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„ZAANEKTOWANY” SYSTEM CERTYFIKACJI ZNAJOMOŚCI JĘZYKA POLSKIEGO JAKO OBCEGO – STAN OBECNY

Author(s): Iwona Janowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2022

Certification of the command of Polish as a foreign language is a phenomenon with an international reach and groundbreaking significance for the promotion and enhancement of the prestige of the Polish language across the world. The certification system for the Polish language was created in 2004 and, in the face of new challenges, reformed in 2015. At present, it is the primary instrument of the migration policy of Poland, which gives rise to difficulties in its functioning. This paper is an attempt at a comprehensive description of the phenomenon of state certification examinations. It discusses the scientific and legal grounds for the examinations, amendments introduced over years to the legislation regulating certification and their consequences, as well as describes and diagnoses the existing situation concerned with certification of the command of Polish.

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UŻYWANIE POLSZCZYZNY W KOLONII DOM PEDRO II NA TLE BADAŃ BILINGWIZMU POLSKO-PORTUGALSKIEGO W BRAZYLII

Author(s): Alicja Goczyła Ferreira / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2022

The subject matter of this paper is Polish–Portuguese bilingualism observed in one of the Brazilian villages founded by Polish rural immigrants in the second half of the 19th century in the south of the country. The primary instrument for collecting data were the interviews conducted with 48 residents of the village in 2018. The presented outcome confirms the trends noticed in the study by S. Kucharski [1996] and W. Miodunka [2003]; namely, the fairly high level of preservation of Polish in Brazil and discrepancies in the level of command of the spoken and written code by the interviewees. The analysed data permit also the ascertainment of the phenomenon that Polish is being forgotten in the bilingualisation process and that it is disappearing in the surveyed village in general.

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JĘZYK POLSKI W KAZACHSTANIE. DIAGNOZA I PROGNOZA

Author(s): Assel Sagimbekova / Language(s): Polish Issue: 04/2022

This paper presents the situation of the Polish language in Kazakhstan. The sketch discusses the history and present situation of and prospects for teaching Polish in this country. The author pays particular attention to the description of the situation of the Polish community in Kazakhstan, where the teaching of the Polish language is concentrated. Moreover, she presents partial results of her study of the motivations for learning Polish among inhabitants of Kazakhstan. The paper is an attempt at presenting all Kazakh centres where the Polish language is taught and outlining the prospect for the development of Polish in this country.

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Vysokoškolské skriptá zo slovenskej morfológie (nielen) pre prekladateľov a tlmočníkov

Author(s): Lenka Garančovská / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2014

Review of: Vysokoškolské skriptá zo slovenskej morfológie (nielen) pre prekladateľov a tlmočníkov. Ladislav György: Kapitoly zo slovenskej morfológie pre prekladateľov a tlmočníkov. Banská Bystrica: Vydavateľstvo UMB – Belianum, Filozofická fakulta UMB 2014. 110 s. ISBN 978-80-557-0759-4 (Lenka Garančovská)

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Neintencionálne intencionálna mládežnícka próza Petra Andrušku (sondy, reflexie, interpretácie do piatich próz jedného jubilanta)

Author(s): Patrik Šenkár / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2014

In the thematic centre of the study that originates from its title: Non‐intentional, intentional youth prose of Peter Andruška (explorations, reflections, interpretations into five prose of one jubilant) – stands the youth prose of an exclusive Slovak prose writer Peter Andruška. He is considered to be part of the contemporary Slovak literature by readers as well as literature critics. In the text I have not based deliberately on critical responses of titles of individual books by the author, but "only" on basic information of prose mentioned in the academic history of Slovak literature, respectively primary book sources. Cardinal parts of the paper are therefore his own interpretation explorations, reflections and analysis based on personal reading reception. The occasionally exaggerated presence of content component of prose alone (especially the plot) is due to (possible) less knowledge of specific (or every) presented title of books by Peter Andruška from the perspective of the percipients. I emphasise the fact that the field of children and youth literature for Peter Andruška was (and is) “only" a partial part of his own literary works, the substantial part of which is constituted by his works of prose for adult readers. In this area he has published "only" five book titles altogether, which I analyse in this exact paper. The study is the outcome of the first part of the research assignment UGA. No. IX/9/2011‐ (SOFIA Project ode: I‐08‐501‐01) titled Contemporary Slovak Literature and finally it was created (also) for the occasion of the author’s seventieth.

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Korelácia medzi temporálnym významom antepréterita a textom v slovenčine

Author(s): Jana Kesselová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2022

Research on the relationship between antepreterite (AnteP) and the text focuses on the following questions: (a) To what extent is an antepreterite a living form in Slovak? (b) Does antepreterite function as a grapheme with a temporal function or is it a stylistic variant of the preterite (past tense)? (c) How do the functions of antepreterite correlate with the oral/written realization of the text and its stylistic differentiation (scientific/ journalistic style)? The research is carried out on the extensive material of the corresponding sub-corpora of the Slovak National Corpus and the Slovak Spoken Corpus. The results can be summarized as follows: (a) AnteP is a marginal form, its frequency in the written text has significantly decreased since the mid- 1990s; in orally realized communication, its speakers are mainly in the 70-90 age range. At the same time, however, it is a living form in some specific functions: in spoken text, as a means of social and personal deixis, it characterizes a person using what he or she has had. In memoir narrative, it signals the experience of spatial, temporal, and generational distance. In the scientific style, the AnteP of communicative verbs dominates. It specifically functions as a means of intertextuality. In the 1st person singular (as I had told/ ako som bol povedal; as I had written/ ako som bol napísal) it refers to a communicative act from the quite recent past. From a temporal identifier, it becomes a pragmatic comment. In the journalistic style, the rate of representation of AnteP is the lowest, but the rate of innovation of its form and function is the highest. Antepreterite is most prominent in journalistic texts as a stylistic variant of preterite and a part of the individual personal style of an author.

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Pojem gramatickosti a negramatickosti pri hodnotení slovosledu (chyby v slovoslednej realizácii enklitík v slovenčine ako cudzom jazyku)

Author(s): Martina Ivanová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2022

The study deals with the problem of error annotation when assessing written texts of students learning Slovak as a foreign/second language (L2). The concept of word order error is discussed against the framework of error analysis and the notion of grammaticality/acceptability of language structure. The problems of identifying word order errors are manifested by enclitics´ placement in the sentence structures. Slovak belongs to languages that follow the Wackernagel´s Rule and its clitic elements belong to the category of second-position clitics (2P), however, Wackernagel´s Rule is more a tendency than an exceptionless, strict law. Erroneous usage of enclitic components in L2 can be projected against reconstructed learner´s utterance, i.e., explicit statement of target language structure, called target hypothesis. To determine target structure, profound and sometimes even expertise knowledge about investigated language phenomenon in L1 is necessary, including both the knowledge of rule (ideal norm) as well as the distribution patterns of language structure (real norm) which can be stipulated through corpus data. The study examines the disputable cases of enclitics placement against the norms described in the work by J. Mistrík (1966) and verifies them by corpus data.

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Alžbeta Uhrinová, Súčasná slovenská jazyková situácia v Maďarsku [Situaţia actuală a limbii slovace în Ungaria]

Author(s): Dagmar Maria Anoca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2014

Review of: Alžbeta Uhrinová, Súčasná slovenská jazyková situácia v Maďarsku [Situaţia actuală a limbii slovace în Ungaria], Nădlac, Editura Ivan Krasko, 2011.160 p. (Dagmar Maria Anoca)

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Anca Irina Ionescu, Cele mai frecvente verbe cehe în propoziţii

Author(s): Dagmar Maria Anoca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2014

Review of: Anca Irina Ionescu, Cele mai frecvente verbe cehe în propoziţii. Editura Universităţii din Bucureşti, 2012, 300 p., ISBN 9786061601509. (Dagmar Maria Anoca)

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Na počesť Cyrila a Metoda. Honorifikačný motív v onomastike

Author(s): Lenka Garančovská / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2013

The objective of this article is to stress the problem of honorific motivation, its classification and application in onomastics as one of linguistic and social sciences. The article deals primarily with the glorification of the personalities of Ss. Cyril and Methodius based on a Slovak onomastic corpus. Employing concrete examples, we illustrate the implementation of the names of these significant personalities into propria of different onymic classes and subclasses. This paper came into existence in commemoration of the 1150th anniversary of the arrival of Thessalonian brothers, Ss. Cyril and Methodius, to Great Moravia.

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Numele personajelor din literatura slovacă în slujba umorului

Author(s): Dagmar Maria Anoca / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2012

In this paper, the author illustrates the different types of humor by means of the names of characters taken from representative works written in Slovak, starting from classicism and ending in the interwar period. In conclusion, humor and names-related irony are found out to change their substance because of the literary, extraliterary, linguistic and extralinguistic space. The tension between these spheres, but also changes that occur in the real world with changing ideologies, social and political context are converted in aesthetic values. Characters΄ names are therefore a source of humor and also characterize their age. In fact, the kind, the quality of humor has its roots in the outdoors and is symptomatic. Thus, characters΄ names may be simultaneously a source of humor and knowledge of their age.

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Dynamics of Development Trends in Dairy Product Names in Slovakia

Author(s): Lenka Garančovská / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2012

The author of this study focuses mainly on development trends of pragmatonyms from the viewpoint of their extralinguistic aspect, i.e. the aim of the research is an attempt to outline the development of motivational stimuli which provided the background for the formation of individual product names. In the article we do not pay special attention to development trends from the viewpoint of the linguistic (formal) aspect of pragmatonyms.

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Ion Petrică (1934-2012)

Author(s): Constantin Geambaşu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2012

In memoriam: Ion Petrică (1934-2012) ‒ (Constantin Geambaşu)

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Hydronomastika v európskych súvislostiach

Author(s): Jaromír Krško / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2012

This paper is a presentation of all existing results of research made in Slovak hydronomastics and an introduction of the project Hydronymia Slovaciae – the project aiming at gradual processing of all Slovak river basins. The author of this study outlines the main foundation for building the entry, the notation of hydrographical zoning and the notation of hydrographic zoning of water drains. At the end of his paper he outlines some other possible pointings of Slovak hydronomastics.

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Slovenčina v stredoeurópskom jazykovom areále

Author(s): Jana Pekarovičová / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2012

The study introduces Slovak as a differentiated national language that according to ethnolinguistic and area characteristics belongs to Central European language union. Besides the specifications of linguocultural connections and historical context the study focuses mainly on the review of current tendencies of the description of Slovak in relation to European language policies. It is centered on the outline of the language situation with emphasis on typological peculiarities of Slovak and its sociolinguistic strategy, as well as mutual traits that it shares with the contact languages in the Central European language area.

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Chrématonomastický výskum na Slovensku (a jeho parciálne výsledky)

Author(s): Lenka Garančovská / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 1/2012

Pragmatonyms constitute a specific class of one of three onymic groups, chrematonyms. They are defined as proper names of serially produced products, closely connected with human productive activity. Although we classify them as proper names, their nature is rather appellative. Pragmatonyms represent a not much investigated field, which disposes of plenty of stimuli for scientific research not only in the field of onomastics. Our observational priority was the attempt at providing complex analysis of formation of pragmatonyms in dairy industry. We focused our attention to the formation of extra-linguistic (motivation models) and linguistic (structure models) features of pragmatonyms.

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Specificul adjectivului în limba slovacă

Author(s): Marilena-Felicia Luţă (Ţiprigan) / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 1/2012

Our approach is focused particularly on the specific aspects of the Slovak adjective that may seem difficult to assimilate and use by the Romanian students. Based on our teaching experience, our paper is intended to help the Romanian students studying Slovak better understand and use the Slovak adjectives and also the Romanian linguists that are interested in the Slavic area, mostly the specialists in Comparative Linguistics, who do not have access to the Slovak language-specific grammatical information.

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Koncepce větněčlenské analýzy v Moderní mluvnici češtin

Author(s): Jindřiška Svobodová / Language(s): Czech Issue: 1/2012

The description of syntactic level in a newly prepared grammar is based on the valency-oriented syntax. With regard to the needs of school practice we recommend preservation of „traditional“ terms for positions in a sentence pattern. While classifying the positions, it is necessary to observe following criteria: the position is/is not part of basal sentence structure, it occupies/does not occupy micro-valency or macro-valency positions, it has/does not have governed case form, it is/is not part of a nominal phrase.

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Dvojjazyčnosť v okrese Veľký Krtíš (Postupy, ciele a výsledky sociolingvistického výskumu)

Author(s): Ladislav György / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2011

In the context of Slovak-Hungarian bilingualism in a territory inhabited by many different ethnic groups our study is based on the research of verbal communication between two main groups - the indigenous inhabitants of Velky Krtis district and the immigrants. For the purpose of this survey we divided them into several target groups according to their age, education and social status. The paper tries to explain the methodological and technical questions of unprepared and spontaneous verbal message in everyday communication. Without intending to perform a systemic and structural analysis of the bilingual verbal communication, or to explain the questions of intra-lingual and inter-lingual communication in terms of the description of various transference phenomena, we express our opinion on the general characteristics of the Slovak-Hungarian bilingual speakers in the Veľký Krtíš district, their classification into particular groups according to different types of bilingualism, and the bilingual family types identified in the district.

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Z výsledkov sociolingvistického výskumu Slovenský jazyk v Maďarsku

Author(s): Alžbeta Uhrinova / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 4/2011

Die Autorin veröffentlicht in diesem Essay Details aus dem soziolinguistischem Programm, welches vom Forschungsinstitut der Ungarn-Slowaken zwischen 2002-2007 durchgeführt worden ist. Auf Grund der Forschungsergebnisse können wir feststellen, dass für die Situation der Benutzung der slowakischen Sprache eine Bewegung typisch ist, die in zwei Richtungen verläuft: Eine Entwicklung und eine Zurückentwicklung. Die Sprache drückt sich stufensweise sowohl in der Privatsphäre als auch im kirchlichen Leben in den Hintergrund. Obwohl man im letzten Fall eine Bewegung in postive Richtung feststellen kann – dank der Initiative und der moralischen und finanziellen Unterstützung der Staatlichen Slowakischen Verwaltung und der Zusammenarbeit der ungarischen und slowakischen evangelischen und katholischen Kirche. In den letzten Jahren werden die Messen und Gottesdienste in slowakischer Sprache gehalten. In der hohen Kultur verbreitet sich die Benutzung der slowakischen Sprache immer mehr, und sie erscheint auch in „alt-neuen” Sprachsituationen: in den Medien, in der Wissenschaft, in der Kultur, im Handel, in der Politik und in der Verwaltung. Die gesellschaftlichen Sphären der Sprachbenutzung funktionieren immer regelmäßiger und besser. Auf der anderen Seite kann aber eine Dynamik der Zweisprachigkeit festgestellt werden, für die eine sinkende slowakische und steigende ungarische Sprachkompetenz typisch ist, die über Generationen bemerkbar ist. Als Pespektive für die Hoffnung zur Verlangsamung der sprachlichen Assimilation und des Erhaltens der slowakischen Sprache kann geben, dass es Faktoren zur Aufbewahrung der Sprache existieren und immer effektiver wirken: die Schulen, die Verwaltungen, die Zivilorganisationen, das Theater, die Medien, die kulturellen und Fachinstitutionen.

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