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Die vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Art und Weise der Übermittlungen von fremden Aussagen und der Identifikation der Informations- quellen in Zeitungsberichten. Der Journalist benutzt während der Berichterstattung meistens syntaktische Konstruktionen, wie z.B. Obersatzreste, um die primäre Infor- mationsquelle hervorzuheben und auf seine Vermittlerrolle bei der Berichterstattung hinzuweisen. Die Grundfunktion der Obersatzreste, welche die Worte des Journalisten enthalten, ist auf die fremde Aussage hinzuweisen, die Quelle der Modalität zu nen- nen und zu identifizieren, mit dem Ziel, den Inhalt des propositionalen Gehaltes als glaubhaft darzustellen und den Bericht als autentisch zu zeigen. Dieses Modell der Identifikation der Modalquelle konnotiert eine professionelle, objektive und neutrale Berichterstattung. In dieser Arbeit haben wir mit Hilfe der kontrastiven Analyse die vorerwähnten syntaktischen Konstruktionen beschrieben und gleichzeitig auf die Unterschiede in der serbischen und deutsche Sprache hingewiesen.
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The paper attempts to reflect on the evolution of the social norm and on linguistic and codification-related changes with regard to feminine personal nouns. The main aim is to posit and reflect on the problem of feminine forms in contemporary Polish on the basis of a critical comparison of opinions on their creation and use formulated by the Polish Language Council, a body issuing opinions and giving advice on the use of the Polish language. The significant differences in positions taken by scientists over the course of just a few years suggest that the issue of feminine forms was and continues to be to a large extent an element of the sociopolitical debate with an ideological, social and emotional tinge, rather than an issue resulting from the actual limitations of the language system.
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Speaking a foreign language implies more than knowing its vocabulary and grammar. As such, teachers of foreign languages should keep this in mind and consider also other aspects than the ones mentioned. Attention should be paid to pragmatics and cultural issues, among others. The present essay aims to highlight the importance of raising foreign language students’ awareness of national and international linguistic and cultural behaviours. It describes briefly the field of cross-cultural pragmatics, focusing on speech acts and their culture-sensitive features. Then, it turns to one of the most important types of speech acts, namely compliment exchanges. Taking into consideration the key role played in crosscultural communication by the appropriateness of compliments and their expected answers, the article proposes several activities to do in class in order to (1) raise students’ awareness regarding the importance of compliments for successful communication, (2) present them the usual patterns, topics, and cultural particularities of compliments, (3) familiarise students with possible communication threats, and (4) provide them with possible strategies to answer compliments. The activities are not restricted to students of foreign languages in general but are recommended also to those studying specialised subjects in foreign languages, such as communication, translation and interpreting.
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Croatian accentual norm is in a constant state of flux. Its stability is impeded, first of all, by two mutually intertwined forces: the nature of the accentual norm, which belongs to speech (dynamic dimension, individual realization), and the disagreement amongst linguists as to what to record and prescribe (in constant interaction between the stress accent and pitch accent systems). The modern accentual norm is obtained from non-orthoepical manuals, i.e. grammar books, dictionaries, handbooks (which further complicates the clarification of the orthoepical reality). We will conduct a comparative analysis of the approach, in modern handbooks, to accent alternations in morphology, falling accent in non-initial syllables in word formation, post-tonic length, uncertainties regarding lexical stress, etc. Grammar books and dictionaries approach the open questions in different ways and this paper gives an overview of the (systematic and non-systematic) solutions offered by linguists today, with the aim of presenting the dynamics of the codified norm (which carries the label of being “conservative” and “hidebound”). The changes in the modern norm are compared then to usus occurrences, illustrated by a narrower speech corpus – the speech of actors. In their orthoepical research, linguists resort to the speech of radio and television presenters, linguists in specialised radio and television programs, students of the Croatian language or phonetics, Croatian language teachers, etc., and, more recently, to the speech of actors reading audio books (MP3 files are available at www. lektire.skole.hr). Presenters, teachers and actors have always been perceived as quintessential competent speakers of the standard language, so close observation of their speech as one of the steps in the process of describing and prescribing is the basis of every orthoepical research. Since the modern speech/pronunciation (e-lektira, audio versions of school reading list books available online) has still not been analysed and valorised linguistically/orthoepically, and since it is available to those learning and listening to speech values in this type of material, the paper turns to the corpus with the intention of determining the basic features of pronunciation. Prose texts whose pronunciation has been analysed are those written in or translated into the standard language. Special attention has been given to accent (stress placement and stress shift) and to the prosodic word. Specific pronunciation traits (especially those related to the accentual norm) have been compared to those prescribed in handbooks. Finally, the accentual traits acknowledged by the modern conception of accentual norm and codification were clarified as well as those that are systematically ignored in modern prescription.
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Review of: Indira Šabić - Novica Vujović: Onomastika Barjamovice, Velestova i Markovine, Cetinje: Fakultet za crnogorski jezik i književnost, 2020, 198 str.
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The article the phenomenon of onymic fashion connected with a commercial attempt exploit characteristics and properties of Upper Silesian dialect lexemes as components of functional names promoting the subregion was described. Considering the complex polysystem of persuasive conditions, the names were described from the perspective of cultural linguistics, socjolinguistics and pragmalinguistics.
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The aim of this paper is to characterize the linguistic landscape of municipalities in Slovakia inhabited by Hungarian minority. Empirical data come from two sources: from BA and MA theses, which were defended in 2015 – 2020 at the Institute of Hungarian Linguistics and Literary Studies at the Faculty of Central European Studies, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra and from research project VEGA “Minority variety of the Hungarian language in Slovakia”. As part of the above field research, the linguistic landscape of 82 municipalities in which the Hungarian population makes up at least 20% of the population was mapped. The results fundamentally confirm the research findings of P. Laihonen, who studied linguistic landscape in two municipalities. In all municipalities, the most frequent language was Slovak, this applies to all types of analyzed signs with texts (inscriptions of state and municipal authorities, commercial and private signs). Slovak occurs on at least 80% of signs, the representation of Hungarian as the second most frequent language is between 25 – 55%. The most bilingual Slovak-Hungarian signs are in the southwest of Slovakia, where the largest Hungarian minority lives and where Hungarians form the local majority. On bilingual Slovak-Hungarian signs, the preferred language is Slovak, in terms of information content, it is a duplicate publication of information. Municipal authorities and the commercial sphere have the greatest influence on the formation of the linguistic landscape.
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Computer supported research of Hungarian dialects in Slovakia began in 2010 at the Institute of Hungarian Linguistics and Literary Science, Faculty of Central European Studies, Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra. The research is carried out using dialectological software developed by two researchers (Domokos Vékás and Fruzsina Sára Vargha) from Eötvös Loránd University in Budapest, creating regional dialect databases, first for the Žitný ostrov/Csallóköz region and then for the whole Slovakia Hungarian dialect region. Before a detailed presentation of research results and possibilities in the field of digitized dialectological data, the study briefly describes the methods and Hungarian results of digital dialectology. Based on Hungarian research in Slovakia, it shows how it is possible to generate maps showing the geographical and social distribution of linguistic phenomena and acoustic phonetic analyses of data aligned with sound files. Important results of digital dialectology in Nitra are recently published audiobooks of Hungarian dialects in Slovakia, which can be used in addition to the needs of the researchers as a collection of multimedia dialect texts in school education and in the promotion of dialects.
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The article deals with the typology of the paradigms of Hungarian verb and describes the phenomenon of the originally medial-reflexive -ik verbs of Hungarian. The article presents the problems caused by the use of the paradigm revived by the Hungarian language renewal in the 19th century and compares the use of the -ik verbs by bilingual Hungarian students in Slovakia with their contemporaries in Hungary. The result of the study shows that Hungarian high school students in Slovakia are more likely to search for standard variants compared to their Hungarian peers if they feel that using a non-standard solution could lead to a negative value judgment.
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Artykuł składa się z czterech części. W pierwszej autor przypomina początki formowania się lingwistyki kulturowej w Polsce, związane z wrocławskim programem badań nad polską kulturą narodową, utworzeniem konwersatorium „Język a Kultura” (też serii wydawniczej pod takim tytułem) i lubelskiego rocznika „Etnolingwistyka” w roku 1988. W drugiej podaje przykłady traktowania faktów językowych w perspektywie kulturowej, eksponując rolę słownictwa jako zwierciadła kultury. W trzeciej przedstawia 7-punktowe instrumentarium pojęciowe wypracowane w ramach lubelskiej etnolingwistyki kognitywnej (językowy obraz świata, stereotypy traktowane jako koncepty kulturowe, definicja kognitywna, punkt widzenia i perspektywa interpretacyjna; profilowanie bazowych wyobrażeń; wartości; podmiot doświadczający, konceptualizujący i werbalizujący). Na koniec na przykładzie jednego konceptu PRACA pokazane zostają efekty analizy z zastosowaniem przedstawionego tego instrumentarium pojęciowego. // The study consists of four parts. The first part is devoted to the beginnings of cultural linguistics in Poland, connected with the Wrocław-based programme for research on Polish national culture, the emergence of the “Language and Culture” research network (and a publication series with the same title), and the launch of the Lublin-based journal “Etnolingwistyka” in 1988. The second part contains examples of linguistic facts being viewed in cultural perspective, with a special role of the lexicon as the “mirror of culture”. Part three presents a repertoire of seven conceptual constructs proposed in Lublin cognitive ethnolinguistics (linguistic worldview, stereotypes as cultural concepts, cognitive definition, viewpoint and interpretive perspective, profiling of base images, values, and the experiencing, conceptualizing, and speaking subject). Finally, the fourth part illustrates the application of this theoretical framework in an analysis of the Polish cultural concept of PRACA ‘work’.
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Estonian and Hungarian given name usage can be said to be at opposing ends of the name regulation scale: the almost regulation-free Estonian versus the very regulated Hungarian. Speaking of what determines what is accepted and what is not accepted in given name usage, we have to take into consideration on the one hand official regulations and on the other the traditions that have developed over centuries. The historical background of the given name usage of Estonia and Hungary is somewhat similar: both countries have gone through a period of the language modernisation, a period of conscious language development as well as a period of formation of native name stock, all connected to the rise of the national selfconsciousness. In this context the Hungarian name stock renewal can be seen as an indirect example to Estonia. The paper discusses the development as well as the current situation of the given name regulations in both Estonia and Hungary in comparison to the regulations of some other European countries. We can see similarities between the Estonian, Finnish and Swedish laws, all of which have few restrictions. This is in contrast to the Hungarian name law, which has features in common with that of Latvia – both require that names be spelled in accordance with spelling conventions of the respective national language, and also with Icelandic regulations, whereby given names can only be chosen from an approved list and traditions date back many generations. Estonian and Hungarian name practices have been influenced by certain features, among which the most important has been the timing. The tradition of spelling names in accordance with Hungarian spelling convention dates back to the end of the C18th and beginning of the C19th, and has changed little since. This is in contrast to Estonia, where the current spelling system was introduced only as late as the second half of the 19th century. At this time the replacement of traditional loan names by new foreign names had begun, which was then followed by the recommendation to adopt native names. The quick change in the name stock within some 50 years made it impossible to determine a list of given names to choose from and people had already got used to both the free name creation and a huge variety of different names.
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Review of: Max Wahlström - Victor A. Friedman, Macedonian Studies 2 (Skopje: Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, 2015), 360 pp. (Available online at: http://ical.manu.edu. mk/books/FriedmanMacStudies2.pdf)
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In post-modernity, the human body is not a private domain of the individual, but the product of hegemonic cultural discourses. Because of short stature, the appearance of the body of a female with Turner syndrome may differ from the socially imposed ideal. As a result of growth hormone supplementation, it can achieve average height in a given community. In Poland, this therapy has been available since 2000, which means that women born before 1980 did not receive it, so their height significantly differs from the average in Polish society. In this study, testimonials of women with TS collected in semi-structured interviews were subjected to critical discourse analysis. The findings reveal that the body of those females with TS who have not been treated with growth hormone is categorized as non-normative and socially stigmatized, while the body of those who have undergone the therapy fits the socio-cultural schema of corporeality, which translates into psycho-social well-being of these women. Social expectations are reflected in the perception of their own body by women with TS and their adjustments to the social norm.
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The article analyzes materials from the Archive of V. Rozov. They contain knowledge important for modern historical linguistics and dialectology. The material is based on a deep and systematic study of charters from the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, which Rozov made in publications of 1917 and 1928. Basically, the Archive comprises manuscripts written in the Kyiv period, as well as from 1925 to 1940, when V. Rozov taught at the universities of Skopje and Zagreb. New archival materials, which have not yet been the subject of a separate historical and linguistic study, reveal the expansion of the scientific concept of V. Rozov – from studying the phonetics of the Volyn dialect and the charters of Švitrigaila to a generalized presentation of the classification of business documents of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries and dialectal differentiation of the language.
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What should be considered the central problem of linguaecology is the issue of protection of language quality (its various manners of existence: language use, system as well as individual and collective linguistic awareness) against destructive human impact, in particular culture, and protection of human health (individuals and human communities) against harmful language. The ecological nature of linguistic communication is determined not only by its axiological (emotional and moral) dimension but also, and foremost, by the intention not to harm oneself and others. In order to meet the challenges of our times (from climate crisis to hate speech), we need to oppose the view that human beings are selfi sh and aggressive by nature. This view contributes to us becoming like that. However, the true human nature is different: human beings are decent, they are homo cooperans.
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This paper analyses different variants of the Votic chain rune Kuza piippu? “Where is the pipe?” in the context of Votic-Ingrian convergent processes. The main focus is made on the alternation between the lexemes “granary” and “fence”, and the structure of postpositional phrases containing these lexemes. The analysis is based on 13 variants of the rune published by several researchers, and three variants of the same rune recorded by the author in the village of Luuditsa of the Kingisepp region. In different variants of Kuza piippu?, three lexemes alternate within the same line: ratiz ‘granary’, aitta ‘granary’, and aita ‘fence’. The paper concludes that the first variant is the original Votic lexeme meaning ‘granary’, the second one is an Ingrian word that was not fully adopted by Votic, and the third variant emerged as a substitution of the unfamiliar Ingrian word with the phonetically closest Votic word. The Ingrian influence is observed also in the postpositional phrase with the discussed lexemes (‘under the granary ~ fence’). In the earlier versions of the rune, one finds the postposition alla ‘under’ as a separate word. In more recent variants, the head noun and postposition are usually written together as one word, with a formative n between them. This n is the Ingrian marker of the genitive case that was later re-analyzed as the initial consonant of the postposition (alla > nalla). The research has revealed that even in the variants recorded from the same speaker, the combination of Votic and Ingrian elements is almost arbitrary. The Votic-Ingrian ratio is not as much a characteristic of the idiolect, but rather a characteristic of a particular text. Therefore, the idiolect cannot be considered as a minimal sociolinguistic object. The author introduces the notion of “variolect” as a language variant with a particular ratio of languages in contact that characterizes a given speech sample. The mixing of Votic and Ingrian in the western Votic villages is a vivid example of iterative convergence. The Lower Luga Ingrian that emerged as a convergent variety on the basis of several Finnic languages (Ingrian and Votic, most of all), gives birth to new contact varie ties when acquired by Votic speakers.
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