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Problemy walencji w tekście poetyckim

Author(s): Magdalena Danielewiczowa / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

The article deals with creative violations of the semantic limitations of predicates in Polish poetry. Until now, this problem has not been consistently taken into account, although it opens new research perspectives in the field of linguistics and literary studies. Characteristics of the words used in a given text in terms of their valency structure allow to draw the boundary between the poetry from earlier periods and its more avant-garde forms. The way in which the problem is solved in artistic texts can also be an important criterion for distinguishing between one author’s poetic workshop and the artistic strategy of another. It also allows you to follow how the poets gradually familiarize the reader with the creative technique studied in this article, what additional tools they use to encourage him to make an interpretive effort. From the theoretical point of view, the relationship between the question of semantic-syntactic modifications in the modern poetry and the problem of metaphor, metonymy, comparison, zeugma, syllepsis and similar tropes is also interesting. In the main part of her article, the author gives examples of creative violations of the principles of deep syntax in selected poems of B. Leśmian, K. K. Baczyński and Z. Herbert. This allows us to pay attention to three different approaches to the analysed issue.

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Formy wiersza jako nośniki znaczeń

Author(s): Teresa Dobrzyńska-Janusz / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

Investigation of verse forms and their functioning in literary texts leads to the conclusion that they may be employed as bearers of semantic values. The present paper is going to show the richness of this resource. The semantic values of various verse structures are interpreted here in terms of the semiotic categories introduced by Charles Sanders Peirce: as symptoms, symbols, or iconic signs. The basis for this kind of reflection is earlier research in Polish verse structure and a systematic study of various verse forms and their linguistic morphology conducted by a group of Polish and other Slavic researchers (the results of their collaborative work have been published in the “Comparative Slavic Metrics” series („Słowiańska Metryka Porównawcza”); a particular interest to the semantic function of verse forms is a hallmark of the volume (Semantyka form wierszowych (1988)). The semantic function of the rhythmical organization of an utterance may be found even in antiquity and can be noted in many cultures. Rhythmical utterances were treated there as standing in opposition to non-metrical everyday speech and as vehicles of such cultural values as “sacred”, “solemn”, “important for the community”. The semantic value of a metrical structure can be attributed to the fact that verse forms function as filters of various linguistic units and that the metrical organization of a text determines its stylistic characteristics. This stylistic value may be employed and interpreted in many different ways, for instance to represent the social status of the speaker or to differentiate between various literary genres. Many metrical forms perform an iconic function (which depends not only on the rhythmical organization of a text but also on its verbal and conceptual content). Some semantic values are derived from the intertextual relationships of a poem and result from the position of its verse form in the verse form system of a given literature. Verse structure may also be seen as a kind of author’s signature, and it may be employed to perform axiological functions. Many such cases have been illustrated in the paper.

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Relevance theory and poetry: An inferential analysis of Philip Larkin’s “Mr Bleaney”

Author(s): Héctor Luis Grada Martinez / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

Recently, relevance theory has been increasingly used in literary studies. However, little research has examined the role of inferences in the interpretation of a poem. This article illustrates how pragmatics and, more precisely, relevance theory, may provide a scientific, cognitive ground to understand how poetic interpretation is constructed through the reader’s inferences. To do so, I analyse “Mr Bleaney”, by British poet Philip Larkin (1922-1985), as a case study for applying relevance theory concepts to literary interpretation. Specifically, I analyse inferences that may be drawn from the poem’s linguistically encoded word meanings, and how such inferences are influenced by the poem’s sonorous qualities, like rhythm and meter. The resulting reading emphasises the poet’s identification with a stranger, Mr Bleaney, who by the end of the poem emerges as an alter ego upon whom the poet projects his own existential fears. Because relevance theory is not prescriptive, it may also be useful in explaining dissenting readings, as shown by briefly comparing the resulting “pessimistic” interpretation of the poem with an “optimistic” one offered by Wayne Booth (2014). Thus, I suggest that inferential analysis may improve dialogue among critics dealing with the same literary work. Overall, I argue that inferential analysis based on relevance theory may help explain interpretations in poetry and thus become a firm first step towards a better understanding of other aspects of aesthetic and poetic effects.

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Metafora i świadomość w wypowiedziach poetyckich Krzysztofa Kamila Baczyńskiego

Author(s): Wacław Grzybowski / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

On the basis of Paul Ricoeur’s, Aleksandra Okopień-Sławińskia’s, Maria Mayenowa’s and Max Black’s theories of metaphor, I undertake an attempt of interpretation of Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński’s poetry. The historical-literary context outlined by Stanisław Stabro in his study of Baczyński’s texts becomes an important help in my attempt at the uniting theory of metaphor with theory of consciousness. The combination of the concept of the literary I of Okopień-Sławińska with the Neotomistic Personalizm of Karol Wojtyła and Mieczysław Krąpiec OP allows me to delineate the concept of poetic consciousness expressed in metaphor.

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Introspektywny kokon reinterpretans. Kora Ola Ola! – latynoskie polonicum Kory Sipowicz

Author(s): Jakub Jaworski / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

The subject of the article is the intercultural dialogue which emerges out of the musical undertaking “Kora Ola Ola!” (2003) of the Polish artist Kora Sipowicz. The collection comprises various reinterpretations of the twentieth century Polish lyrical works in a Latin arrangement, accompanied by some other Polish, Spanish and English songs, especially those formerly performed by the very artist herself with the famous Polish band, Maanam. In the composition resound convergent transatlantic echoes of mystical poetry, Graeco-Roman mythology, Christian culture and philosophical reflections. The author attempts to delimit the peculiar amalgam of individual Polish identity in this specific, intertextual and intercultural set-up by means of an interdisciplinary analysis and interpretation of particular poetic works and cultural description of their musical arrangement. Moreover there is proposed an analysis and interpretation of the poet’s language, in which the presence of occasionalisms and deictic expressions bring about deformations of the temporal structure. This kind of “estrangment” (ostranenie) contributes to a deconstruction of linguistic (or cultural) automatisms. In the context of interaction and synergy of many cultural codes imposing contradictory requirements, it may help us get closer to the transcultural condition, in terms of the theory developed by Ewa Łukaszyk.

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В воображаемом мире: лингвопоэтический анализ стихотворения Николая Гумилёва «Отравленный»

Author(s): Vitaliy Kononenko / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

The article presents a linguopoetic interpretation of Nikolay Gumilov’s poem “Otravlennyy”. The linguistic means involved in the process of metaphorization have been investigated. The connection between the motives of Gumilov’s poetry and the Russian classical tradition has been established. Approaches to characterization of the “image of the author” have been outlined.

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Discourse new entities and composition of lyric poem: Foreground as the most informative part of discourse

Author(s): Gennadij Zeldowicz / Language(s): English,Russian,Polish Publication Year: 0

According to (Сильман 1977), the main compositional divide in lyrical discourse is that between presentation of the author’s emotional/mental experience, which normally constitutes the backgrounded part of the text, and some generalization implying discovery of a significant truth and/or change in the author’s attitude towards the world, which in most cases becomes the foreground. While in general this distinction may be marked by a vast range of linguistic devices, it is hypothesized in the article that one of the major characteristic features of the foreground of lyrical poem is its strive for greater informativeness, and it is manifested, inter alia, by considerably higher incidence of discourse new entities in foregrounded fragments. This claim is supported by counts based on analysis of 100 outstanding poems written mostly in Russian.

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The predicament of assessment

Author(s): Hanna Komorowska / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

James Clifford (1988) in his seminal book The Predicament of Culture analyses deceptive accounts of other cultures presented from one’s own perspective. Drawing on this analysis I would like to reflect on examinations and certification looking at quantitative evaluation seen from the qualitative standpoint as well as at qualitative assessment viewed from the quantitative stance.

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Language in assessment: Universalist vs. demotic approaches

Author(s): Constant Leung / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper argues that recent research has alerted us to the changing nature of the use of language in communication in contemporary societies. In relation to the assessment of academic writing, particularly with reference to English, it is suggested that there is a need to broaden the concept of construct. I will draw on studies in English as a Lingua Franca and informal logic of argument to support my argument.

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Task-based language assessment in light of recent changes in the CEFR regarding mediation and plurilingualism

Author(s): Sylwia Kossakowska-Pisarek / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

Task-based language assessment has developed simultaneously with taskbased language teaching (TBLT). Tasks provide significant advantages as they enable assessment focused on examinees’ abilities to use the language. This article reviews task-based language assessment in the context of the recent changes to the CEFR and a paradigm shift in language learning.

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Mniej niż A1…, czyli o kompetencjach użytkownika języka na poziomie Pre-A1

Author(s): Iwona Janowska / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages has had a significant impact on the learning and teaching of modern languages in Europe, but, above all, it has revolutionised the way language skills are assessed and has contributed to the development of language knowledge certification systems. However, it has often been the subject of criticism and controversy. Certain deficiencies, which seem to be a natural consequence of the document’s comprehensiveness and the assumed goals, have also been noticed by its authors. In 2018, The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: learning, teaching, assessment. Companion volume with new descriptors was published. The document aims not only to improve imperfections, but above all to adapt the description of language education to the current context of language use. The authors of the publication have, among other things, set up language proficiency descriptors for areas not specified in the 2001 version of the CEFR. This is how the Pre-A1 level description was developed. It refers to the level of competence at which the learner has not yet acquired a generative capacity, but relies upon a repertoire of words and formulaic expressions. The paper’s aim is a holistic presentation of this level: the process of the creation of descriptors, as well as the description of language activities and strategies of a novice language user.

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How to construct your test: The influence of test length on students’ achievement

Author(s): Bojan Prosenjak / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

Our study investigated the difference in achievement between two groups of high school students – those who took shorter tests more frequently, and those who took longer tests less frequently. Both tests types tested listening, reading and writing skills. The results showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups, and the participants’ preferences as to the length and frequency of tests indicated a difference of only just above five percentage points in favour of shorter and more frequent tests. Teachers should thus examine their students’ attitudes and motivation, adapt their revision lessons and teaching material accordingly, and construct the most appropriate instrument for testing their students’ achievement.

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Assessment of B2 English exam writing subtest: A quantitative analysis of the results of a pro-quality study

Author(s): Agnieszka Leńko-Szymańska,Jo Lewkowicz,Tomasz Żółtak / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

This article reports on the quantitative results of the study which was carried out in June and September 2018 by The University of Warsaw Council for the Certification of Language Proficiency. The study reviewed the current procedures applied in the assessment of the writing subtest, which is part of the University of Warsaw’s certification exam in English at the B2 level. The aim of the study was also to explore possible improvements to the scoring process, with the focus on its reliability and practicality.

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Cechy polszczyzny zadań wykorzystywanych w certyfikacji języka polskiego jako obcego

Author(s): Agnieszka Karolczuk / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

The paper is a description and analysis of some language features in the tasks used in certification exams of Polish. The problem with these features is connected with the two-level language rule in Polish, the variety of language forms and the type of language style.

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Certyfikacja biegłości języka włoskiego a potrzeby studentów szkół wyższych

Author(s): Marta Kaliska / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

The present paper aims at presenting Italian language proficiency certificates offered by Italian universities and other institutions. A particular focus was put on such certification features which better address the university students’ needs.

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Z doświadczeń pracy nad układaniem testów z języka rosyjskiego na poziomach biegłości C1 i C2

Author(s): Barbara Walczak-Sroczyńska,Sergey Khvatov / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

The condition for obtaining a C1 and C2 language proficiency certificate is communicative competence approaching the level of the native speaker. When developing Russian language certification tests, one should take into account its typological, grammatical and historical-cultural features. These include the synthetic nature of expressing typical meanings, the inflective way of expressing grammatical meanings and weakly expressed regional and dialectal differences. One should also consider the modification of the listening comprehension tests at level C1.

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Konstruowanie egzaminów certyfikacyjnych z języka hebrajskiego – trudności i wyzwania

Author(s): Angelika Adamczyk / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

This paper discusses difficulties associated with developing Hebrew certification exams and preparing students to pass the exam in accordance with the CEFR standards. These difficulties are mainly related to the discrepancy between the main assumptions of the Hebrew language teaching methodology in Israel and the requirements for foreign language courses and certification exams at the University of Warsaw.

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Czego spodziewać się po pracowniku z certyfikatem z języka biznesowego, czyli o kłopotach z testowaniem umiejętności językowych w kontekście zawodowym

Author(s): Magdalena Sowa,Elżbieta Gajewska / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

A certificate in a foreign language is an important asset in the modern labour market: it certifies communication skills in a foreign language, although it does not guarantee the reliability of certified competences in specific professional situations. Certification of communication skills in the field of languages for specific purposes should include both assessment of language and professional skills, and thus certify the so-called learners’ dual competence. This paper aims to diagnose and discuss the real problems encountered in practice in the assessment of dual competences of learners of specialized languages.

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Oczekiwania wobec kompetencji językowych żołnierzy a certyfikacja ich biegłości – STANAG 6001

Author(s): Anna Iwanowska / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

This paper discusses the specificity of the certification of specialized language varieties. The subject of the analysis and reflection is the certification of proficiency in military language according to the STANAG 6001 standards. The paper reviews detailed requirements for the individual linguistic skills, as well as the nature and the design of the exam along with the examples of the tasks for each proficiency level. Th e discussion is supplemented with teaching implications relevant specifically for the STANAG 6001 exams.

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Exploiting CEFR descriptors in developing pre-service teachers’ language assessment literacy (Ukrainian context)

Author(s): Olga Ukrayinska / Language(s): English,Polish Publication Year: 0

Teachers and researchers of foreign languages have been concerned about integrating CEFR descriptors into teaching and assessment practices for some time now. Due to its reference nature, the CEFR is open for interpretation and its use therefore requires initial training. The chapter presents the theoretical background to such training and sample activities used to help Ukrainian pre-service FL teachers to operationalize the CEFR.

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