Słownik Gwar Śląskich, tom III (BRAWCOWY - BŻDŻON)
"Glossary of Silesian Dialects" is the result of many years of scientific work of several generations of linguists from the Silesian Institute in Opole, Poland.
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"Glossary of Silesian Dialects" is the result of many years of scientific work of several generations of linguists from the Silesian Institute in Opole, Poland.
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The collective monograph "Ontology of Stative Situations - Linguistic Modeling. A Contrastive Bulgarian-Russian Study" includes research carried out within the project of the same name "Ontology of stative situations – linguistic modeling. A contrastive Bulgarian-Russian study", supported by the "Scientific Research" Fund of the Ministry of Education and Science in Bulgaria (№ КП-06-РУСИЯ / 23) and from the Russian Fund for Fundamental Research (No. 20-512-18005).
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I discuss the foundations of predicate ontologies as grounded in two model notions – elementary states of affairs and events or eventualities, i.e. ordered pairs of initial and end states of affairs. Vendlerian classifications are oriented towards elementary states and tense logic, while Davidsonian classifications deal with eventualities and event logic. Most existing approaches implement two taxonomic criteria: 1) a distinction between spatiotemporal and non-spatiotemporal (atemporal) predicates; 2) a distinction between dynamic and static predicates. There are two kinds of atemporal meanings – predication of facts and predication of properties. Facts are propositional arguments of second-order predicates which add a special meaning that the embedded proposition has been verified. Properties are atemporal first-order predicates that lack an eventive interpretation and are not associated with factive frames. Davidsonian states are homogeneous durable spatiotemporal entities distinct both from atemporal properties and spatiotemporal dynamic predicates. The homogeneity criterion differentiates Davidsonian states from telic dynamic predicates denoting a transition from phase p to phase ~ p. The durability criterion distinguishes Davidsonian states from accomplishments (i.e. resultatives) that are anchored to a single time point. Davidsonian states are conceptualized in natural language metaphysics as causally independent entities,while resultatives are causally determined as they reconstruct a preceding event that has caused the end state p. The demarcation line between Davidsonian states and homogeneous atelic processes depends on the chosen criteria for identification of active and inactive (inert)processes. It is usually assumed that Davidsonian states do not combine with active subjects.The subcategorization of Davidsonian states must be based on their quantification properties.I discuss the contrast between external and internal Davidsonian states. The former lack a priority argument and may be quantified extensionally based on their locus parameters, e.g.time and space. The latter have a priority experiential argument and can only be quantified intensionally. External states can be observed, while internal states cannot be observed and visualized. The stage-level-predicate (SLP) vs. individual-level predicate (ILP) distinction introduced by Carlson is equivalent to the one between Davidsonian states and properties in holistic predicate ontologies, but Carlson’s approach patterns with partial ontologies, i.e.the manifestation of categorial predicate types in diagnostic syntactic contexts. A similar approach has been developed by Shcherba, who claimed that <Davidsonian> states opposed to properties tend to form a word class consisting of non-agreeing non-verbal expressions in Modern RussianI discuss the foundations of predicate ontologies as grounded in two model notions – elementary states of affairs and events or eventualities, i.e. ordered pairs of initial and end states of affairs. Vendlerian classifications are oriented towards elementary states and tense logic, while Davidsonian classifications deal with eventualities and event logic. Most existing approaches implement two taxonomic criteria: 1) a distinction between spatiotemporal and non-spatiotemporal (atemporal) predicates; 2) a distinction between dynamic and static Предикаты состояния... 52 predicates. There are two kinds of atemporal meanings – predication of facts and predication of properties. Facts are propositional arguments of second-order predicates which add a special meaning that the embedded proposition has been verified. Properties are atemporal first-order predicates that lack an eventive interpretation and are not associated with factive frames. Davidsonian states are homogeneous durable spatiotemporal entities distinct both from atemporal properties and spatiotemporal dynamic predicates. The homogeneity criterion differentiates Davidsonian states from telic dynamic predicates denoting a transition from phase p to phase ~ p. The durability criterion distinguishes Davidsonian states from accomplishments (i.e. resultatives) that are anchored to a single time point. Davidsonian states are conceptualized in natural language metaphysics as causally independent entities, while resultatives are causally determined as they reconstruct a preceding event that has caused the end state p. The demarcation line between Davidsonian states and homogeneous atelic processes depends on the chosen criteria for identification of active and inactive (inert) processes. It is usually assumed that Davidsonian states do not combine with active subjects. The subcategorization of Davidsonian states must be based on their quantification properties. I discuss the contrast between external and internal Davidsonian states. The former lack a priority argument and may be quantified extensionally based on their locus parameters, e.g. time and space. The latter have a priority experiential argument and can only be quantified intensionally. External states can be observed, while internal states cannot be observed and visualized. The stage-level-predicate (SLP) vs. individual-level predicate (ILP) distinction introduced by Carlson is equivalent to the one between Davidsonian states and properties in holistic predicate ontologies, but Carlson’s approach patterns with partial ontologies, i.e. the manifestation of categorial predicate types in diagnostic syntactic contexts. A similar approach has been developed by Shcherba, who claimed that
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This chapter deals with the analysis of states from the perspective of the typology of predicate vocabulary. States (along with qualities) occupy the lowest rank in the semantic hierarchy of predicates; prototypical states, e.g. ( В комнате темно (The room is dark), Детям холодно(The children are cold) are one-place predicates: their only argument (semantic actant) is the subject (inanimate or animate) undergoing he state. However, many experiential state predicates have two arguments, an experiencer and a stimulus.The chapter is focused mainly on experiential states, i.e. human states, which are the result of a person’s ability to react to the impact of the outside world and to construct in formational images of non-linguistic situations. A hierarchy of experiential states and the semantic relations among them are presented as well.This chapter deals with the analysis of states from the perspective of the typology of predicate vocabulary. States (along with qualities) occupy the lowest rank in the semantic hierarchy of predicates; prototypical states, e.g. ( В комнате темно (The room is dark), Детям холодно (The children are cold) are one-place predicates: their only argument (semantic actant) is the subject (inanimate or animate) undergoing he state. However, many experiential state predicates have two arguments, an experiencer and a stimulus. The chapter is focused mainly on experiential states, i.e. human states, which are the result of a person’s ability to react to the impact of the otuside world and to construct informational images of non-linguistic situations. A hierarchy of experiential states and the semantic relations among them are presented as well.
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The study is focused on the semantic and conceptual description of stative verbs.We analyze stative verbs represented in WordNet and the corresponding frames in FrameNet after the alignment between the two resources. After presenting a classification of stative verbs into thematic classes, we outline the components of the conceptual description based on FrameNet frames, the relations between them and the frame elements that describe the frames. We attempt at building a hierarchical structure of frames for each thematic class and a shallow hierarchy of frame elements with a view to their representation and specialization from a more general (parent) frame to more specific (child) frames related to the general one by means of relations such as inheritance, weak inheritance or perspectivization.The study is focused on the semantic and conceptual description of stative verbs. We analyze stative verbs represented in WordNet and the corresponding frames in FrameNet after the alignment between the two resources. After presenting a classification of stative verbs into thematic classes, we outline the components of the conceptual description based on FrameNet frames, the relations between them and the frame elements that describe the frames. We attempt at building a hierarchical structure of frames for each thematic class and a shallow hierarchy of frame elements with a view to their representation and specialization from a more general (parent) frame to more specific (child) frames related to the general one by means of relations such as inheritance, weak inheritance or perspectivization.
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The investigation is intended to provide a clear distinction between the category of grammatical voice in Bulgarian (grammatical diatheses) and lexical diatheses by analyzing grammatical facts and by applying semantic criteria. The category of (grammatical) voice is used to describe a wide range of phenomena. Only the lexical diatheses are presented in more detail: se passives, impersonal passives, middles, anticausatives, lexical reciprocals, optatives, impersonal optatives, property of “oblique” subject. The semantic and grammatical characteristics (arguments and semantic roles, verb aspect, transitivity, and morphological categories of the verb lemma) of the source and derivative diatheses are studied, compared, and described. A large number of the source diatheses affect imperfective verbs that may express activities or states; in such cases, the alternations may lead to one of the following configurations: activity – activity; activity – state; state – state. We trace the correlation between the diathesis type and the eventuality type in the context of the ontological description of the state predicates proposed in this study. The investigation is intended to provide a clear distinction between the category of grammatical voice in Bulgarian (grammatical diatheses) and lexical diatheses by analyzing grammatical facts and by applying semantic criteria. The category of (grammatical) voice is used to describe a wide range of phenomena. Only the lexical diatheses are presented in more detail: se passives, impersonal passives, middles, anticausatives, lexical reciprocals, optatives, impersonal optatives, property of “oblique” subject. The semantic and grammatical characteristics (arguments and semantic roles, verb aspect, transitivity, and morphological categories of the verb lemma) of the source and derivative diatheses are studied, compared, and described. A large number of the source diatheses affect imperfective verbs that may express activities or states; in such cases, the alternations may lead to one of the following configurations: activity – activity; activity – state; state – state. We trace the correlation between the diathesis type and the eventuality type in the context of the ontological description of the state predicates proposed in this study.
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The paper deals with the diatheses, diathetic alternations and constructions characteristic of verbs of emotion in Russian. The focus of the study is on the limits of diathetic alternations and the groups of uses that fall beyond their scope, i.e. ones that cannot be transfromed into an alternative diathesis. In particular, I discuss the diversity of constructions with transitive verbs of emotion and an instrumental object, as well as the use of reflexive verbs of emotion to introduce direct speech. I also analyze the distribution of the uses of several basic verbs of emotion in texts in terms of the diathetic types and point out a number of verb-specific constructions.The paper deals with the diatheses, diathetic alternations and constructions characteristic of verbs of emotion in Russian. The focus of the study is on the limits of diathetic alternations and the groups of uses that fall beyond their scope, i.e. ones that cannot be transfromed into an alternative diathesis. In particular, I discuss the diversity of constructions with transitive verbs of emotion and an instrumental object, as well as the use of reflexive verbs of emotion to introduce direct speech. I also analyze the distribution of the uses of several basic verbs of emotion in texts in terms of the diathetic types and point out a number of verb-specific constructions.
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This study deals with the syntactic features of predicates describing stative eventualities. We present an overview of the possibilities for syntactic realization of verbal arguments within a framework of a semantic (thematic) classification of Bulgarian verbs based on their primary lexical meanings. Following the main principles of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG), we test the hypothesis that predicates belonging to a given thematic group have similar syntactic behavior. The analysis is focused on one-, two- and three-place predicates. Verbs such as седя (sit), лежа (lie), стоя (stand), спя (sleep), блестя (shine), мириша (smell) have one-argument structure. Their single argument occupies the subject position. Two-place predicates are represented by verbs from two subgroups: predicates with a subject and a direct object, e.g. обичам (love), харесвам (like), виждам (see), чувам (hear), чувствам (feel), усещам (sense), желая (wish), искам (want), мразя (hate), помня (remember), and predicates with a subject and an indirect object, e.g. вярвам (believe), надявам се (hope), нуждая се (need), тревожа се (worry), жадувам (crave), радвам се (be happy), вълнувам се (be excited), притеснявам се (worry), гордея се (be proud), срамувам се (be ashamed), плаша се (be afraid), страхувам се (fear). Besides these two groups of predicates, we also consider the possibility for some of the verbs to have three-argument realization. With знам (know)-type verbs, the direct object must be expressed and the indirect object may remain syntactically implicit, while with мисля (think)-type verbs the indirect object has to be represented overtly, but the direct object does not. The alternation of prepositions is also discussed in the text.This study deals with the syntactic features of predicates describing stative eventualities. We present an overview of the possibilities for syntactic realization of verbal arguments within a framework of a semantic (thematic) classification of Bulgarian verbs based on their primary lexical meanings. Following the main principles of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG), we test the hypothesis that predicates belonging to a given thematic group have similar syntactic behavior. The analysis is focused on one-, two- and three-place predicates. Verbs such as седя (sit), лежа (lie), стоя (stand), спя (sleep), блестя (shine), мириша (smell) have one-argument structure. Their single argument occupies the subject position. Two-place predicates are represented by verbs from two subgroups: predicates with a subject and a direct object, e.g. обичам (love), харесвам (like), виждам (see), чувам (hear), чувствам (feel), усещам (sense), желая (wish), искам (want), мразя (hate), помня (remember), and predicates with a subject and an indirect object, e.g. вярвам (believe), надявам се (hope), нуждая се (need), тревожа се (worry), жадувам (crave), радвам се (be happy), вълнувам се (be excited), притеснявам се (worry), гордея се (be proud), срамувам се (be ashamed), плаша се (be afraid), страхувам се (fear). Besides these two groups of predicates, we also consider the possibility for some of the verbs to have three-argument realization. With знам (know)-type verbs, the direct object must be expressed and the indirect object may remain syntactically implicit, while with мисля (think)-type verbs the indirect object has to be represented overtly, but the direct object does not. The alternation of prepositions is also discussed in the text.
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The article aims at the description and analysis of the argument structure of Russian mental predicates. The study focuses primarily on the syntactic properties of arguments and the interaction between their syntactic, semantic, and discourse properties. It turns out that the opposition of factive knowledge predicates vs. non-factive opinion predicates map onto their discourse characteristics (arguments of opinion verbs are normally less topical than arguments of knowledge verbs) and their syntactic features (arguments of knowledge verbs become antecedents of pronouns and conjuncts of coordinate constructions more easily). These observations lead us to conclude that factive predicates are closer to the bivalent verb prototype than non-factive ones.
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In addition to the valency of the experiencer, e.g. (Мне холодно / страшно / стыдно (I’m cold / I’m afraid / I’m ashamed), in Russian a predicative may have a propositional valency P (stimulus-content). The propositional valency is expressed by a dependent clause, as in Приятно, что они до сих пор меня помнят (It’s nice that they still remember me) or a dependent infinitive (, e.g. Приятно засыпать под шум дождя (It’s nice to fall asleep to the sound of rain). The possibility for combining a predicative with an infinitive depends on the semantics of the predicative. Modal predicatives can subordinate the infinitive, e.g. Необходимо закончить работу в пятницу (It is necessary to finish the work on Friday), while perceptual predicatives do not: *Мне видно читать (I can see to read). Predicatives with physiological state semantics subordinate the infinitive, which represents the situation V (the channel for the stimulus’s influence), cf. Было сладко есть 280 ягоды (It was sweet to eat berries) or the situation R (the situation describing the stimulus affecting the implementation of R), cf. Темно читать (It is dark to read). Predicatives describing emotional states can subordinate the infinitive. This construction has three subtypes: (1) the infinitive P corresponds to the valency P of the predicative (stimulus-content): Грустно покидать родной дом (It’s sad to leave home); (2) the infinitive T (transfer) represents an intermediate situation between the experiencer and the stimulus: Страшно открывать дверь (I’m afraid to open the door); (3) the infinitive V is the link between the predicative and its valency P (the channel for the stimulus’s influence; V≠ P): Грустно думать, что мы больше никогда не увидимся ≈ Грустно, что мы больше никогда не увидимся (It’s sad to think that we will never see each other again ≈ It’s sad that we will never see each other again). Predicatives with the semantics of interpretation subordinate the infinitive P (with the semantic restriction that P must be an action (a controlled situation) for which a person is responsible): Неприлично подслушивать чужие разговоры (It’s indecent to eavesdrop on other people’s conversations) (the interpretative semantics is often represented by an adjective, cf. неэтичный (unethical), неприличный (indecent), неуместный (inappropriate), and by same-root adverbs; as same-root verbs do not exist, the corresponding predicatives are used). During the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, the number of interpretative predicatives found in this construction has been on the increase.
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I discuss two sentence patterns expressing modal meanings in Modern Russian. Dative infinitive structures (DIS) have the taxonomic meaning of alethic (external) modality in sentences in the indicative mood. Root DIS clauses are productive, while embedded DIS clauses represent a relic type inherited from Old Russian: it only survives in sentences with identical clausal subjects. Syntactic idioms like негде спать, некого винить project an idiosyncratic finite sentence pattern with a negative existential head. The latter consists of a stressed negation не merged with an incorporated wh-word. Such elements, called neg-words, combine features of morphological units resembling dative predicatives with characteristics of reordered sentences derived by the raising of wh-words from embedded infinitival clauses to the matrix clause. Most sentences with predicative neg-words reconstruct affirmative counterparts, which are overtly bi-clausal. Russian sentences with predicative neg-words express the taxonomic meaning of existential quantification combined with the meaning of alethic impossibility. The modal subject does not impose restrictions on animacy in either sentence pattern. Both DIS sentences and syntactic idioms with neg-words are reordered bi-clausal structures, but the reordering vector is different: DIS sentences have a degraded upper clause, while the idioms with neg-words have a degraded embedded infinitival clause.
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This volume contains the papers presented at the International Jubilee Conference of the Institute for Bulgarian Language “Prof. Lubomir Andreychin” of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in 2022, which also marked the Institute’s 80th anniversary. The Conference is a prestigious forum for sharing the latest achievements and trends in all areas of the study of the Bulgarian language in Bulgaria and around the world, as well as the advances in the scholarly work of the Institute, including research carried out under national and international projects and in cooperation with scholarly centres in Bulgaria and abroad.
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Collection of papers “Current issues of the Russian language teaching XIV” is devoted to issues of methodology of teaching Russian as a foreign language, to issues of linguistics and literary science and includes papers related to the use of online tools and resources in teaching Russian. This collection of papers is a result of the international scientific conference “Current issues of the Russian language teaching XIV”, which was scheduled for 8–10 May 2020, but due to the pandemic COVID-19 took place remotely.
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The paper discusses the systematic description of multiword expressions (MWEs) as objects of grammar. The definition of such units is proposed, their scope is determined, criteria for their identification are derived. A framework for description of the grammatical properties of MWEs is presented that takes into consideration two distinct types of MWEs – syntactic phrasemes and phrasemes. Main normative problems related to the use of syntactic phrasemes are noted.
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The lexical diagnostic dialect markers of the Bulgarian dialects in Bessarabia have not been studied at all. The preparation of a complete markers’ list at the different language levels is vital for determining the genetic kinship of these dialects.
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Prof. Lyubomir Miletich is the founder of the academic discipline of Bulgarian dialectology. His fundamental work on the Eastern Bulgarian dialects is the basis for all subsequent researchers of this language area, an important part of which is the Shumen dialect considered by Мiletich to be archaic and important for the classification of Bulgarian dialects. Here I make an overview of the works dedicated to the Shumen dialect, which are necessarily based on “Das Ostbulgarische”.
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The paper examines the hodonyms (names of streets and boulevards) in the city of Burgas from the end of the 19th century till the present day. It presents the reasons for their naming and renaming in different periods of the history of the city and the country
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In this paper, I discuss Russian deverbal zero-derived nouns, both prefixed (vyezd ‘departure’) and compound (gvozdodёr ‘tool for pulling out nails’, snegopad ‘snowfall’). It turns out that prefixed nouns mainly denote a situation or its result, while compound nouns may either denote a situation (snegopad) or a participant (agent or a similar instrument-like participant like gvozdodёr). The interpretation depends on the transitivity of the base verb: if it is transitive, the participant interpretation is chosen (gvozdodёr, lesorub ‘lumberjack’, lit. ‘wood-cut’), while with intransitive verbs, the default interpretation is situational (snegopad, ledoxod ‘ice drift’). I explain this possibility by the fact that in complex words, the zero suffix is attached simultaneously with root compounding, and the second root (e.g., -dёr-, -rub-) is not usually a word and does not have a fixed interpretation. By contrast, in words like vyezd the zero suffix is attached to the existent prefixed verb vyexat’ / vyezžat’ ‘drive out’. The properties of the verb are retained under nominalization, including the situational interpretation.
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The study analyzes the acoustic characteristics of the bilabial consonants bj, pj and mj in the Bulgarian language and of the bilabial consonants b, p and m in the Romanian language, when preceding the graphic combination ea. The comparative analysis is based on the type of F1 and F2 transition, as the transition of F1 frequencies with soft consonants is lower at the beginning (onset) and higher at the end (offset), while F2 is characterized by higher initial frequencies and lower final frequencies. The experiments show that the acoustic characteristics of the Romanian bilabial consonants b, p and m before ea are close to the acoustic characteristics of the Bulgarian soft bilabial consonants.
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Le présent volume réunit les textes des communications présentées lors du colloque annuel organisé par le Département de Français de la Faculté des Lettres de l’Université « Alexandru Ioan Cuza » de Iași, sous le nom des « Journées de la Francophonie ». En 2022, ce fut la XXVIe édition de cette manifestation scientifique, devenue au fils des années traditionnelle, et attendue avec intérêt par les francophones de la région, du pays et même de nombreuses universités étrangères, partenaires dans différents programmes et échanges internationaux.
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