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Die Behandlung von arbeitsbezogenen Problemen in deutsch-litauischen Geschäftstelefonaten

Author(s): Rūta Eidukevičienė,Sidona Žvaliauskienė / Language(s): German Issue: 65/2013

Der Beitrag widmet sich einem bis jetzt in Litauen kaum untersuchten Thema, nämlich der deutsch-litauischen geschäftlichen Telefonkommunikation. Das gesamte Korpus besteht aus 42 Telefonaten. Den konkreten Untersuchungsgegenstand dieses Beitrags bildet ein authentisches deutsch-litauisches Geschäftstelefonat, in dem ein berufsbezogenes Problem bzw. ein problematischer Sachverhalt behandelt wird. Das Gespräch wird unternehmensintern im Rahmen einer fest etablierten Zusammenarbeit zwischen einer deutschen Mitarbeiterin des Stammhauses in Deutschland und einer litauischen Kollegin in der litauischen Niederlassung geführt. Bei der exemplarischen Analyse des Telefonats wird auf Ansätze der traditionellen amerikanischen Konversationsanalyse und der sich später im deutschsprachigen Raum etablierten Handlungsmusteranalyse zurückgegriffen. Auf dieser methodischen Grundlage werden die einzelnen Handlungssequenzen des Telefonats rekonstruiert und die von den Beteiligten zu bewältigenden Interaktionsaufgaben sowie deren Realisierung erläutert. Darüber hinaus wird deutlich gemacht, wie sich die Beteiligten am institutionellen und interkulturellen Kontext der Kommunikation orientieren bzw. inwieweit sie diese Kontexte als handlungsrelevant betrachten.

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Zum Ausdruck der Bewertung in deutschen und litauischen gerichtlichen Entscheidungen

Author(s): Virginija Masiulionytė / Language(s): German Issue: 66/2014

This paper deals with the expression of evaluation in German and Lithuanian court judgments in civil cases. The purpose is to analyze lexical and grammatical devices, used by the court – the source of evaluation in this text type – in its judgments to express its opinion towards certain objects of evaluation. The analyzed corpus consists of 10 randomly selected court judgments in German (44 522 words in total) and 10 in Lithuanian (38 347 words in total). The actual scope of the paper is a particular part of the judgments, namely, the grounds, in which the court examines the suit, pleadings of the parties, certain issues, facts and circumstances relevant for the decision etc. and gives its reasons for the decision. The respective parts of court decisions make up a subcorpus of 29 274 words in German and 18 693 words in Lithuanian. The main focus of the research are the aspects of evaluation, i. e. particular attributes of the objects evaluated. It has been found that in the analyzed court judgments the objects are evaluated in terms of success, merits, admissibility, veracity, reasonableness, persuasiveness, suitability, extent, probability etc. The research shows that lexical devices used in the court judgments in both languages to express the evaluation are typically formed on the same basis, e. g. tikėtina ‘(it is) probable’ and tikimybė ‘probability’, abejoti ‘to doubt’ and abejonės ‘doubts’, unangemessen ‘unreasonable’ and Unangemessenheit ‘unreasonableness’; zweifelhaft ‘dubious’, zweifelsfrei ‘free of doubt’ and Zweifel ‘doubt’. In comparison to the German court judgments analyzed, Lithuanian court judgments contain an wider diversity of specific lexical constructions containing verba dicendi and verba putandi, in which the evaluating subject is encoded explicitly. The constructions found include the following: teismas sprendžia, kad/jog ‘the court rules that’, teismas laiko, kad ‘the court assumes that’, teismas vertina, kad ‘the court assesses that’, teismas daro išvadą, kad ‘the court concludes that’, teismo vertinimu ‘upon the court’s assessment’ etc., whereas only the verb überzeugen ‘to convince’ and one construction with the derivate of the latter: zur Überzeugung des Gerichts ‘the court is convinced’ are found in the German judgments analyzed). Furthermore, it has been noted that in this text type, lexical devices are also used to indicate that the particular issue is not relevant in this lawsuit and is not going to be evaluated. In addition, the paper examines optional elements of the evaluative construction: motivations, intensifiers and de-intensifiers. The evaluation is enhanced both lexically and by combining two and more lexemes, whereas the signals of de-intensification vary in the analyzed judgments of both languages: in addition to grammatical means, diverse lexical modal words, such as kaum ‘hardly’, grundsätzlich ‘basically’, offenbar ‘apparently’, jedenfalls ‘at any rate’, vielmehr ‘rather’ are used in the German judgments, whereas in Lithuanian, there is mainly a participle of necessity employed in this way, and the lexical modifiers used are limited to the construction iš esmės ‘basically’.

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Politinė eufemizacija publicistinių straipsnių antraštėse

Author(s): Irena Smetonienė,Danutė Daučiūnaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 66/2014

The article is devoted to the analysis of realizations of euphemization in political discourse. Its focus is on news article headlines. The language data under study have been collected from the Internet news websites published in 2013–2014. The aim of the paper is twofold: to give an overview of recent cases of euphemization in news headlines, and to define functions, purpose and means of euphemization. The most frequently euphemized topics this year have been found to be war, military actions in different countries, politics and economics. The analysis of the news article headlines has showed that one of the main purposes of euphemization of social problems and political issues is to veil and cover up the real names of such phenomena as military actions, massacre, preparation for war, rising prices, unsuitable behavior of various officials, conflicts between leading politicians, bad economic conditions. The sub-topics of euphemization are concerned with the criticism of the behaviour of government leaders, leading politicians who are claimed to have violated ethics, who are arrogant, corrupt and dishonest. The semantics of euphemisms is best reflected describing them according to the means of euphemization, which are generalization, conceptual metaphorization, choice of international terms, periphrasis, pronominalization and litotes. Political euphemisms are part and parcel of the world of diplomacy, international and internal policy; politically correct language is crucial in today’s mass media communication. It seeks to avoid conflict and antagonism, reduce panic and anxiety, and to disguise unpleasant news.

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Two sociolinguistic perspectives on multilingual families

Author(s): Tamah Sherman,Magdalena Antonia Hromadová,Helena Özörencik,Eliška Zaepernicková,Jiří Nekvapil / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

Recent years have witnessed organized efforts to utilize social approaches to multilingualism in research on families, and thus to further delimit the multilingual family as a particular field of inquiry. This overview focuses on two recent such endeavors, a special issue of the journal Language Policy entitled “Family Language Policy” (Curdt-Christiansen 2013) and a special issue of the journal Multilingua entitled “Multilingual Communication in Binational Families: Negotiating Languages, Identities and Everyday Tasks” (Ogiermann 2013). In this text, we review the contributions to these issues in detail and explore how each issue contributes to the conception and shaping of the multilingual family as the object of analysis. We consider the paradigms employed and characterize how the two journal issues complement one another. We suggest that, in addition to the family as a research focus and the presence of multiple languages, they are connected by the presence of metalinguistic behavior. The idea emerges, then, that what is understood through the lenses of policy and interaction might be more coherently interpreted through the lens of language management in the sense of Jernudd & Neustupný (1987).

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Les interactions verbales entre médecins chinois et patients dans les hôpitaux camerounais

Author(s): Paul Zang Zang,Richard Bertrand Etaba Onana / Language(s): French Issue: 09/2016

In this article, we focus on a specific linguistic communication situation: linguistic communication between Chinese doctors and patients in Cameroonian hospitals. Starting from a socio-linguistic investigation that we carried out in three Cameroonian hospitals where patients are treated by Chinese doctors, we will show that there is a conflict between the French language spoken by patients and that spoken by the Chinese medics. To communicate, patients try to adapt their talking codes to that of the Chinese. Chinese doctors, on the other hand, seek the services of a linguistic mediator. The issue here is that the Chinese medics speak with a French articulation that is more or less linked to their mother tongue and that the linguistic mediator cannot express his/herself in Chinese but at least he mediates for the Chinese medics and patients to understand each other. This analysis lead us to conclude that, despite the efforts made by patients and linguistic mediators to align their diction to that of the Chinese medics, communication did not improve. Moreover, the Cameroonian linguistic mediator needs to know not only the natural language of the medic but also have interpreting skills. This is why the services of professional interpreters are necessary in Cameroonian hospitals.

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Kalbėjimas su tėvais tarmiškai ir gyventojų požiūris į tarmes Žemaitijos miestuose (kiekybinė analizė)

Author(s): Regina Kliukienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 5/2014

Currently more and more research is devoted to the analysis of the linguistic situation of Lithuanian towns and villages (cf. Ramonienė et al. 2010). The issues of the choice of linguistic varieties and analysis of the trends of using dialects in private and public life as well as relationship between dialectal speech and standard language deserve special attention (Ramonienė et al. 2010; Ramonienė 2006; Aliūkaitė 2007; 2011; Kalėdienė 2009). This paper makes use of the material and the quantitative data from the project The sociolinguistic map of Lithuania: towns and villages implemented by Vilnius University, the Lithuanian Language Institute and Vytautas Magnus University in 2010-2012 as well as of the maps drawn by Viktorija Baranauskienė on the basis of the same data (2013). A more detailed analysis of dialects used by children in communication with their parents in the towns of Žemaitija region (cf. the map The use of dialects in communication with parents among the respondents and regional distribution of dialects) is given and the features of a dialect used in Klaipėda, the largest town of Žemaitija, and smaller towns as well as the opinions of the residents of Žemaitija about the most usual, most valuable and most intelligible dialect and promotion of the use of dialects among young people are discussed separately. The quantitative data is presented in graphs and maps. According to the quantitative data, the use of heterogeneous, or ‘mixed’, and homogenous, or ‘pure’, dialects of the towns of Žemaitija region in communication with parents is as follows: the Žemaitian dialect prevails in many ‘pure’ towns of Žemaitija such as Plungė, Rietavas, Telšiai, Gargždai, Šilalė, Skuodas. The residents of these towns are also more favourably disposed towards the Žemaitian dialect—the majority would encourage young people to learn and speak the dialect; however, a smaller percentage think that the Žemaitian dialect is the most beautiful. In the ‘mixed’ towns of Žemaitija region (where both the Aukštaitian dialect and the Žemaitian dialect are used) Šiauliai, Kuršėnai and Šilutė only 1–5 per cent use the Žemaitian dialect in communication with parents, but there the Žemaitian dialect is considered the most usual and the most beautiful.

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Didmiestis ir sostinė geriausios lietuvių kalbos percepcijose

Author(s): Loreta Vaicekauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 6/2014

The paper deals with the impact of social and ideological factors (city, capital, official standard language ideology) on the perception of the best language in the community of the Lithuanian language. The basis of research is metalinguistic evaluation of Vilnius speech and Vilnius speakers extracted by a number of methods from different groups of subjects.

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Streetwise, active and cool: how do Vilnius adolescents perceive their peers’ linguistic Identity?

Author(s): Aurelija Čekuolytė / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2014

The current sociolinguistic enterprise is preoccupied with the local meaning of the linguistic resources, however, the global meaning is equally important, because any linguistic resource becomes socially meaningful only when it is recognized as such by the others. Therefore, the main objectives of this article are (1) to advocate for the need to investigate not only the local meaning, discovered through the in-depth ethnographic fieldwork, but also the global meaning of the linguistic resources, (2) to demonstrate how by inclusion of other methodologies, in this case, the verbal guise technique, we can investigate the global meaning of the ethnographically derived data, and (3) to present results of the study of Vilnius adolescents’ perception of their peers’ linguistic identity which encompassed these two methodologies. During the course of the fieldwork in a school in Vilnius, five main social categories of Vilnius adolescents were distinguished: active schoolwise girls, cool girls, cool boys, streetwise girls, and streetwise boys. Different linguistic resources are incorporated in construction of different adolescents’ social categories. But are those linguistic differences local or could they be recognized as having this particular social meaning in other communities of practice? In order to answer this question, the verbal guise experiment was conducted in 3 other schools. Most of the adolescents’ identities were recognized by the adolescents in the verbal guise experiment. This implies that the linguistic variation, involved in the identity construction, has the same meaning in Vilnius dormitory neighborhoods.

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Graži ar protinga? Socialinės Vilniaus merginų tarties variantų reikšmės ir diskurso stereotipai

Author(s): Loreta Vaicekauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 6/2014

The paper deals with social meanings of phonetic variants: their identification, evaluation and their links to social stereotypes. The research is based on some social stereotypes identifiable in the public space related to the pronunciation of some sounds by Vilnius girls and their evaluation by Vilnius secondary school students.

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“He blet nachui was in a shop”: swearing practices and attitudes to swearing among Vilnius adolescents

Author(s): Aurelija Čekuolytė / Language(s): English Issue: 6/2014

The aim of this article is to analyse swearing practices of Vilnius adolescents and the identities, associated with those practices from the attitudinal and interactional perspectives. The data, which the analysis is based on, consist of the questionnaire survey, completed by 79 adolescents, and two extracts of adolescents’ spontaneous conversations. In the questionnaire, adolescents were asked to evaluate their peer who uses a huge amount of Russian swearwords blet and nachui and their peer who uses the English swearword fuck, i.e. to examine if there are differences in attitudes towards the well-established and generally regarded as very obscene Russian swearwords and the recently appeared English swearwords. Swearing in Russian in the attitudinal questionnaire study was associated with the construction of the masculine streetwise identity. However, the interactional analysis of swearing in Russian shows that Russian swearwords can be employed in the construction of a female streetwise and a masculine non-streetwise identity. The English fuck, which was considered the mild swearing among Vilnius adolescents in the questionnaire study, does not invoke any specific youth social category.

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Dosavadní výzkum oprav a zvláště sebeoprav jako inspirace pro výzkum syntaxe mluvené češtiny

Author(s): Jiří Homoláč,Kamila Mrázková / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2018

The article provides an overview of two approaches to the issue of repairs, especially self-repairs. After summarizing the main findings of work done in Conversation Analysis, the authors focus on the “syntax of repair”, i.e. the body of research which, though inspired by Conversation Analysis, concentrates mostly on the relationship between practices of doing self-repair and the syntactic and morphological features of a given language. Drawing upon the existing findings and a preliminary analysis of their own data, the authors establish the following objectives for the research on self-repairs in spoken Czech: a) to set up an inventory of both verbal and non-verbal initiators of self-repairs in Czech and to describe their usage, and in the case of verbal initiators, to verify whether this usage is affected by other meanings of the given expression, b) to describe the basic operations used in doing self-repair in Czech, and c) to find out to what extent the scope and structure of the repair segment (i.e. whether and how much of the linguistic context of the repairable is repeated or possibly modified) are influenced by the morphosyntactic features of Czech.

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Recenze: Nkonko M. Kamwangamalu: Language Policy and economics: The Language Question in Africa

Author(s): Stephanie Rudwick / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

Nkonko M. Kamwangamalu: Language Policy and Economics: The Language Question in Africa. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. xxv+232 pp.

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Deutsche linguokulturelle Konzepte im Lichte der germanisch-ostslawischen Kontraste: Methode zur Feststellung spezischer bzw. unikaler Bedeutungen

Author(s): Konstiantyn Mizin,Lubov Letiucha,Oleksandr Petrov / Language(s): German Issue: 1/2019

The article examines a promising method, which serves to strengthen reliability verifi cation for methodological procedures in linguo-culturology. The authors have approbated the method for studying linguistic specifi city of names of German linguo-cultural concepts SCHADENFREUDE, Fernweh and GÖNNEN. Studying specifi c or unique meanings of these concepts enabled us to defi ne some peculiarities in the Germans’ worldview and outlook compared with Ukrainian, Russian and British linguo-cultures. By verifying ethnic uniqueness of the concepts we also intended to explore their semantic correlates, which the recipients of the compared linguo-cultures understand clearly. This point is especially important for the adequate transfer of ethno-unique concepts in cross-cultural communication.

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Regina Binomia: Re-Examining the Evidence for Re-Baptism and Renaming of Latin Christian Brides in Pre-Mongol Rus’

Author(s): Talia Zajac / Language(s): English Issue: 1-2/2019

On the basis of both normative and narrative sources, this study examines whether or not Latin Christian brides who married into the ruling clan of Rus’ in the eleventh to thirteenth centuries were renamed and/or re-baptised. It suggests that while brides who married into the ruling clan of Rus’ might have received an additional name of an Orthodox saint through the ritual of anointing, there is no way of knowing whether or not anointing was performed on a regular basis. It also suggests that a Latin Christian bride may have retained two names after her marriage in Rus’: her natal name and an Orthodox saint’s name in conformity with the practice of double-naming among newly converted elites in Poland, Rus’, Hungary, and Scandinavia. Finally, the study examines the possibility that the eastern-rite ritual of chrismation could have been misinterpreted by Latin Christian observers as re-baptism. The article concludes by examining seven specifi c case studies of individual Latin Christian brides who were allegedly renamed in pre-Mongol Rus’ and demonstrates that, in each of these cases, evidence for their respective renaming is lacking.

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Besonderheiten in der Pragmatik der deutschen Sprache in Österreich

Author(s): Dalibor Zeman / Language(s): German Issue: 2/2021

The intention of this study is to analyse a pragmatic language level of Austrian German. It focuses on the status of Austrian German, particularly on Austrian expressions in the globalizing European Union. The pragmatic level of a language studies how context contributes to meaning. The aim of this study is to compare the pragmatic level of the language in Austria and the lingustic conditions in Austria with those in other German speaking countries, especially in Germany. The Austrian German is a variety of the spoken and written German standard language in Austria. It differs from the German variety used in the middle and northern parts of Germany in phonetics, morphology, syntax and especially in lexis and word meaning. Neither the amount of about 4 000 special expressions nor the accent allows a classification as a language of its own. The first edition of the dictionary Variantenwörterbuch des Deutschen contains approximately 12 000 words and items of standard German with nationally or regionally limited distribution, or differences in usage, including their general standard German equivalents. It is the first dictionary of any language which contains the complete inventory of all the nationally or regionally limited standard-language items.

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"Общеславянский лингвистический атлас" и культурологическая география

Author(s): Tatiana Vendina / Language(s): Russian Issue: 74/2019

The paper deals with the Slavic Linguistic Atlas whose materials help in broadening the research frames and moving towards a cultural and linguistic dialectology in order to reconstruct the Slavic „living antiquities”. The Atlas materials prove that speakers of Slavic dialects preserve vast resources of the old Slavic spiritual culture which remains hardly recognized in the humanities.

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Gwary Śląska Cieszyńskiego w Internecie

Author(s): Zbigniew Greń / Language(s): Polish Issue: 74/2019

The aim of the article is to analyze the functioning of Cieszyn dialects on the Internet. On the one hand, we want to describe the functions that this code fulfills, both in primary and secondary use, and to provide a general formal analysis of dialectal statements and statements with different number of dialectal elements, on the other.The dialectal texts and the texts with dialectal elements show a wide variety, both in terms of functionality and form. These are both written texts strictly edited and texts formulated ad hoc, sometimes even spontaneously. At the same time, due to the relatively high anonymity of spontaneous statements, they can naturally reveal the real knowledge and functional use of this code by different users.

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COLOURS IN POLITICS IN SPANISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES

Author(s): Mária Spišiaková,Nina Mocková / Language(s): English Issue: 39/2021

The paper focuses on means of the expression containing a chromatic element in their structure. These kinds of expressions are both figurative and denominative names (including occasional names) occurring in the language of politicians themselves or, in general, in the language related to politics in any political context. The aim is to find out, which colours are the most used in political discourse in Spain and Spanish-speaking countries, and how they are used; what the individual colours express and in what connections they occur (collocations, comparisons, metaphorical constructions, terms, etc.). The naming units are excerpted from the web corpora Araneum and CREA so that in the research sample, only one meaning from each usage is included. The lexical units with a chromatic element are analysed throughout lexical-semantic analysis – their use in context, their meanings, and connotations are studied. The study reveals the most and the least used colours in the political context, as well as the most frequent types of naming units in which they appear.

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EVALUACIJA U POLICIJSKIM IZVJEŠTAJIMA NA ENGLESKOM JEZIKU

Author(s): Sanja Ćetković / Language(s): Montenegrine Issue: 39/2021

This paper deals with the use of evaluative devices in police written reports. A police officer, as a representative of an institution, bears in mind the main goal of a report, i.e. presenting and explaining facts to the legal audience and convincing them of the propriety of the decisions s/he made in execution of his duties. As far as his actions and decisions are concerned, s/he expects as low input of contradictory opinions as possible. Police reports ought to be strictly informative. This fact defines their language in terms of impersonality and objective reference to sources of information. In this respect, direct assessments of facts and authorial voice are highly suppressed in the texts, although the reports inevitably reflect personal involvement. Objectivity and distancing are expected and presumed by both the author and the audience. However, this stereotype often confronts with indirect or covert means by which the author positions himself/herself with regard to the information given in the reports. The phenomenon of speaker opinion is understood in linguistics as evaluation, appraisal or stance. When police official reports are concerned, readers expect maximum objectivity and distancing on the part of the author, regardless of the degree of his personal involvement in the event itself. I shall try to shed some light on the lexical and grammatical choices for evaluating different aspects of events and witness’ statements made by police officers as active participants in the events themselves. The corpus-based approach is adopted in this paper to examine the effect of the specific register on the choice of evaluative forms and types. Police written reports were chosen first because of my keen interest in police written mode of communication. The corpus consists of 75 police reports in English written by the British police officers between 2001 and 2008. All the reports are fully anonymized in order to maintain confidentiality, so that the names of the participants, places and other confidential data are hidden, usually by using capitalized words such as NAME, ACCUSED, TOWN etc. The texts are in all other respects genuine and unedited.

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CONSIDERAȚII ASUPRA PROBLEMEI RĂULUI IDEOLOGIC DIN PERSPECTIVA IMAGINARULUI LITERAR

Author(s): Constantin Ivanov / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2021

This article analyzes from the perspective of the literary imaginary the paradigms and mechanisms of triggering ideological evil. In principle, ideological evil is of a moral nature and largely aims at implementing a utopian ideal, which by imposing a model of good can suppress free will. In such a case, we have been able to establish the appropriate framework for the manifestation of evil in societies that commit an act of extermination of human freedom and reduce the individual to a simple entity in the machinery called society in the name of a common good, ie a good imposed by mechanisms (constraints) political. Absolutely avoiding an exegetical deepening of literary creations, we managed to frame the analysis of the problem of evil within a general framework, which allowed us to establish the principles of functioning of a totalitarian society, which can change freedom and human consciousness, by abusively and uniformly imposing a foreign identity on the cultural matrix of the individual.

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