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Translating boundaries with restaurant menus. Strategies to translate traditional Tuscan food items into English

Author(s): Isabella Martini / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

Florence and Tuscany are popular tourist destinations in Italy. Tourists visit the city and the surrounding countryside looking for scenic views and artistic landmarks, as well as to experience the local food culture. The idea for my paper originated with having to translate a restaurant menu – which arose numerous methodological questions. In particular, questions regarding how to examine traditional menu items from a linguistic standpoint and how to actualise effective translations for the real transactional situations where menus are used - i.e., buying a meal. The aim of this paper is to discuss some strategies devised to translate culture-bound menu items not only to help intercultural restaurant transactions, but also to increase awareness of the local culture. The paper also aims to generate debate on how menus, thanks to strategic translation choices, could be considered another “textual” opportunity which might contribute to help crossing cultural boundaries.

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Anglicismos en el español contemporáneo – un análisis etimológico

Author(s): Anda Lucia Ciltan / Language(s): Spanish Issue: 2/2021

This paper focuses on current anglicisms in Spanish, but offers also a short theoretical view on the contact between Spanish and English and also between Spanish and German, Arabic, French and Italian, following Dworkin’s perspective (2012), who wrote a complex history of the Spanish vocabulary. The analysis part of the paper represents an etymological analysis on five terms coming from English, which involved searches in different corpuses and dictionaries, like the Historical Dictionary Corpus (HDC) and the Dictionary of the Spanish Language by Real Academia Espanola. The anglicisms are relatively new lexical entries in Spanish, and their use was accentuated at the beginning of the 21st century, for example: bloguero, chat/chatear, e-mail, beisbol, sueter.

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Problemi traduttivi a proposito di A Distant Shore di Caryl Phillips

Author(s): Alessandra Lipari / Language(s): Italian Issue: 2/2020

The author has translated into Italian for the first time a significant passage of the seventh novel by contemporary British author, Caryl Phillips, “A Distant Shore”, and has analysed translationally and metalinguistically the problems concerning the transition from the source text to the target text. In particular, we have focused on the morphosyntactic level, on the pragmatic level and, above all, on the lexical level. The translation work and the analysis of the problems connected to it have allowed, on the one hand, to enter the author's writing laboratory and, on the other, to verify the consistency of translation theories in vogue. It has been noted that, in any case, the translator must also open his/her own laboratory in which to combine metatranslation knowledge, adherence to the source text and own creativity in problem solving.

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Modele conceptuale pentru formarea deprinderilor de comprehensiune literală și contextuală integrată în procesul de lectură

Author(s): Marcel Bâlici,Nadejda Bâlici / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2020

The paper tries to identify the methods of connection between different synaesthetic centers for the reception of reality and gradual implementation of the didactical techniques in the layered models of display of the read messages. The level of complexity of interpretation is literal and contextual, but this stage is essential for the determination of the action vector according to the learning strategy. Contextualized comprehension represents the practical elaboration of the methods of approach of an understanding in a st5ratfied aspect and staged guidance, from segmental phonetic units to the appropriation of circumstantial structures of communication. Contextualization at intersegmental level/ fragments of lexeme implies intrinsic elements of the literal understanding and contextual, through the stratified method of applying didactical techniques.

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Deep culture-rooted stereotypes: a contrastive study of Romanian and Spanish cultures through ethnic-referring expressions

Author(s): Victor-Emanuel Ciuciuc / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The contrasts that sometimes exist between what is said literally and what is really meant, the adequacy of the sequences, as well as the adjustment of grammatical constructions to the context and the situation, or the adequate selection of the referent as a previous step for achieving full comprehension of the statements are three types of phenomena that elude a precise characterization in purely grammatical terms. Escandell Vidal (2013) emphasizes the importance of extra-linguistic factors that condition the effective use of language, including this characteristic in the definition of pragmatics that encompasses, in her opinion, "the considerations that determine both the use of a specific statement by a specific speaker in a specific communicative situation, such as its interpretation by the addressee " (Escandell Vidal 2013: 15). However, the fact that the relationship between language and reality is not straightforward (and subsequently, that language is not mere nomenclature) is apparent in the lack of lexical-grammatical correspondence between different languages– a phenomenon observable in different instances of language contact, including interlingual translation and language learning. Moreover, the same stimulus from reality is “interpreted” and rendered differently by different languages. Therefore, our analysis is a descriptive one, which will focus especially on the extra linguistic situation, in order to provide context, the register of use, the meaning, the communicative function, the use restrictions and examples of use. Altogether, all these pieces of information will help us contour the image that the analysed expressions depict. In order to do so, the following steps have been followed: selection of the ethnic-referring expressions; data compilation and the need of establishing a frequency of use for each expression, in order to identify the most frequently-used stereotypes; reference to the definition proposed by the dictionaries (and if considered relevant or/and available, the etymological data); reference to sociological and/or cultural data, when needed.

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Engagement in initiation, response and feedback in l2 classroom interactions

Author(s): Masoomeh Estaji,Meisam Mirzaei Shojakhanlou / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Engagement in the L2 classroom is consequential for enhancing the quality of L2 learning experiences; however, the exploration of engagement in the Initiation, Response, and Feedback (IRF) cycles has received scant attention in L2 pedagogy. This study reports on research, examining engagement in Initiation, Response, and Feedback moves in the IRF cycles. Video recordings and questionnaires were used to collect data from ten EFL classes, being directed by eight teachers, with 73 learners. Using a post-interaction questionnaire and conversation analysis of classroom interactions, the analysis of the data revealed 784 triadic cycles out of which 493 moves embodied engagement. The data showed that not only do the Response and Feedback stages afford L2 learners the opportunity to deliberate on Form-focused language-related episodes (F-LREs), Lexis-focused LREs (L-LREs), and Mechanical LREs (M-LREs), but they also promote social and affective engagement. The comments on the questionnaire also revealed a deeper understanding of the participants’ affective engagement. The findings revealed that certain features of the IRF cycles and peers’ contributions encourage engagement during the IRF cycles. The results also demonstrated that scaffolding, mutuality, reciprocity, back-channeling, and commenting on preceding contributions made L2 learners socially engaged. The analysis suggests that the IRF cycles can create ad-hoc chances for engagement in L2 classroom interactions.

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“Where got i that truth?” an analysis of external sources in English and Persian news reports on Syria

Author(s): Abbas A. Rezaee,Mohammad Mozaffari / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

While there has been a plethora of inquiries into reported speech, a cross-linguistic analysis of the source segments in political news reports is still a rarity. This study aims at a three-fold investigation: first, tracking the frequency, transparency, and types of the sources; second, identifying the strategies employed to introduce these sources in text, and third, interrogating the contextual elements. To this end, a bottom-up analysis of 120 news reports from four quality newspapers (Kayhan and Jomhouri-e Eslami from Iran and The New York Times and The Wall Street Journal from the U.S.), mainly informed by van Leeuwen’s (1996) model of social actors, was carried out. The findings suggest a heavy reliance of both sets of newspapers on external sources to fulfill their vested interests, although they varied significantly with respect to frequency, transparency, and type.

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Incidențe lingvistice și culturale comune româno- hispano/ britanice

Author(s): Adrian Damșescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2019

As it can be observed from the title, the study tries to analyze the linguistic and cultural coincidences that exist between Romanian language and culture on one hand and the two important languages of the world cultures: English/ British and Spanish/ Hispanic, on the other hand. The study is structured in two chapters, the first one dedicated to the linguistic analysis, while the second one focuses on the cultural study.

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Man, Machine and the Common Algorithm

Author(s): Gigi Mihăiţă / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Language is a space in itself establishing a bridge between at least two other spaces, us and the other one. The paper focuses on the interaction between our outer reality and our inner reality through language and what processes are involved, on how outer objects (events, situations, etc.) become inner objects (representations, concepts, etc.). We narrowed our interest to the verbal tense forms and the most elusive quantitative dimension, time. Our approach establishes a bridge between the “machine” and us through a common algorithm of defining objects in time.

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La metafora nella Lingua dei Segni

Author(s): Martina Granata / Language(s): Italian Issue: 1/2018

The article deals with a characteristic of sign language and especially of Italian Sign Language (ISL): metaphoricity and the consequent semantic indeterminacy that a sign can have. The oscillation of the meaning of a word in the oral language gives rise to the metaphorical phenomenon. The same is true of Italian sign language which, influenced by the culture of oral language, takes and makes its own everyday metaphors; an example is the expression “parlare a macchinetta” metaphorized in ISL as “segnare motore”, where the four formative parameters and the contributing facial expressions are combined to represent the metaphor. These extensions of meaning are a physiological fact of life of a language used daily and serve for greater expressiveness. The metaphor is, therefore, a mechanism that structures the linguistic activity, both for vocal languages and sign languages.

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Rolul „conectorilor de comunicare” în evoluţia mesajului profesional

Author(s): Maria Pruteanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2018

Being a special form of communication, the text and its communication connectors represent an important means of meditation on professional communication. It would be wrong to admit that the professionally oriented text should be marginalized by the professional communication issue which is the teaching-learning-evaluation of the Romanian language supported by “professional communication connectors”. From this point of view, the text with professional orientation occupies a perfectly legitimate place in the communicative approach of the Romanian language. What the medical practitioner discovers in a text with a professional message is “the language connected to communication”, thus the text of professional category also imposes the problem of the relationship between the form and the content in Romanian language.

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ALL ABOARD FOR NAVY ENGLISH! THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND PRACTICAL BENCHMARKS IN DEVISING A NAVAL TERMINOLOGY COURSE

Author(s): Laura Diana Cizer / Language(s): English Issue: 34/2023

In accordance with the idea that terminology acts as a bridge between the profession and the practice of languages, this paper gives the outline of a specialized course on naval (maritime) terminology in English. Firstly, it will define the concept of terminology and its importance in language teaching/learning; secondly, several guidelines in devising such a course will be set out. These will cover the most important elements ranging from the course name to budget expenses, referring to the target group, course justification, unit topics, training syllabus, course agenda, objectives, venue, etc. Thirdly, the paper will give a description of the course background, will put forward a model course and will point out its methodological principles. The paper will provide final conclusions related to the course delivery that argue for its importance as one of the tools that ensures understanding and using appropriately the range of naval vocabulary from an early stage.

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DISCURSIVE DEICTIC ELEMENTS IN RELIGIOUS DISCOURSE

Author(s): Alice-Iuliana Roșu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 34/2023

This corpus-based approach aims at identifying and analyzing the typology, structure and role of discursive person deictic (indexical) elements in conveying an oral message in different communicative religious contexts. The latter ones are characterized by specific data of enunciation and they correspond to some distinct discursive genres of the orthodox religious discourse from the functional point of view: religious lectures and lessons, occasional sermons, homilies, exhortations, paraeneses, etc. Having in view that deixis is one of the most important aspects of discourse pragmatic structure, the present study emphasizes that the enunciation elements find their reference by relating themselves to the real data of the situation of communication.

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Tożsamość zawieszona, czyli językowe formy poszukiwania i wyrażania tożsamości narodowej na przykładzie języka włoskiego

Author(s): Katarzyna Kwapisz-Osadnik / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2023

Katarzyna Kwapisz-Osadnik’s article is a reflection on Italian identity in the context of united Italy and the standardization of the Italian language. The purpose of the analysis of the linguistic exponents of expressing the subject of an utterance as a part of the research on subjectivity and the linguistic image of the world is to reveal the very essence of contemporary Italian national identity. The research corpus consists of both Internet portals, where users spontaneously express themselves and shift between their Italian and local selves (i.e., between I Italian and I Piedmontese), and online press texts addressed to all Italians and aiming to verify the Italian identity. The analysis shows that Italian identity remains suspended in favor of local identities immersed in the distinct regional histories and cultures and in the various languages.

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DEICTIC MARKS IN EDITORIALS IN ROMANIAN PRESS

Author(s): Eliza Pop / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 34/2023

Starting with Benveniste's theory of subjectivity, in this article we aimed to identify the deictic marks of person, space and time, in our corpus consisting of editorial texts that have the war in Ukraine as a pretext or central subject, in order to demonstrate that journalistic discourse is characterized by subjectivity.

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ALCOHOL IN MYTHIC SPACE: AN INTERDISCIPLINARY LINGUO-CULTURAL ANALYSIS

Author(s): Oleksandr Kolesnyk / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

This article addresses verbal means of denoting ALCOHOL in the context of the “mythic space”. Mythic space is regarded as the focal segment of a language worldview, the container of irrational axiomatic data quanta that function as basic categorization operators at different stages of civilization’s development. Primal “nano-myths” are reconstructed via etymological analysis of alcohol-containing beverages’ names in different European languages. The article discusses semantics and linguo-cognitive premises of the language signs denoting alcohol beverages in archaic Germanic worldview and in the presentday English-based pop-cultural worldview. The paper suggests a synthetic interdisciplinary interpretation of linguo-cultural implications of the said semantic and cognitive models.

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Łacińska humiliatio a staropolska pokora. Wpływ polszczyzny na łacinę w średniowieczu

Author(s): Anna Ledzińska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 75/2019

The paper discusses cross-linguistic interference observed while studying Latin humiliatio, humilitas (and additionally homagium, venia) and Old Polish pokora, referring to the statutory and customary legal practice of ‘public humiliation of the culprit, most often the murderer, and their request for forgiveness’. The research focuses on the linguistic and socio-cultural changes that made the juridical meaning of humiliatio, humilitas emerge. The paper offers a diachronic analysis of the development of a set of words that share the root humil*, followed by a synchronic study of the vocabulary attested in Old Polish, Old Czech, and in Medieval Latin used in other countries. The article discusses linguistic and socio-cultural factors that might have contributed to the development of the juridical sense of humiliatio, humilitas in Medieval Latin in Poland, and concludes with a hypothesis that the described sense emerged as a calque of one of the senses of the Polish word pokora.

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Marta Chojnowska, Małgorzata K. Frąckiewicz: Prawosławni łomżyńscy. Opracowanie ze słownikiem nazwisk w cyklu Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne w XIX i początkach wieku XX w Łomżyńskiem

Author(s): Henryk Duszyński-Karabasz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2023

Review of: Marta Chojnowska, Małgorzata K. Frąckiewicz: Prawosławni łomżyńscy. Opracowanie ze słownikiem nazwisk w cyklu Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne w XIX i początkach wieku XX w Łomżyńskiem. Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne Oddział w Łomży. Łomża 2020, ss. 182.

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Polykulturalität als Positionierungsstrategie siebenbürgisch-sächsischer Literaturperiodika (1907 – 1939)

Author(s): Sofie Dobbener,Heimo Stiemer / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2023

The most important Transylvanian-Saxon literary journals of the first half of the 20th century, Die Karpathen (1907-1914) and Klingsor (1924-1939), were published in Kronstadt (rom. Brașov, hun. Brassó). Both declared their commitment to the task of cultural mediation between Hungarian, Romanian, and German ethnic groups which, at the time, made up the complex demographic structure of the city. Despite the same social and political environment, the journals operated in different spaces. While Kronstadt was part of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy before the First World War, afterwards it was part of Greater Romania, where there was an increased Nazi radicalization of German-speaking minorities in the 1930s. From a field-theoretical perspective, this paper considers how the journals positioned themselves in the context of polycultural conditions. The results are subsequently compared with a quantitative-statistical analysis of the publication history. In this way, the function of polyculturalism in their literary positioning strategies is reconstructed both on a rhetorical and a publication-practical level.

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Representations of the Danube in Queen Marie’s Writings

Author(s): Cristina Ungureanu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Social geography is attached to territory and emerges from social relations and links that people weave with places. A geographical reading of literary works allows us to discover and outline representational strategies for a regional space. It is in this sense that this paper proposes to focus on the representations of the Danube River that Queen Marie of Romania revealed in her writings. Marie, like many other cartographers and scholars, was attracted by the Danube region, and, in her books, the Danube had a specific place. She evoked all her wanderings from plain to mountain, from hill to sea, leading us down to the banks of the Danube (with all its canals and lakes) and to the sea. We followed the itineraries of everyday life, both social and spatial, that the queen traced according to her position in society, her cultural model and imagination. It was a means, among others, of deepening the phenomena of identity (Bratosin 2007: 79) and her works are very rich in this sense, since they give us examples of values associated with these places. At this point, important aspects related to identity will be explored. Phoenix (2010: 298) suggests that “identities are socially constructed, multiple, potentially contradictory and situationally variable”. Identities are, in this sense, processes of becoming rather than of being (Hall 2006). Specific lexical and functional items are used for this purpose, both consciously and unconsciously (Lotte Dam 2015: 31). This paper tries to illustrate how personal pronouns, possessive determiners and pronouns and different adjectives, verbs or structures contribute to the construction of attached identities, all in connection with the way the Queen described the Danube River.

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