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The paper deals with the national and gender specificity of Jelena Dimitrijević’s travelogues. This specificity is significantly caused both by the phenomenon of women travelling, its literary representation (the female author achieves a special status leaving her home as the place prescribed by the patriarchal culture to women) and her own Balkan culture identity. Dimitrijević’s texts are analyzed here in connection with the concept of the Balkan orientalism and the theory of nomadic subject. The paper considers the explicitly transnational character of Dimitrijević’s writings.
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The author presents the linguistic-cultural picture of the relationship US / THEM (OWN / FOREIGN) on the basis of the accounts of elderly country inhabitants of the Lublin region. The material was collected between 1995 and 2005. The stereotype of someone from outside (one of THEM), entrenched in the consciousness of the subjects, is captured in several aspects: territorial, national, religious, cultural, psychological, in terms of lifestyle and appearance. The multitude of the criteria makes foreignness gradable. One of THEM is above all a Jew, because of the religion, occupation (trade), behaviour, clothes and appearance. At the same time, however, a Jew is close in the territorial sense, is one of US. A German is also foreign, with memories of WWII as a cruel person who hates Poles, who speaks an unintelligible language but is impressively clean and rich. The least foreign is a Russian or Ukrainian, a “brother-Slav”, sometimes treated even as one of US. The author also claims that the US / THEM contrast also has a purely linguistic nature manifested in the oppositions known / unknown, contemporary / old, and even standard Polish / folk dialectal Polish. Foreign is the thing unknown and distant, what belongs to the past (from the point of view of the younger generation) or to the present (for the older generation). Therefore the category of foreignness is not only gradable but also ambivalently valuated.
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The article discusses the ways in which subcultures are strengthened by the category US - THEM and the means of manifesting that category conditioned by the type of subculture and the degree of its social openness. The presence or the active creation of THEM enables one to form the image of one’s own group and the conviction of its superiority, which becomes the basis for an unwritten code of behaviour of its members. The observation is concerned with the language of contemporary subcultures, for it is there that the attitude of the group towards the world is most fully revealed, it is there that social and group conceptions, values, principles and norms have been entrenched. The analysis is concerned with subcultures of different degrees of social bond: from the open hip-hop, through the spontaneous communitas of football fans to the closed subculture of prison, where social order is based on ritualized verbal formulae.
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The article evokes John Austin’s theory of speech acts and its elaboration in the work of Anna Wierzbicka. The latter scholar proposes that the principles on which speech acts are based are different in different cultures, the claim being corroborated by a contrastive study of thanking and apologizing in the Japanese and Polish cultures. Semantic descriptions of three Japanese “linguistic gestures” are presented: arigato gozaimasu – thanking, gomen nasai – apologizing and sumimasen – apologizing or thanking, realized and interpreted in Japanese in a culture-specific manner. Thus, the command of Japanese involves not only the knowledge of vocabulary applied in accordance with the rules of one’s own tongue (purely linguistic competence), but also requires acquisition of communicative and cultural competence.
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The collective awareness of specialists in information technology (компьютерщики /айтишники), found in the folklore of their professional network, entirely belongs to the sphere of the comic (unlike in ``classical” folklore) and, hence, presents everyday problems through shortcuts, exaggerations and jokes. In Russian-speaking computer folklore, self-identification of programmers is grounded in their trade and language, rather than in ethnicity and citizenship, therefore the concept people is hardly activated; there is no patriotism or xenophobia. Programmers are indifferent to national differences. In their collective awareness, professional skill is the most important value and ethical requirements are reduced to the norms of professional discipline. A programmer views himself as a macho: he is successful both in a trade and with women. In computer folklore, sex is a frequent subject; love is much less frequent, and marriage or family are at the bottom of the list. Male chauvinism is in full swing and is aimed towards female programmers but also average female computer users. Male egoism is so natural and organic to programmers that it is hardly noticed by them.
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Hatay has been home to many different communities for centuries. For this reason, it is a colorful city with different ethnic origins, religions, beliefs and languages. In Hatay, customs, beliefs and traditions which belongs to different communities, have got mixed in time and influenced each other. In this multicultural city, there is no pure custom or traditions which is unaffected by other religions and languages. One of these effects occured in language use. Arabic and Turkish, which have been used together in the region for many years, have taken many things from each other. Transition between individuals who use both languages at the same time in their daily lives have revealed different oral characteristics. Previous studies about this subject have remained at theorical level, focusing mainly on language confusion created by bilingualism. Although this language confusion which mostly dealt with at syntactical level provides crucial information, this is insufficient to explain The Arabic and Turkish dialects in Hatay. Thus, in this study, the language confusion, which is mentioned at syntactical level at previous study, is discussed in detail for the first time in phonological, morphological and lexical levels. Our findings have been obtained through observing the daily dialogues of the source persons. In the article, which emerged as a result of the examination made by using oral sources, the religios and ethnic diversity in Hatay is mentioned briefly and the effects of Arabic and Turkish languages on each other through bilingual individuals are mentioned with examples.
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The aim of this study is to develop Turkish culture descriptors at B1 language level in order to enable the transfer of culture methodologically to foreigners learning Turkish. In the first phase of the process, only data on cultural items were scanned from a project carried out by the CEFR: A Framework of Reference for Pluralistic Approaches (CARAP 2012). From the data obtained, the data which the project writers called cultural areas formed the targets in the process of developing cultural descriptors. This data revealed the features of the content that should be employed in the preparation of Turkish culture descriptors. Based on this information, Turkish social information content was examined by scanning and document analysis methods in order to enable textbook writers to adopt Turkish culture descriptors easily into their content. The data obtained comprise the declarative knowledge competences of Turkish culture descriptors. Since the cultural skills of B1 language level should be limited by the skills and knowhow which would form the content of the Turkish culture descriptors, the cultural competences data of the Council of Europe B1 Threshold Level (2011) were analyzed by document analysis method. The data obtained were determined as limitations of B1 language level in the preparation of Turkish culture descriptors. In the light of all these data, Turkish Culture Descriptors were developed by taking into account the preparation criteria for descriptors stated in the context of the CEFR (2013).
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This paper examines the proportion between borrowed and non-borrowed words in Slovene dialects. The vocabulary is presented through linguistic geography, while lexical maps of Slovene dialect vocabulary from the semantic fields of 1) ‘human body’, 2) ‘family’ and 3) ‘friends’ show the spatial distribution of lexemes in Slovene dialects.
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By using the corpus found in the Antropografski rečnik dictionary by Prof. Nedeljko Bogdanović, PhD, the author analyses names used to designate a female person in the speeches of the Prizren-Timok zone from the grammatical, semantic, stylistic, and word formation aspect respectively. The corpus is composed of the nouns by which a female person is named according to both physical and internal spiritual characteristics. These names are characterised by rich semantic shades, as well as by word formation models that deviate from the standard idiom.
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Purpose of Article. The work aims to investigate the axiological concept of the concept as the content basis of post-folklore texts and the expression of their value dominants. The methodology of the research consists in the application of analytical, linguistic, axiological, and cultural methods within the study of the concept and concept sphere definition in the formation of axiological meanings of the post-folklore texts. The scientific novelty of the research is the application of the concept idea in terms of the study of the essence and content of the post-folklore creativity texts. Conclusions. As a result of the research, it was established that the post-folklore texts, which are formed in the Internet environment, contain basically well-pronounced axiological concepts, revealing both through the verbal component and through the visual (iconic). In the context of the general contextual field of postmodern culture, a new simulation of the interaction between the connotate aspect and the denotata takes place by imposing additional meanings on the initial message, which changes and transforms it. The game modes of communication become an integral feature of the postmodern attitude, expressed through parody, irony, comedy, laughter, satire, humor, based on the idea of recoding, re-evaluation, rethinking, creativity, and novelty, that is cultural creativity. Thus, the variability of the post-folklore texts, both purely verbal and using polymodal sign systems, determines the formation of stylistically meaningful expressive means.
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The purpose of the article is to identify symbols that specialize in traditional Ukrainian linguistic culture on the realization of negative meanings, to find out their origin and functional potential. The methodology is based on the application of an interdisciplinary approach to the study of Ukrainian phraseology and folk rituals. In addition to general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, a cultural-genetic method was used, as well as linguistic methods: descriptive, methods of functional analysis and conceptual-ideographic analysis. The scientific novelty of the research consists in identifying the symbolic designations of negative content, substantiating their prescription and relevance in modern communication. Conclusions. The article proves that symbols of negative meanings are a considerable and integral part of human communication. The research has shown that in Ukrainian linguistic culture the symbolism of negation is based mainly on the pagan ideas of the ancient Slavs, their faith in the power of nature. At the same time, the symbolism of the negation is inscribed in the global context, since its formation was significantly influenced by Christianity and the traditions of European culture. All this contributed to the ambiguity and ambivalence of certain characters.
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Promotional and advertising texts come in different forms and, nowadays, they represent a considerable amount of material on the translation market. Advertisements, brochures, websites, tourist guides, information campaigns, all these aim to achieve one major goal: that of persuading the reader to buy something, either a product or a service. Undoubtedly, their translation requires approaching some techniques, which, although they may vary depending on their typology, are all aimed at maintaining the same persuasive purpose. This often calls for in-depth cultural adaptation and, occasionally, thorough rewriting. Tourism advertising, the focus of our research, is no exception to it, engaging a lot of ‘creative translation’ of both language and other stimuli.
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The paper tackles the evolution of the symbolic language, more precisely, it focuses on a novel form of digital communication known as emojis. It has been commonly accepted that in the post 2.0 web era few concepts have been so richly delineated, have become so visible and have spread so rapidly in both mainstream and niche culture. The aim of this study is to highlight intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics which led to the mass popularization and use of emojis, as well as communicational implications pertaining to this phenomenon. From the standpoint of communication studies, the emergence of the concept has brought about valuable and interesting changes in both global etymology and semantics, thus identifying an inherent necessity to examine it. The present paper also aims to identify how teenagers from Western Romania, ages 14 to 18, use this new way of communicating and the reasons behind opting for emojis. Furthermore, the research conducted in Arad seeks to establish the specific aspects which shape the way teenagers use emojis when interacting among themselves and outside the dynamic of their preferred group.
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The article "Is this for Laughs?!? The Use of Humor as a Strategy in Advertisements" deals with the phenomenon of humor in advertising and focuses on the connection between the two areas. The characteristics and peculiarities of humor, its manifestations and the pros and cons of using it in advertisements will be examined. The corpus used for analysis consists of ads for food, toys and household items. The research aims to clarify how the implementation of the forms of humor in the advertisements for the selected product categories is done. The research method is not a classic qualitative content analysis according to certain criteria, but an interpretation of the advertisements from the perspective of the use of humor as a key component of the advertising message.
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The purpose of the article is to define the term mental identity, to find out the difference between the concepts of mentality and mentality by tracing their etymology, as well as to examine the essence of the influence of linguistic and cultural factors on the formation of mental identity. The methodology is based on an anthropocentric approach to the problem of studying the dialectic mutual influence between language, thinking and mental self-identification of a person within certain ethnolinguistic communities. Scientific novelty lies in the definition of mentality as a subjective, implicit, often non-reflective worldview-cognitive attitude of a person determined by the linguistic and cultural background, which sometimes has a conscious, but most often the spontaneous character of manifestation, in particular through stereotypical assessments and behavioral models, latent impulses and automatisms. Conclusions. Mental identity is built by identifying oneself with the mentality of a certain ethnolinguistic community. Its construction and determination are carried out by conscious or subconscious collective creative efforts of many generations during the centuries-old historical and cultural development under the direct influence of the linguistic and cultural factors of this ethnolinguistic community.
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The paper discuses views on Bosnian language in Mehmed-beg Kapetanovic’s brochures. In literature, these brochures are determined differently by genre, primarily with its historical and literal, as well as political and social significance. Today we look at them as a testimony of one’s period breaking point in which shift between two states and its cultural-civilization forms had occurred, which has been reflected in a special way in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, leaving the far reaching consequences on Bosniak’s overall social and cultural life. Within these brochures, Ljubušak talks about all current issues of that time, including the language name, which was one of the major challenges that faced new Austro-Hungarian administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina. On the other hand, other topics about which Ljubušak writes in these brochures will not be neglected, since some of them are actual in today’s historic moment.
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The aims of this paper are threefold: first, to analyse the ways in which culture is reflected in idioms; second, to discuss the role of body-part words in idioms; third, to determine the differences and similarities between the English and Georgian somatic idioms on the basis of a contrastive analysis. The somatic idioms play a special role in the formation of cultural specifics. This is due to the universal functions assigned to the somatic terms and their reference field. Somas are the semantic centres of idioms of various languages, including English and Georgian. Idioms with somatic centres may be considered as the virtual units containing information on non-verbal actions of a person and their emotions. From a general perspective, the universal feature of all languages is that the phraseology, as a cultural concept, is developed and fixed in the lexicon through communication. Multiword units express intellectual and affective meanings in the language. The idioms with soma-centres attest that many phraseologisms are semantically universal and have equivalents in other languages, in the present study, in Georgian and English. They sometimes function not only as metaphors but also as stereotypes and quasi-symbols of culture. National culture is reflected in a given language and it is revealed in socio-political life, art, literature, philosophy, science and technological development. The research proved that there are both differences and similarities between the English and Georgian somatic idioms. The analyzed multiword units have one common feature: the functions of the somatic constituents of idioms are very important, since in the majority of cases, they constitute the semantic cores of given idioms which reveal the meaning of the whole unit.
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The research is aiming to approach Geopolitics in the Columbus era by diachronic comparative analysis based on the eternal axis values-interests. The broad range of multifaceted opinions with regard to the assessment of America’s conquest by the so called conquistadors was launched by the Spaniards themselves, who were contemporaries of the historic events that took place back then, events which, to quote Tsvetan Todorov, made the world a closed place by their attempts to frame in both legislative and moral terms the emerging social, economic and other relations „with” and ”on” the newly discovered territories. In the more modern times, these assessments in Spain acquire political dimensions, facilitating in scope between descriptions such as physical and cultural genocide to knightly courage in the name of Christ. However, there is no doubt that what serves as grist in the mill, whether justifiably or not, in the vilification of the Spanish enterprise are the political rivals of Spain back in the 15th century, when the country did not shy away from transforming itself within less than a year from a territory that had been dominated for centuries on end by the Arabs to an expansionistic country. While the Anglo-Saxon model for invasion creates preserves, the Spanish model creates a society of mestizos, mulattos and creols. Thе pathos of denial is now-a-days partially calmed down and an entire continent speaks Spanish, while the globalizing world is dancing to the latino rhythm.
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The paper carries out a comparative analysis of the populist rhetoric and style of US populism and Venezuelan populism with the major aim to possibly identify commonalities and differences. Thus it has set the goal to outline the specific features of populism as a language and the possible theoretical and methodological framework within which it can be examined. The empirical material that has been subject to analysis comprises US President Trump’s tweets on Venezuela and Venezuelan President Maduro’s TV statements on the United in the period January –March 2019, at the height of Venezuela’s humanitarian crisis. The findings suggest that, despite the divergence in terms of political culture and ideological assumptions, the two populist leaders show strong similarities with regard to linguistic devices and discursive strategies. They are both involved in an anti-establishment discourse, where the status quo is rendered as a crisis situation that certainly needs immediate rectification and emergency measures. Such ideas are suggested through the use of coarse language and straightforward and vulgar vocabulary. The populist leader is presumably the mouthpiece of the moral and sovereign people and reportedly tends to speak the truth, which is suggested through the recurrent use of the modal verbs and rare use of any hedging devices. Their insistence on their version of the truth is fortified by the use of highly modal verbs such as shall and will. Furthermore, neither transitivity nor nominalizations are used. Instead the two world leaders make unequivocal assumptions about one another as the root of evil in a democratic world.
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