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‘Voice’ languages with no [voice]? Some consequences of Laryngeal Relativism

Author(s): Eugeniusz Cyran / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

Strict criteria on phonological categoryhood coupled with strict privativity of representation inevitably lead to a conclusion that sonorants must not contain a prime responsible for voicing. Assuming that this prime is also not supplied to sonorants in the course of phonological derivation, this class of segments, contrary to observed patterns, should be inactive with respect to voicing phenomena. Presonorant sandhi voicing in Cracow-Poznań Polish is used to show how such apparent patterns can be dealt with without compromising the above theoretical assumptions. This however has consequences which bear on almost every aspect of laryngeal phonology. Some of them include: arbitrariness of the relation between phonology and phonetics, emergent nature of laryngeal categories, minimization of the role of phonological computation, re-evaluation of typical analytical criteria for deciding on phonological representation of laryngeal distinctions, which are used in phonological practice, as well as a possibility that the prime [voice], or its theoretical counterpart in various models, is not present in some ‘voice’ languages.

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Zróżnicowanie leksykalne Huculszczyzny jako odbicie dawnych stosunków etnicznych (karta z dziejów dialektologii polskiej)

Author(s): Janusz Rieger / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/1986

J. Janów (1938) introduced a lexical division south-west Ucrainian Hutsulian dialects region into two sections: Eastern - with a large number of Romanian borrowings and Wester n- where the borrowings are more archaic ( Aromanian?). cf. Eastern fin, banus, kiptar vs. Western fijin, balmus, pektar. J. Janow's Hucul Dictionary is now in print in Slavonic Institute of the Polish Academy of Science in Warsaw.

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Die deutschen NominaIkomposits vom Typ "Adverb + Substantiv" und ihre polnischen Entsprechungen

Author(s): Jan Jeziorski / Language(s): German Issue: 11/1985

Artykuł omawia niemieckie złożenia nominalne typu "przysłówek + rzeczownik" oraz ich polskie odpowiedniki. Składa się on ze wstępu, analizy morfologicznej, analizy tran»formacyjnej tychże złożeń oraz analizy konfrontatywnej odpowiedników w języku polskim. Pierwszym członem złożeń omawianego typu są przede wszystkim przysłówki lokalne i modalne. Złożenia te dają się przekształcać najczęściej w grupy przymiotnikowe, następnie w grupy z bliższym określeniem oraz grupy z postpozycyjnym przysłówkiem atrybutywnym. Najczęstszym odpowiednikiem złożeń z pierwszym członem należącym do kategorii "przysłówek" są w jeżyku polskim grupy przymiotnikowe.

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Pojęcie i zakres derywacji paradygniatycznej w słowotwórstwie języka polskiego

Author(s): Krystyna Chruźcińska-Waszakowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/1981

The article presents maximum range of paradigmatic word-formation as suggested by linguists who have studied that type of derivation. The author reviews their opinions and gives her own definition of paradigmatic derivation understood as a word-formation process. This process produces a derivative which differs from itą stem in that it has an inlexional paradigm; there are no affixation morphemes in the formative and their functions are usually taken over by inflexional elements. The derivative paradigm is differentiated from the stem paradigm under the following conditionss 1) there are different endings for the stem and for the derivative? 2) the new paradigm which replaces the stem paradigm is not determined by inflexional or semantic factors.

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Zjawisko derywacji substytucyjnej w historii języka polskiego

Author(s): Bogusław Kreja / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/1981

Apart from the derivation used in vocabulary expansion where derivative В with a meaning z2 is concomittant to the stem A with a moaning z2 e.g. kawa > kawiarnia we come across a derivation which assimilates or revives particular function of the types where derivative В with a meaning z replaces stem A with the same meaning z, e.g. former word zbrodzieti, a modern one zbrodniarz, or władczyna - władczyni etc. The first type of derivation car. be called multiple derivation, the other one - substitutional derivation. The latter, as a matter of fact, can be found only In diachronic studies. Tbus, the forms władczyni are, synchronicaily speaking, multiple derivatives and in diachronic sense they are substitutional. The role of substitutional derivation in the Polish language history is of considerable importance. It is used, first of all, for secondary differentiating of those functions of a formative which have originally been inadequately differentiated.

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O roli czynników formalnych i semantycznych w dystrybucji polskich form deklinacyjnych

Author(s): Halina Satkiewicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/1981

The problem can be very well illustrated with the results of the analysis of the distribution of masculine noun endings (Norn. Pl.) and the results of the discussion on the position of the ending -owie in the form system of that particular case. It appears that, contrary to previous findings, the distribution of that ending is based on a formal rather than semantic principle (it is added to nouns belonging to only two categories: 1) Christian names and surnames, and 2) names of family relationship). The use of this ending is limited to those word classes in which Nominative forms and other endings would increase the number of homonymic unite of the language. The changes in distribution of this case have not finished yet but they require a certain modification in the description of Polish decciension system.

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Informacje zawarte w formach fleksyjnych polskich rzeczowników oraz ich rozkład na temat i końcówkę

Author(s): Ludwik Wierzbowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/1981

The author proves the necessity of two different language descriptions in computer synthesis and analysis of texts. Later he discusses the information carried by inflexional forms of Polish nouns from the point of view of its range and quality. He distinguishes between lexical and inflexional information, its boundary being inconsistent with that of the root and the ending, since the information in the two is complementary as has been shown in the examples. The last part of the paper reviews the characteristics of endings of Polish noun declensions.

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Końcówka miejscownika liczby mnogiej rzeczowników w historii języka polskiego

Author(s): Elżbieta Orłowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1981

Nouns of all declensions (Plural No.) In contemporary Polish have all the ending -ach. However, the names of the following countriest Węgry (Hungary), Niemcy (Germany), Włochy (Italy) take the locative ending - ach. The present work attempts to present the historical development of locative endings of nouns in the plural form from the earliest written record in Polish up to the first half of the 19th century where the ending -ach is prevailing. The material analysed in the study shows that the 16th c. was the turning point in the development of Polish declension system. The trend of the changes at that time was to simplify the declensions and to decrease the number of declension types. These tendencies are confirmed by the development of locative endings of nouns in the plural.

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Kreatywność czasownika. Próba klasyfikacji polskich czasowników kreatywnych

Author(s): Iwona Słaby-Góral / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1981

The author distinguished a separate class of verbs. She calls them creative verbs and gives her definition for them: "It is a verb which names an action producing a certain material object, or a non-material object in the extralingulstic reality". Semantic analysis of verbs always refers to the verb - noun relation as some verbs are creative only in reference to same nouns maluję obraz (I am painting a picture) - a creative verb, maluję podłogę (I am painting the floor) - a non-creative one as umalowana podłoga(the painted floor) does not have a new function and a result of the action (painting) has no separate name In Polish. The paper does not Include verbs which create new quality Instead of a new object (kisić kapustę (to pickle cabbage)' - new îallty without any change In the basic function). New quality Is considered only when it gives new function to the object {barwić Jajko (to paint eggs) - pisanka (Easter egg) - they can be eaten but they are also used for decorating tables at Easter dinner) etc. The author divided creative verbs into general, proper, occasional and destructive. A further division may be Introduced: Into onomatopeic and antidestructive. The paper proposed a further semantic division: Into 1) creative verbs which name actions producing material objects and 2) creative verbs which name actions producing new designations or new functions of old designations. Another division: morphological division - the name of the designation or function is or is not morphemlcally verb-dependent, and structural division - which depends on the part of the sentence In which the creative verb serves as predicate.

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Homonimia fleksyjna w deklinacji rzeczowników we współczesnym języku polskim

Author(s): Jadwiga Szweryn-Sedig / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1981

One of the two types of morphological homonymy is the inflexional homonymy i.e. the surface convergence of syntactically different forms of the same lexeme. The article analyses the occurrence of homonymie flexional forms of nouns in contemporary Polish. The author discusses here the following points: 1) homonymy in particular declensions (masc., fem., neuter); 2) interdeclension homonymy; 3) homonymy of word-forms of different noun lexemes. Particular declensions have catégoriel and non-câtegorial homonymie types. The conclusion is that “the most categorial" homonymy can be found in masculine and neuter declensions. Word-forms of different lexemes which are formally convergent produce homonymie clusters.

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O funkcji lokatywnej przedrostka z(e)~//s- w języku polskim

Author(s): Krystyna Turzyńska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/1981

The paper discusses one o£ case functions of the prefix z(e)-//s- namely the locative function. The verbs with the prefix z(e)-//s~ selected for this study have been divided into the followihg semantic groupss 1) movement from a higher point to a point below (vertical movement); 2) movement to the given point, often from many directions (horizontal movement); 3) movement frora the given point, change of direction, wander (horizontal movement) . Each semantic group has £wo sub-groups: A and B. Sub-group A contains all verbs which, given the prefix z(e)-//s~, have only locative functions sub-group В has those verbs which have other meanings. The main difference between A and В is that verbs of the latter sub-group have locative funct¬ ion only when they appear with an adverbial of place or direction, whereas A verbs do not have to be accompanied by such adverbiale.

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The Rise of an Indefinite Article in Polish: An Appraisal of Its Grammaticalisation Stage (Part 1)

Author(s): Krzysztof Hwaszcz,Hanna Kędzierska / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2018

The aim of this paper is to assess the change of Polish numeral jeden ‘one’ into an indefinite marker in the view of the grammaticalization theory. Although Slavic languages are principally believed not to possess articles, certain usages of one (e.g. in Bulgarian and Macedonian) demonstrate the same features as the ones ascribed to the usages of indefinite articles in non-Slavic languages, such as English, German or Italian. Language contact of article-possessing languages is often claimed to enhance the grammaticalisation process of an indefinite article (Heine and Kuteva 2006). This type of grammaticalisation is said to follow five distinctive stages: (i) numeral, (ii) presentative marker, (iii) specific marker, (iv) non-specific marker and (v) generalized article (e.g. Givon 1981, Heine 1997). We assessed that in the case of Polish, the grammaticalisation stage is that of a specific marker, with some occasional uses leaning towards the non-specific marker stage. The conclusion was supported by the results of 53 native speakers’ judgments as well as the diagnostic tests based on relevant literature.

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Contact-Induced Right-Headed Interfixless N+N Compounds in Polish. A Corpus-Based Study

Author(s): Alicja Witalisz / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

While English-Polish language contact results chiefly in English lexical loans, the influence of English on Polish in recent decades has not been limited to lexis and semantics. English penetrates deep into the structural patterns of Polish, and English N+N compound loanwords and loanblends become models for Polish structural neologisms, whose coining may be seen as a violation of native word-formation rules or, at best, as the boosting of a native potential yet non-productive word-formation pattern. It is argued in the article that the increasing productivity of the word-formation rule for deriving right-headed interfixless N+N compounds in Polish is a by-product of intensive lexical borrowing from English. The article explains the mechanism that is responsible for the contact-induced increased productivity (or perhaps the adoption) of a word-formation rule in the recipient language and illustrates it with corpus-sourced material. Most of the newly coined contact-induced N+N formations in Polish are hybrid creations formed in series by analogy to English structural models. The identified formal features of the analysed N+N compounds place them outside of the traditionally recognized types of Polish compounds.

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An Experiment in Labelling Draw-a-Map Maps

Author(s): Kamil Stachowski / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

Apart from offering a contribution to perceptual dialectology of Poland, the paper discusses an experiment in which two groups were set a map drawing task. One group was given a map on which major cities were marked while the other a map with the main regions. The two maps combined from their answers have proven to be nothing alike, suggesting that this one detail in the design of the study can dramatically influence its results, and as such it needs to be paid particular attention and further investigated.

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Jedem do Čechách: k nahrazování jmenných koncovek genitivu lokálem

Author(s): Milan Hrdlička / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2017

The form of Czech in a foreign language environment depends on numerous linguistic as well as non-linguistic factors. A common aspect of foreign forms of Czech is its convergence to the local dominant language. Three basic results of language contact are: adoption, reduction and atrophic changes. Foreign forms of Czech are often characterized by quite prevalent replacing of nominal genitive ending with locative, especially in plural. This phenomenon is rooted in dialects; the cause could also be the low acoustic distinctiveness of the genitive ending which is replaced with the phonetically more distinct locative ending.

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Logiki dyskursów

Author(s): Aleksy Awdiejew / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2018

The main thesis presented in the article is a claim that different kinds of commu¬nications have different purport bases and different interpretations mechanisms. There is one initial universal logic, that helps human to rationalize all processes of analysis of reality, categorise it and to find causal links. On the other hand it don`t allows to interpret effectively and understand massages in all complicated communication situations and in each specialist discourse. In practice, it is needed to learn a participation in different kinds of communication (discourses). General human`s initial logic predispositions are not enough to effectively communicate in each of this discourses.

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Rec.: Ľubor Králik, Stručný etymologický slovník slovenčiny

Author(s): Mariola Jakubowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 53/2018

The article is a review of Ľubor Králik’s etymological dictionary, the first one of this kind devoted entirely to the Slovak language.

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Badania polszczyzny krakowskiej – przeszłość i teraźniejszość

Author(s): Bogusław Dunaj / Language(s): Polish Issue: 27/2019

The paper presents the history of research into the urban spoken Polish of Cracow. Its most intensive period fell between 1976 and 1991. The research project was initiated by Professor M. Karaś. After his untimely death in 1977, the work was directed by Professor B. Dunaj. It was twin-track; both collective and individual studies were carried out. Under the supervision of B. Dunaj, five doctoral theses have been written; in total, nine books have been published: four collective and five individual ones. Some collective works have not been published, i.a. Słownik frekwencyjny nieoficjalnej odmiany polszczyzny mówionej (‘A frequency dictionary of an unofficial variety of spoken Polish’). Also other projects grew out of the research into the language spoken in Cracow, e.g. Słownik współczesnego języka polskiego (1996; ‘A dictionary of contemporary Polish’). In the first decade of the 21st century, B. Dunaj and M. Mycawka conducted research into regional vocabulary, focusing primarily on theoretical problems. Under the supervision of B. Dunaj, 28 unpublished monographies have been prepared on the subject of regional words in the speech of inhabitants of selected towns (mainly in Lesser Poland). In 2018, the dictionary Powiedziane po krakowsku. Słownik regionalizmów krakowskich (‘Said like in Cracow. A dictionary of Cracow regional words’, ed. by D. Ochmann and R. Przybylska) has been published, growing out of and referring to previous research. The present paper presents the controversial methodological problems related to research into regional vocabulary.

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Językowo-kulturowy obraz męskości w felietonach Tomasza Raczka

Author(s): Magdalena Majewska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 27/2019

In this paper, the author presents the linguistic layer of Tomasz Raczek’s feuilletons published in the “Wprost” weekly. Analysed are the various linguistic means, phraseologisms, and lexemes occurring in Raczek’s texts, which showcase masculine and non-masculine social attitudes, and thereby the subjective value system represented by the author of the “Ekran osobisty” (‘Personal screen’) series of feuilletons. Moreover, the paper presents the narrative strategies of Raczek’s feuilletons, revealing the linguistic and cultural image of masculinity in Raczek’s texts: the culture of intertextuality and conceptual metaphors.

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Profesor Kazimierz Nitsch i jego językoznawcze środowisko we wspomnieniach studentki z lat 50. XX w.

Author(s): Jadwiga Zieniukowa / Language(s): Polish Issue: 27/2019

The paper discusses the history of Polish and Slavic linguistics in Poland in the 20th century, with a special regard to dialectology. In the centre of its attention lies the Cracow (Cracow-Lviv) linguistic school of Professor Kazimierz Nitsch. The author describes it primarily on the basis of personal scientific contact (in the middle of the 20th century) with the father of Polish dialectology, Professor K. Nitsch, and a team of researchers from his Department of Atlas and Dictionary of Polish Dialects of the Polish Academy of Sciences (Cracow, Mikołajska street). She looks back at the seminar Nitsch held for researchers, which she attended as a Master’s student at the Jagiellonian University. She presents Professor as a researcher, organizer of team research, academic teacher, as well as a scientific guide, a scholar, and author of linguistic publications in various periods of the 20th century. She draws particular attention to Nitsch’s pioneering works on Kashubian and other Pomeranian dialects. The paper also talks about the long-term radiation of Professor Nitsch’s scientific school, and how his students from various generations – such as Zdzisław Stieber, Nitsch’s student from 1920s, his colleague, and later a creator of a linguistic school himself – as well as students of his students greatly contributed to the advancement of Polish linguistics in the 20th and early 21st century.

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