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Meilutė Ramonienė (moksl. red.). Miestai ir kalbos
Review of: Meilutė Ramonienė (moksl. redaktorė), Miestai ir kalbos. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2010. 321 p., ISBN 978-9955-33-634-1.
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Review of: Meilutė Ramonienė (moksl. redaktorė), Miestai ir kalbos. Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2010. 321 p., ISBN 978-9955-33-634-1.
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This article introduces the themes of the special issue. It offers a provisional working conception of “political humour.” It then notes some of the tendencies and challenges for scholarship on political humour, namely, that political humour interacts contingently and conditionally with intentions, contexts, and audiences. The individual articles of the special issue are briefly summarized, and some concluding lessons drawn.
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Humour has a unique way of delineating social boundaries, and comedy can function as a double-edged sword; it can strengthen bonds and bring people together, or divide through provocation and violation of social norms. As a consequence, humour controversies are telling events that contain the possibility of highlighting cultural and political sensibilities – even more in the current political landscape, with increasing media fragmentation. This study analysed four humour functions through the theoretical lens of media framing, via three cases of humorous content that caused controversies in the Swedish news media. These cases were one divisive radio roast of a politician, one TV satire segment that was received as racist, and one audio podcast with young women who challenged a Swedish political consensus climate. Framing is the power of media to select and highlight certain aspects of issues, and by extension, shape public opinion. By subjecting the media coverage of these three controversies to a qualitative content analysis, the framing was examined and discussed in the light of four humour functions: identification, clarification, enforcement, and differentiation (Meyer 2000). Furthermore, the study examined the media context and the role it played in the framing of the controversies. One main finding was that the most uniting humour function of identification could be transformed into the most dividing humour function of differentiation through a shift in media context.
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This article explores the use of photography and visual motifs as forms of political humour in contemporary media. By studying the representation of former Prime Minister of Spain Mariano Rajoy in the front pages of three Spanish newspapers (El Mundo, El País and La Vanguardia) between 2011 and 2017, the paper identifies and questions the liaisons between power and satire present in the so-called “serious” press, focusing on how different photographic traits concerning layout, composition and gestures reflect ideological choices. This photographic satire developed by printed media is then framed within a figurative tradition that goes back to Spanish royal portraiture, from Velázquez to Goya, which employs common strategies for the visual depiction of power, including satirical and humorous attributes to push specific political agendas. This examination, based on the quantified study and the visual analysis of more than 7,500 front pages, is part of the national research project Visual Motifs in the Public Sphere: Production and Circulation of Images of Power in Spain, 2011-2017. In order to determine a useful procedural approach to satirical expressions in photographs, defining which front pages invoke a remarkable satirical content, this article also presents a comparative study and a categorisation based on formal (im)balances related to the concepts of visual motif and humour.
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A considerable body of academic literature has lauded political satirists as rebellious defenders of democracy and free speech against an establishment. Although satire is not always rebellious, this reputation of satirists and of satire may itself be the object of partisan capture. In this article, it is the object of capture by right-wing populists. In that respect, satire and the meta-discourse about satire can be used like any political rhetoric in gathering like-minded allies, claiming standards, and fighting opponents. With the Danish cartoons crisis of 2005-2006 and the Charlie Hebdo massacre of 2015, proponents of culture wars rhetoric added satire to their list of Western cultural legacies that needed defence against Islamic terrorism as well as left authoritarian elites who suppressed free speech through political correctness. They constructed simplistic global political dichotomies about satire, free speech, and civilisation and lifted events out of local contexts in a process of global framing. The culture war rhetoric was absolutist in support of free speech and satire on the international level. But the national level reveals the hortatory and partisan side to this rhetoric and the complexities that belie the absolutist stand. Nations are the arenas where struggles over free speech and political humour are played out.
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This paper examines occurrences of humour in Twitter-fed celebrity-follower communities. Using a small, one-month sample of the Twitter feeds of 12 British celebrities, we examined political and humorous content of celebrity tweets and the first five responses from their followers. From this preliminary study, we found that the notion of “weirdisation” strongly emerges, together with the new conceptual tool of “shards of humour”.
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The paper entitled "A Semiotic Analysis of Political Cartoons; Case study: the Romanian Presidential Elections in 2014 and 2019" offers a reflection on political cartoons published in the quality newspaper Evenimentul Zilei during the two election campaigns. The corpus of the analysis consists of 50 examples (35 examples on the 2014 elections and 15 on the 2019 elections) and pursues the answering of the following research questions: What are the main themes depicted in the cartoons? What are the linguistic and visual characteristics of the cartoons? What semiotic messages are encoded in the selected cartoons? What differences can be identified between the cartoons of the two election campaigns? The chosen analysis model is derived from Roland Barthes` theory on denotation and connotation and the cartoons are analysed according to the following three types of messages: the linguistic, the visual and the symbolic message.
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Taking into consideration the tourism phenomenon in Albania, from few numbers of tourists in the past to large numbers of foreigners visiting the country and, thus, contributing to the improvement of the economy, this paper aims to investigate the diverse types of tourism offered to the foreigners. Therefore, a corpus of tourism travel guidebooks published in Albania in the English language used for the country`s promotion in the world was analyzed to throw light on what kind of tourism is promoted in the texts and how. The approach utilized here is corpus linguistics and it is both quantitative and qualitative. The results indicate that tourism is not only intended for the summer holidays, but it is offered in various forms. There are several choices provided to visitors such as coastal, green, historical, cultural, winter and adventure tourism. The diverse types of tourism presented through this data analysis led us to the belief and thought that this text is trying to attract future visitors of all ages and a range of personal interests. In other words, there is anything for anyone and, so, one is not restricted to visiting Albania only in the summer but all year round.
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The article aims to overview the Lithuanian words that are supposed to be of Hungarian origin or may be linked to Hungarian in an indirect way. Most of these lexemes have been borrowed through Polish, less often through German, Belarussian or Russian during the 16–18th centuries. They belong to specific thematic groups like military terms, names of military uniform details or names of products that were imported into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the former Kingdom of Hungary. In many cases a significant change in the semantic of the lexemes can be observed. It is worth noticing that only a small number of these lexemes is being known and used in contemporary Standard Lithuanian, as these words belong rather to dialectal or historical lexicon.
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The aim of the article is to characterize the sources of vocabulary used in the scouting community. The research material was taken from the internal sources – scouting handbooks, as well as the external sources – general language dictionaries. The words were excerpted based on the theory of semantic fields, and their primary thematic fields were indicated (i.e. the areas from which their meanings were transferred). Then the material was analysed with regard to the mechanisms of appearing in the scouts’ lexicon. In the researched set loanwords (both internal and external), neologisms, and neosemanticisms were observed. The latter were divided by the author into proper, specifying, and collocative ones.
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This article attempts to answer the question of which lexical units belong to the semantic field of poverty and wealth in the Podhale dialect. The material basis of the study are the dialectal texts, mainly the memoirs of Podhale Gorals, but also some pieces of recollective literature, and the folk tales. The analysis of the amassed material indicated the lexemes and phrasemes, both belonging to the general Polish language, and characteristic of the Podhale dialect. From the analysis of the contexts conclusions can be drawn as to valuing people in a rural community based on the amount of their property. In language it is manifested by the words with semantic components related not only to the material status, but also the social role.
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The paper addresses issues related to language and gender, and discusses research on the frequency of adjectives in language of male and female characters in a TV drama series “Homeland”. The empirical part of the study uses as its theoretical background the classic works in the field (Lakoff 1975; Butler 1990; Meyerhoff 2006), which identify gender specific language features and define factors that determine male-female language differences. The research was conducted manually, with a limited support of electronic tools, on a personally created language corpus consisting of dialogue lines from the TV show. The results clearly show that the frequency of adjectives in female speech in the context of the TV series is higher than in male speech in the analyzed corpus.
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The study explores the translator’s decision-making process and implementation of strategies and techniques in the English rendition of the contemporary Polish detective novel entitled Seans w Domu Egipskim. The main objective of the study is to analyse various translation problems, such as culturemes and idioms, and consider pragmatic gaps that may occur in their rendition from a language of limited diffusion, like Polish, to a dominating language, like English. Dynamic and contextualised strategic analysis conducted within the ARTS methodological framework and based on Pym’s minimalist competence model (2003) leads to observations on the nature of cultural knowledge, awareness of cultural meanings encoded in culturemes and pragmatic assumptions in intercultural communication. Conclusions from the conducted case study emphasize the mediating role of the translator in “playing the strategic translation game” and overcoming communicative barriers imposed by the cultural distance.
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The Covid-19 pandemic has prompted a crisis with consequences for public health, but also with economic, social and cultural implications that have affected all layers of society to a greater or lesser extent. Communication has been impacted by the immediacy and virality of messages and misinformation has galloped across social platforms. Against this backdrop, memes have emerged as a powerful means to channel citizen sentiment. During the Covid-19 crisis, social sciences and, in particular, the study of social interaction through digital platforms has played a significant role. A study of these digital objects is essential to understanding social network-based communication during the pandemic. The qualitative research reported here analyses the role of memes in communication on Covid-19, studies their development and defends their status as one of this generation’s cultural artefacts that, as such, merits preservation. Meme evolution is studied using Kübler-Ross’ (1969) stages of grief, which has been applied in a number of contexts involving psychological change. A corpus of 980 memes was analysed according to iconographic and sociological criteria. Studying memes in those terms both brings information on the evolution of citizens’ concerns to light and proves useful to identify the trends present in social media communication around the pandemic. The challenges to be faced in meme preservation are defined, along with the ways in which heritage institutions should ensure the conservation of these cultural objects, which mirror early twentyfirst century communication and world views and, in this case, provide specific insight into one of the most significant historical circumstances of recent decades.
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This paper looks at the importance of aggressive humour in the discursive construction of a ‘Yakshini’ character in a popular Chinese sitcom, Ipartment. The exaggerated, aggressive nature of such a stereotypical character undermines traditional cultural norms of Chinese femininity. Such characterisation of a heroine through aggressive humour in a popular sitcom reflects the fact that empowering women has become (or is becoming) more acceptable in contemporary China.
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Humour plays a significant role in everyday interactions. Individuals perceive humour differently and experience various emotions, from exaltation to umbrage. Therefore, providing humorous communication in customer service is challenging. The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of humour in a tourism customer service context. In the first part of the study, representatives of Estonian tourism companies were asked their opinions about using humour in communication with their clients. They provided examples of the use of humour in customer service situations, which were then evaluated by potential tourists in the second part of the study. The results of the evaluation were analysed in relation to the respondents’ sense of humour. The findings were discussed in line with the four implicatures of humour.
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This paper is dedicated to Lithuanians, one of the smallest national minorities in Poland. It characterises the Lithuanian community, which densely populates the Podlasie region in three clusters (Puńsk, Sejny, Suwałki). The study presents the last century’s history of the Lithuanian education and culture, including differences between the Puńsk and Sejny centres. Lithuanians’ strong sense of national identity is closely connected with their mother tongue, culture and traditions. The minority’s community nature is evidenced by the high prestige and broad scope of use of the native dialect. The functions of the primary and secondary languages are clearly specified by the Lithuanian- or Polish-speaking recipient. The transformations occurring in the Southern Aukštaitian dialect are aimed at unification of the Sejny and Puńsk dialects in younger people’s speech and creation of a regiolect. Interference under a strong influence of the Polish language is noticeable at all levels of the primary language.
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The main purpose of this article is to show the influence of globalization-related social and cultural changes on the language and linguistic perception of the world presented by the oldest inhabitants of a contemporary village. The research material contains the informal utterances of respondents aged 65+, which were collected during geographical research from 2011 to 2020 in the area of Wręczyca Wielka municipality near Klobuck in the north of Silesia Province. The first part of the article is a short description of the traditional rural community. Next, the author describes the changes which have been seen in Polish villages since 1945. In the second part, on the basis of the respondents’ utterances, the author shows the influence of the aforementioned changes on the language and linguistic perception of the world of the oldest inhabitants of Wręczyca Wielka municipality.
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