas aģentūra, 2017. 344 lk.
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Review of: Helen Türk. Consonantal quantity systems in Estonian and Inari Saami . (Dissertationes linguisticae Universitatis Tartuensis 35.) Tartu: University of Tartu Press, 2019. 148 lk
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According to vocabulary researchers, it has never happened before that in such a short time so unusually many words on a single topic have such a strong impact on vocabulary as those on the topic of the corona pandemic. The anglicisms in the media reporting on the Covid-19 pandemic are particularly striking. The article deals with the differences in the frequency and spread of anglicisms in German and Bosnian. Many anglicisms are still under observation, e.g. lockdown, cluster, homeschooling, zoom party, social distancing. In Bosnian, for example, in addition to the English borrowinglockdown, one can also findzatvaranje and zaključavanje. The existing Bosnian word karantena is not used for the corresponding measure of strict isolation. Our own research is carried out here on such and similar phenomena in the vocabulary of the two languages. Examples from the newspaper articles mainly in the media sources “Die Zeit” and “Oslobođenje” serve as the corpus.
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The paper focuses on morphological and semantic adaptation of noun anglicisms denoting natural gender. The analysis was performed on the anglicism examples denoting natural gender from the Dictionary of anglicisms by Ibrahim Cedic (2008). Morphological adaptation was analysed in terms of zero, compromise and complete thransmorphemization. Semantic adaptation was analysed in terms of primary and secondary adaptation. The results indicate a need for further research and understanding of contrastive differences between the English and B/C/S language in terms of gendered language use, and, within that, the way anglicisms contribute to it. The analysis is of immense significance not only due to the better understanding of the process and levels of morphological and semantic adaptation but also the differences in understanding of gender category, and the importance of natural gender denotation.
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The words from Latin and Greek have different adaptations in our languages caused by different ways of their arrival to our region and by the languages that served as intermediaries between the donor language and the recipient language. In this paper, we consider the adaptation and use of these words in Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian in the official gazettes in B&H.
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The beginnings of dialectology in Bosnia and Herzegovina are related to the end of the 19th century – to Šurmin’s works from 1895, to Rešetar’s Questions about the Speech of the Common People, and to the survey of the National Museum in 1897. The first half of the twentieth century yielded only a dozen of works, whereas the second half of the last century was very fruitful. More modest dialectological activities continued in the early 21st century.Bosnian-Herzegovinian speeches have been fairly equally researched in about thirty monographs, in numerous large- and small-scale researches, in linguistic geography endeavors, and they have been summarized in several syntheses. Phonetics was most elaborated, then morphology; less emphasis is placed on accent and syntax, and the least to word formation and vocabulary.
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The aim of this paper is to record and preserve in memory the unique linguistic treasure of one part of the Konjic municipality, more specifically the speech of the broader area of Gorani, that linguistically and territorially belongs to the part that has traditionally been called Klis. The paper has analyzed exclusively the speech of the local Bosniaks and has been the result of a decade-long recording of the lexicon and other linguistic features of the Gorani speech, produced by means of direct, spontaneous and directed conversations with the speakers.The peculiarities of the Gorani speech at the phonetic level are most obvious in one-syllable replacement of jat (djéte, sjȇno) and jekavian iotation (snjȇg, ljéha); secondary jekavian elements (djérat,vjȇr), as well as the consistent usage of ikavian words (nèdilja, kùdilja, sìkira); frequent usage of the ść/ś and źđ/ź groups(śćȃp/śȃp, ògnīśće/ògnjīśe, gvȏźđe/gvȏźe); the preservation of the sound h (hádet, herèza, zȍhōr), as well as the sound j in sequences dj (mèja, grȃja) and jd (dóji, póji). Morphologically important features include: infinitive without final -i (rádit, ȉć), imperative morpheme dȇr/dȇra (nȕdēra, dȅdēra, ùzmidēr), female names ending in -e (Fáte, Zláte) and -o (Šémso, Šéhro). The basic lexical feature of this speech is the preservation of a large number of Turcisms (àlčak, pàrmak, fȗrda) as well as the lexicon unique to this region (śućúrevica, gȏśica, ròvača, tàndrc, cȉba, lága, záli).
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Review of: Inkerikot, setot ja vatjalaiset. Kansakulttuuri, kieli ja uskomusperinteet. (Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran Toimituksia 1467.) Edited by Kati Kallio, Riho Grünthal ja Lassi Saressalo. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2021. 504 lk.
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Our research question is whether the remarkable morphological diversity observed in dying Finnic languages occurs just on community level, or is it also characteristic of the usage of a single speaker. To answer this question we take a closer look at idiolect variation in a hitherto unexplored variety of Karelian, namely, the Kolvitsa dialect spoken in the Kola peninsula. Examining lexical, morphophonological and morphological variation we focus on the possible reasons behind the use of parallel forms. We observe that lexical variation is often conditioned by dialect geography, i.e. it depends on the origin of the (grand)parents of Kolvitsa residents from different regions of White Sea Karelia, whereas in the case of morpho(phono)logy the main factor behind choice and alternation is erosion of language structure.
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Apart from Estonian, some other language – from local dialects to major languages such as German and Russian – has usually been spoken in parallel on the Estonian territory. As a result, the literary culture of the local (small) language came to evolve in dense contact with some foreign literatures and cultures. However, there is still no thorough analysis of how the historical change in the linguistic situation manifests itself in Estonian literature. The aim of our article is to draw attention to the multilingual nature of the Estonian literary field by giving a historical survey of the relations, contacts and intertwining of the languages used in Estonian poetry from the 17th century to the present. To reflect the multiple facets of multilingualism revealed in poetry we mainly use a four-level approach based on Jaan Undusk’s typology of Estonian-German cultural contacts, adding literary field as the fifth level covering whatever is left over. Thus, we treat multilingualism as a phenomenon observable within a language, text, author, and the literary field. In terms of this study, intralinguistic multilingualism means language mixing in otherwise monolingual poetry, intratextual multilingualism refers to abrupt transitions from one language to another (code switching) within a text, while author multilingualism assumes a multilingual poet. Multilingualism within the literary field covers, apart from the phenomena just mentioned, literary subfields in different language variants (e.g. literature created in South Estonian, or Russian, but on the Estonian territory). First, we will survey multilingualism in Estonia poetry before the Republic of Estonian was established in 1918, concluding that German being the major culture language up to the beginning of the 20th century, all poets, whatever their ethnicity, must have been fluent in two (or more) languages. The next period analysed spans the 20th century. The local Estonian poetry of the Soviet period stands out, with a few exceptions, for an consistent use of the Estonian language, while some of the expatriate poets would also use English or Swedish. Third, we analyse contemporary poetry, where multilingualism is manifested not only by the use of local minority languages but also by intertwinings with English, Chinese or Japanese, thus giving evidence of an open society. Based on the picture emerging from the article we can say that apart from a historical overview the multilingualism of Estonian poetry also needs a closer poetic analysis.
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The early 20th century brought an awareness of a dire need for the standardization of Estonian. The article discusses the trends and views characteristic of Estonian corpus planning at that time, focusing on the role of the approach based on actual language use, which is the most prominent principle in language planning in Estonia today. In the beginning of the last century, when most Estonians still spoke their local vernacular, it was known as the vernacular approach. Although the language reform initiated by Johannes Aavik and the language-regulation led by Johannes Voldemar Veski differed in many ways, they both found vernacular Estonian to be a source of inspiration as well as valuable material for enriching standard Estonian. Both agreed on the legitimacy of changing the vernacular elements (phonetics, morphology, syntax, as well as semantics of the elements) according to the needs of standard Estonian. Consequently, both of the dominant stances and practices of corpus planning of the time followed standardization from above, which is common for communities still in the process of creating their own language standard (see, e.g., Rutten, Vosters 2021). The opposing views were the natural development approach mainly represented by Jaan Jõgever and Kaarel Leetberg, and the democratic approach led by Andrus Saareste. Those two resisted (to different degrees, though) artificial systematization and intervention in the language, arguing that corpus planning of a language should be based on its usage, i.e., the vernacular. Thus, the latter trends supported standardization from below (see Elspaβ 2021). The article has two aims: to present the views of different language planners at the time by illustrating their ideas with abundant quotations, and to analyse the vernacular approach in their major works.
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Review of: Mirjana Matea Kovač, Govorna fluentnost u stranome jeziku, Sveučilište u Splitu, Filozofski fakultet, Split, 2020.
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Borrowings from the German language in the linguistic literature are called Germanisms. They are part of the integrated lexicon that entered the Bosnian language as a result of Bosnian-German language contacts. Through this paper, their presence in the areas of the Bosnian Krajina is analyzed and the results of research on Germanisms in the language of the most widely read newspapers in the Bosnian-speaking area of the Bosnian Krajina are presented. These are the daily newspapers "Dnevni Avaz" and the weekly local newspapers "Krajina", "Moja Sana" and "Reprezent" (published between 2008 and 2020). The research was conducted on 8420 excerpted Germanisms. The main goal of this paper is to identify Germanisms, and to present their representation and distribution in regional newspapers. First, Germanisms were excerpted from the supraregional newspaper "Dnevni Avaz", which is the most widely read in Bosnian cities. Then the local newspapers of Bihać, Sanski Most and Velika Kladuša were taken into account. A separate corpus was compiled for each newspaper, which was then compared with other corpora in order to show the similarities and specifics of Germanism in different parts of the Bosnian Krajina. The result is several Germanisms specific to the Bosnian Krajina-speaking area.
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Review of: Маричић Месаровић, Сања (2019). Апелативи у говорном језику младих у Србији и Шпанији. Нови Сад: Филозофски факултет
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This paper deals with the acquisition of plural forms in German and Croatian by simultaneously bilingual children growing up in Vienna. At the age of 3 and 4, the children were tested at home and in their kindergarten on four different occasions (3, 12, 3 and 12 months apart) in order to examine their development of plural forms using a mixed-method approach, i.e. formal plural tests, spontaneous speech recordings, and a semi-spontaneous picture story. The results are related to monolingual and successive-bilingual data. The data gained from the experiment suggests that there is a mutual influence between the two languages in the production of plural forms.
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The term dvotočje (colon), confirmed by Croatian tradition, and the term trotočje (ellipsis, three dots) derived in accordance with it, have recently been pushed out of use. The paper explains the reasons in favour of the use of both these terms.
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Reader M. M., a proofreader for a reputable Croatian newspaper, asked us if the genitive form of the plural noun company > vrtaka is valid. The noun company is not a new noun, it is not a novelty of our time. It is also confirmed in Šulek's Dictionary of Scientific Nomenclature from 1874 (p. 1202) in the form of tvrdka as bohemianism in the botanical nomenclature (lat. sterium), but also the translation of tal. the word firm. Here we are talking about the company as a company or enterprise, so not as a botanical name.
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Whereas many children in bilingual settings do not speak the minority language, very little is known about receptive bilingualism from the onset of speech and about such bilinguals activating their dormant language. Drawing on longitudinal ethnographic data, this paper reports on a case study of a receptive simultaneously bilingual Lithuanian-German boy who later started speaking both of his languages. Parents can do much for their children’s bilingualism, but the child’s agency is very important as well. The latter is much determined by the macro-socialisation factors, primarily by the communicative motivation of the child to use the minority language outside the bilingual home. Next to confirming possible insufficiency of the OPOL model, the paper demonstrates how quickly passive languages can be activated and highlights the importance of continuity of input and the value of receptive bilingualism.
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We examined the general attitude to new feminine titles, as it formed in the media in 2021, and the overall image of social feminine titles currently prevalent in the Serbian media, all by way of ascertaining the reasons for acceptance or non-acceptance of new social feminine titles that were articulated in the media. Having defined the necessary terms (discrimination, gender equality, social feminine title and so on) and after a brief review of the social context that made social feminine titles a hot topic in the Serbian media in 2021, we analysed the relevant media texts that present the various positions on social feminine titles. The method of qualitative content analysis was applied, as it was deemed the most fitting methodological procedure for extracting both the arguments put forward in favour of, and those against social feminine title use. The research corpus consisted of media texts and official announcements by Serbian linguistic institutions on the subject of social feminine titles, collected from January to September of 2021. The basic assumption was that the dominant attitude in the media texts would be against new feminine title use, but also that both supporters and opponents of new social feminine titles would feel discriminated against, whether the discrimination came via opposition to or, conversely, via obligatory and consistent use of these terms.
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In the urban space of Łódź, this paper studies some anti-Semitic aspects of discriminatory discourse of football fans. Its main goal is to present how anti-Semitic discriminatory meanings are formulated and spread in the urban space and how particular socialgroups (football fans) organize the urban discourse. In the multimodal material from the urban discourse, we scrutinize verbal and visual forms of discrimination captured on the walls of buildings, parks, or shopping centres in various stickers, posters, and flags. This paper implies that the language of particular social groups goes beyond closed internet communication or stadium discourse to a more open social sphere. A consequence of the social polarization found in the analysed data may be the radicalization and vulgarization of language in general.
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