Kognitiivne keeleteadus arvude rägastikus

Author(s): Jane Klavan / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 08-09/2018

The paper gives a short overview of the recent trends in Cognitive Linguistics. It focuses on the methodological aspects involved and exemplifies how the performance of a corpus-based statistical model can be evaluated by comparing it against the behaviour of native speakers in a linguistic experiment. A mixed-effects logistic regression model is fitted to the corpus data of the Estonian adessive case and the adposition peal ‘on’ in present-day written Estonian. In order to evaluate the goodness of the corpus-based model, its performance is compared to the behaviour of native speakers in a forced choice task. In general, the results of the study reported in this paper show that an adequately constructed probabilistic model based on richly annotated corpus data can perform at a more or less equal level to human beings.

Proměna v paradigmatice lingvistického uvažování o jazykových pojmech základových barev: Nástin problematiky

Author(s): Richard Změlík / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2018

The paper is focused on selected linguistic issues, which touch the problems of basic colour terms. Specially we concentrate on two domain of research. First of the research position understand the basic colour terms as so called linguistic universalities. The main argument of this point of view was given by another research of basic colour terms, which compare them with human ability to perception different wavelength of light. Second research position argue with cognitive processes of perception and explain the basic semantic of colour terms as result of so called language conceptualization of natural world. The goal of this paper is present the main change in linguistic paradigm, which concern research of basic colour terms and their semantics.

MEDIATING BETWEEN THE ‘TWO CULTURES’ IN ACADEMIA: THE ROLE OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR

Author(s): Christoph Haase / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2010

This contribution focuses on metaphorical expressions in academic papers in science and in the humanities. It represents an approach to ‘intercultural’ communication in the sense of the so-called ‘two cultures’ after C. P. Snow who referred to the sciences and to the humanities as two different cultures. Unfortunately, within academic discourse today there are few attempts at interdisciplinary communication between sciences and humanities. Only a few fields are bridging this gulf (e.g. some of the cognitive sciences). Much of the mediation between the two cultures is carried predominantly by metaphorical expressions. In this contribution, metaphor is analysed as the figurative use of verbs of perception within the framework of cognitive linguistics. We will focus on the analysis of source and target domain which are given membership in semantic ontologies.

PREPOSITIONS SHAPE FRAMES FOR ABSTRACT EVENTS: A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF SPATIAL-TO-ABSTRACT MAPPING IN ENGLISH SCIENCE WRITING

Author(s): Christoph Haase / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2009

Adpositions form closed lexical classes in English which provide cognitive access to representations of complex scenes and events. In academic texts from the domain of natural sciences, these lexical items help build conceptualisations of abstract relationships between phenomena that cannot be perceived directly. As a consequence, any phenomenon that can be hypothesised or measured in the natural sciences can be mediated and transferred into comprehensible processes via linguistic markers by way of “experiential correlation” and subsequent metaphorical extension. This extension is systematically grammaticalised in prepositional phrases.

Le discours de la bioethique: choix terminologiques en contexte

Author(s): Luciana T. Soliman / Language(s): French Issue: 1/2020

The press specialising in bioethics has ignited increasingly fierce debates on the first phases of life and provided information on scientific, legislative and sociocultural aspects of medicine. The bioethics website Gènéthique deals with the issue of conception in a wide perspective of scientific dissemination, presenting terminology which varies according to the writer. In the same online space, knowledge is spread by means of communicative strategies, which serve three principal aims: simple information; development of a dynamic relationship between knowledge and the subjectivity of the reader, filtered by an objective view of knowledge in order to «problematize»; the organisation of the knowledge process through different points of view. These strategies also determine lexical choices. The analysis of some syntagmatic units surrounding vie, respect and droit has made it possible to deduce the position of the utterer in some forms of pro-life discourse.

XX a. – XXI a. pr. statybos terminų dūrinių kognityviniai propoziciniai modeliai

Author(s): Lina Rutkienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 28/2021

The article identifies and discusses the cognitive propositional models of indigenous and hybrid construction terminology compounds using the cognitive modelling method. It is believed that the knowledge of propositional nature correlates with the onomasiological structure of the compounds, and the connection of concepts is always visible there. The empirical material has revealed that indigenous and hybrid construction terminology compounds are made on the basis of 16 cognitive propositional models. Objects, mostly the material products of human activity, are in the center of the construction field; therefore, in naming the realities of construction, the basic concept of the OBJECT is actualized most often.

Na kraju vremena

Author(s): Marija Znika / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2-3/2022

Čitatelj S. P. iz Rijeke postavio nam je pitanje je li imenica vremena u svezi na kraju vremena u jednini ili u množini. Naša dugogodišnja suradnica Marija Znika odgovorila mu je na pitanje.

Деривационные механизмы формирования семантики «отсутствия» адъективов в русском языке: лингвокогнитивный аспект

Author(s): Olga Vyacheslavivna Radchuk / Language(s): Russian Issue: 57/2022

Taking into account an immanent meaning of the prefix makes it possible to reveal the linguistic mechanism of formation of abstract adjectives that convey the concept of “absence” in the Russian language from a cognitive standpoint. This study of prefix and confix formation of adjectives with the prefixes bez-/bes-and ne- presents general observations on units which are subject to derivation in focus, identifies typical models of transfer of the concept of “absence” by prefix and prefix-suffix derivation in Russian, and proposes a semantic-derivational classification of the main types of adjectives formed on the basis of apperception from the prototypes net ‘no’ and bez ‘without’. The models selected help to differentiate the representation of the abstract concept of “absence”, testify to the relevance and wide range of use of adjectives with the prefixes under scrutiny, and illuststrate ways to reflect the prototypes net and bez in Russian speakers’ mentality. Component analysis of the material enabled certain theoretical generalisations. The study proposes a classification and description of lexical-semantic and derivational explication of the originality of the representation of the concept of “absence” in the Russian language and identifies universal derivational dominants that form this concept.The semantic-derivational typology of secondary abstract adjectives formed from the prototypes ‘no’ and ‘without’ indicates that prefixal derivatives with the prefixes bez-/bes- and ne- convey the concept of “absence” in different ways: first, through derivatives with identical meaning or different semantics; second, by only one possible derivative; third, by diverse abstract adjectives.

Uurija keset inimkeskset keeleteadust - Juubeliintervjuu Ann Veismanniga

Author(s): Ene Vainik,Ann Veismann / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 12/2022

Interview with Ann Veismann by Ene Vainik.

Kognitywizm językoznawczy w glottodydaktyce – wskazanie na wybrane rozwiązanie praktyczne

Author(s): Dorota Chłopek / Language(s): Polish Issue: Suppl./2013

The present article, which is not a strictly glottodidactic text, demonstrates selected findings obtained at high school, through research done by three undergraduate students, guided by the author of the present article. In each case, the students based their research upon two groups: a control group and an experimental group. The former group learned new linguistic constructions from their regular textbooks and workbooks. The latter group had basic instruction from their teacher pertaining to numerous assumptions of cognitive linguists. The instructor referred to the constructionist approach to grammar within cognitive linguistics and she explained new linguistic constructions to the learners using the encyclopaedic approach to meaning followed by cognitive linguists. The undergraduates employed the basic tenets of cognitive linguistics in their instruction with the experimental group. The control group learned through rules and definitions. The control test results of the three cited BA theses show that the experimental group received better grades than the control group soon after the new material had been introduced and after the summer holidays when they were administered a distance test. The experimental group learned with awareness of conventiona-lized linguistic constructions, through schemas and relations to their encyclopaedic knowledge grown out of the “natural” context provided by different interesting and up-to-date extracts of text accessed through the Internet. Such learning, to a certain degree, follows the three phases of the system for cultural cognition proposed by Leonard Talmy (see 2000a): acquisition of culture, exercise and imparing of culture. It is recommended that teachers of English as a foreign language should refer to the conventionalized nature of grammar through numerous carefully chosen extracts of text in their teaching practice. This challenging topic requires further study and research.

Terminology Work in the Translation Project Process. The Hungarian Perspective

Author(s): Ágota Fóris / Language(s): English Issue: 29/2022

The goal of this paper is to examine the place and role of terminology and terminology work in the translation project process and, based on literature and everyday practice, to examine the changes relevant to terminology work that have taken place in Hungary in recent years. The method of analysis is a comparative content analysis and descriptive method. Terminology management, document management, and translation (project) management are all interrelated as are all forms of content management, and terminology has a key role in all of them. The quality of the source text is fundamental for the quality of the translation, therefore high-quality translation begins at content creation. Starting with drafting the documentation, the translation project process is a fourteen-step project process. Terminology work is present in most steps of the translation project process in some way, and even plays an important role in step zero, the creation of the source text. Terminology work, both in the translation project process and in the writing of documentation, has a number of regulated processes and steps, some of which are laid down in standards and are also discussed in the international literature on terminology, translation, and technical communication. In daily practice, translation agencies are increasingly commissioned to carry out documentation work in addition to translation, editing, and proofreading tasks. Nevertheless, it was found that in Hungary, in the operation of translation agencies and during the process of technical documentation, terminology workflows are not always coordinated, terminology databases are not always used, and terminology specialists are rarely employed.

THE METAPHORS OF GOD IN ORTHODOX PRAYERS

Author(s): Andreea-Nora Pușcaș / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The Metaphors of God in Orthodox Prayers. In this paper we look at the conceptual metaphors of God that we encountered in a collection of Orthodox prayers. Prayers are a type of discourse genre belonging to liturgical sublanguage, which is described as conservatory and intangible. We aim at identifying the way in which religious imaginary is configured as part of the linguistic heritage. We do not only intend to analyse the mechanisms of the conceptualization of God in the discourse of devotions, but also to connect it to religious teachings and dogmas, to have a better understanding of the outlined imaginary. The concept of God is deeply rooted in prayers and is lexicalized into coherent and logical structures, interwoven into a pluralist perspective on divinity.

Zašto sam i kako sam

Author(s): Azra Hodžić-Čavkić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 20/2022

Review of: Ljiljana Šarić – Maja Brala‑Vukanović, Slike jezika: Temeljne kognitivnolingvističke teme, Naklada Jesenski i Turk, Zagreb, 2019, str. 310

Temat niepłynności mówienia w pisemnych narracjach autobiograficznych osób jąkających się

Author(s): Alicja KARSZNIA-SOBCZAK / Language(s): Polish Issue: 05/2023

This article regards written autobiographical narratives of people who stutter. The collected material was analysed using both the quantitative and the qualitative method. The aim of the research was to determine whether the issue of stuttering is touched upon in autobiographical narratives of people who stutter. If so, what portion of the narrative is dedicated to the theme of non-fluency of speech. The conducted analyses permited the verification of the hypotheses posed. It was concluded that the ones including the theme of stuttering were predominant among the narratives collected. Stuttering is present both as a separate thread and as part of other thematic threads. Threads where the issue of non-fluency of speech was taken up most frequently can be distinguished in the analysed narratives.

Word-forming Creativity of Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz in the Structural and Cognitive Approach

Author(s): Anna Majewska-Wójcik / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The aim of the article is to review some selected lexical units appearing in Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz’s (henceforth also called Witkacy) letters to his wife. For the analysis of these lexemes, the methodological apparatus of traditional structural word-formation was used, enriched with tools taken from Ronald W. Langacker’s cognitive grammar (1987, 1995, 2008) and the findings of other researchers remaining in this trend. Thanks to the two-dimensional view, the description of neologisms and textual occasionalisms seems more complete, and Witkacy’s word-formation creativity can be viewed through the prism of new qualities – mental spaces and amalgams. The cognitive approach also allows for effective contextual decoding of meanings and brings closer the mechanisms of mental perception of the world by the conceptualizer.

In Search of Panchrony: Saussure versus Cognitive Linguistics

Author(s): Przemysław Łozowski / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

The notion of panchrony is discussed in the context of the on-going polarization between structurally- and functionally-oriented linguistic paradigms. The two radically divergent conceptions of panchrony are thus surveyed, as envisaged by, respectively, Saussure and cognitive linguistics. As panchrony is not as yet a widely accepted research paradigm, it is suggested that while functionalists seem to be still in search of an appropriate understanding of panchrony, some lesson as to what functionally-driven panchrony should be can be derived from a critical reading of Saussure’s original proposal. It is concluded that as long as cognitive linguists hold that language is symbolic and interactive, panchrony must be attempted not in terms of linguistic universals, as for Saussure, but in terms of functional universals, such as cognitive and experiential patterns of behaviour.

За когнитивните метафори в детската реч

Author(s): Dimitar Popov,Velka Popova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2002

La metaphore terminologique et sa traduction. Le cas de la terminologie astronomique française et tcheque

Author(s): Zuzanna Honová,Jan Holeš / Language(s): French Issue: 1-2/2022

In specialized language, the reader encounters metaphors that cover an actualisation and explanatory role. They help to clarify some complex concepts and make them accessible for the reader. Metaphor is also a powerful source of terms and terms of metaphorical origin are abundant in specialized language. Finally, it is possible to examine the translation of metaphors in the specialized language, particularly in relation to the formation of new terms in various fields. The article analyses the translation of metaphors based on a comparison of French and Czech terms, particularly from the field of astronomy, also taking into account terms from other disciplines. Attention is mainly focused on the translation strategies used in the formation of new terms and on the comparison of their use in both languages. Calques and loanwords seem to be the most frequent translation strategies when forming French and Czech terminological equivalents of metaphorical terms in the field of astronomy. The calque is a universal and transparent solution allowing to create parallel metaphorical series in different languages. As for loanwords, the presence of anglicisms in French astronomy terminology is not really massive, probably as a result of the role of French standardizing authorities in the formation of terminological neologisms.

PHRASES AND PHRASES IN SPECIALIZED LANGUAGES

Author(s): Doina BUTIURCĂ / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 5/2023

The relationship between specialized phrases and science is bidirectional: on the one hand, the professional lexicon is a reflection of science, being subject to permanent changes, on the other hand, concepts are a reflection of the evolution of human knowledge. The objective of our research is to study the process of formation of poly-lexical phrases - within the lexicon - and their transition into the specialized lexicon. Analysis, comparison, and descriptive-linguistic methods are some of the research methods used. The general conclusion that emerges is that the terminological phrase is a particularly productive process in the professional language.

How language becomes a message

Author(s): Ștefan Vlăduțescu / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2022

The present study is limited to the contemporary effort to highlight the role of language in the realization, constitution, construction and deconstruction of communication. Using the analytical method, the critical method and the comparative method, several relevant theses on language and its role in communication are reviewed. Following the presented theses, the thesis is issued and argued that through texts (messages, speeches, information) the aim is to make certain meanings, certain positions intelligible.