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ABBREVIATIONS IN SECONDARY EDUCATION STUDENTS’ ESSAYS

Author(s): Ivana Đorđev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2012

In this work, based on relevant methodology and current literature in the field of normativity, errors in writing abbreviations in secondary education students’ essays are reviewed. The research covered 500 students (1594 essays in the Serbian language and literature) one classical and one specialized grammar school students, as well as two secondary technical schools. The work aimed to determine whether the students and in which way incorporated orthographic rules and, in connection with abbreviating words and expressions, when their orthographic knowledge is not the focus (unlike tests aimed at testing and evaluation achievements in the field orthography).Survey research has shown that students rarely use abbreviations in their writing tasks (at the random sample of 100 essays there was a total of 42 abbreviations), so that there is a small number of errors (only 35 errors were recorded in the use of abbreviations), what is undoubtedly influenced by a type of written text, lack of knowledge of orthographic norms when it comes to abbreviations, which has been confirmed by a short test given after the research.

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Tворба етника и ктетика од назива aмеричких савезних држава у српском језику

Author(s): Milan B. Obradović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 6/2016

After defining the basic concepts of toponymy and word formation, the paper focuses on derivation and composition as the two most common word-formation processes of US states ethnonyms in Serbian. The paper also deals with productive suffixes -(a)c, -anin/-janin, -an(a)c, -ka, -anka/-janka, -ski, -anski and other word-formation phenomena, such as gender motion, sound changes, neutralization, constraints and infixation. At the end, seven criteria of linguistic regularity are discussed with ethnonyms being summarised in three tables.word formation, toponym, ethnonym (nominal and adjectival form)

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Andrija Kujundžić — hrvatski jezikoslovac i prosvjetitelj

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Andrija Kujundžić — hrvatski jezikoslovac i prosvjetitelj

Author(s): Vlado Pandžić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 2/1994

Andrija Kujundžić est reformateur de l’orthographie croate, ou bien de la graphie au commencement du 19. sied e en Bosnie et Herzegovine. Ce franciscain bosnien a oublie ses solutions graphiques dans la grammaire Institutiones grammaticae latinae idiomate illyrico de Štipan Marijanović qui les promouvait le plus efficacement avec ses fameux oeuvres, les grammaires latines et avec un abecedaire scolaire croate. En accord avec les suggestions graphiques de Kujundžić, deux ou trois decennies on ecrivait (en B .-H .) en caracte re s romains: entre 1822. et 1850. Au debut de la deuxieme moitie du 19. sied e la graphie de Kujundžić a e te repoussee par les solutions graphieques de Ljudevit G a j, generalement acceptees par le peuple croate. Kujundžić a du merite pour le developpement culturel du peuple croate au 19. siede en Bosnie et Herzegovine. Ce travail-ci essaye de contribuer a la determination de la place de Kujundžić dans la philologie croate, et a l’eclaircissement de son activite culturelle et ainsi l’arracher de l’oubli injustifie.

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Ima li mjesta za preobrazbu u denominalnoj tvorbi hrvatskih glagola?

Author(s): Gabrijela Buljan / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 82/2016

The formation of Croatian verbs has been described in various ways in Croatian linguistics. Unfortunately, many descriptions fall short of being truly illuminating since the data have not been held up to sufficient scrutiny. What is missing is their critical assessment in the light of issues and debates that have dominated theoretical morphology, viz. on the nature of derivational and inflectional categories and their differentiation (but see Markovi} 2012). The goal of the present paper is to foreground some of the vagueness and inconsistencies that this situation has engendered in the description of the formation of Croatian verbs from non–verbs. We will discuss arguments for an alternative interpretation of what has typically been analyzed as the derivation of denominal verbs by means of the suffixes –i–, –a–, –ov–a–. This will underscore the need to at least buttress the time–honored descriptions with proper arguments, if not modify them in the light of the arguments presented. This concerns primarily the status and function of those suffixes in the structure of denominal verbs given that a review of existing literature points to: (a) a lack of arguments for treating those suffixes as derivational, (b) the existence of alternative descriptions in anglophone linguistic references of analogical word formation processes in other Slavic languages, including Croatian, where the corresponding/given suffixes are not considered (primarily) derivational, (c) a lack of consideration of the above–mentioned theoretical issues which might have led to more substantiated if not fundamentally different analyses. Since the arguments to be presented clearly indicate a gradient nature of the three suffixes, making them neither uncontroversial means nor unquestionable symptoms of verb formation, we will argue that there is no room for any strict (binary) categorical judgements in the analysis of these verbs, including for a categorical ʻno’ as a response to the question in the title of this paper.

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Hrvatski cirkumfiks jo–…–n´

Author(s): Ivan Marković / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 82/2016

In the paper a language game in the Zagreb Croatian slang is described and analyzed that combines syllable metathesis and adding the circumfix jo–…–ń. For example, a trisyllabic word konobar [ko.no.bar] ‘waiter’ becomes jonobarkonj. This language game is viewed in the light of similar language games in different languages from Australia and Mainland Southeast Asia through Western Europe to Mesoamerica. The paper confirms three claims. The first claim is that in language games around the world there are identical patterns of adding, dropping and transposing syllables. The simplest ones are those with adding syllables, e.g. Cr. ja te volim ‘I love you’ → ja.pa te.pe vo.po.li.pim. The omission of syllables is much less common, especially at the beginning of words, e.g. Cr. kolega ‘colleague’ → lega. More complex syllable word games include metathesis, e.g. Cr. ku`i{ ‘you know’ → `i{.ku. The most complex word games combine metathesis and affixation, e.g. Cr. kurac ‘cock’ → jo–rac.ku–ń. The second claim is about the importance of the syllabic Maximal Onset Principle. In the course of the described language game it is shown to be more important than the Sonority Sequencing Principle. For example, in monosyllabic words like moj ‘my’ the coda is transposed to the beginning of the word despite the fact that this violates the sonority sequencing (j being more sonorant than m), in order to make the final form acceptable: moj → jmo → jo–jmo–ń [joj.moń]. The third claim is that in language games one finds atypical affixes, the ones which otherwise do not exist in the language in question or are generally rare in the languages of the world. For example, in the Croatian language game we find the circumfix jo–…–ń. The paper argues that it is an empty morph, a morph without meaning, which would not be a unique case of an empty morph in Croatian (cf. –ov– in plural form morf–ov–i ‘morphs’).

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JOTOVANI I NEJOTOVANI OBLICI U NORMI CRNOGORSKOGA JEZIKA

Author(s): Rajka Glušica / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2016

This paper deals with the opposition of forms of iotation and non-iotation found in the norms of the Montenegrin language. The official spelling and grammar of Montenegrin have established two equal systems of forms: one with non-iotation forms (the previous standard), and the other with forms of iotation (fully applied in the first edition of the official grammar, but only partially carried into the second). Two new graphemes, Ś and Ź, were introduced for two voices from Montenegrin folk speech, to mark all forms found as the result of the process of ijekavization and iotation. Iotation (jotovanje, or, in the new Montenegrin terminology, jotacija) is defined as an “ordinary” voice change, resulting in two variants (iotated and non-iotated), which divide Montenegrin language speakers into two groups as supporters of the one or the other variant. This paper shows how iotation, as a differentia specifica,became a symbol of division among Montenegrins, giving rise to new artificial divisions of the already divided Montenegrin society. It also discusses the results and consequences of such an approach to the standardization of the contemporary Montenegrin language.

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KAUZALNE INSTRUMENTALNE KONSTRUKCIJE S PROKSIMATIVNIM PRIJEDLOZIMA PRED(A), ZA, NAD(A) I POD(A)

Author(s): Mirela Omerović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2016

This paper investigates instrumental structures with the prepositions pred(a), za, nad(a), pod(a) (in front off or, above and under) marked with causative meaning. These prepositions will be explained semantically due to the metaphorical extensions of their locative meanings (localisation of the front, back, above and below). The causative meanings of these structural models contain three types of causes: effect, reason, and criterion. The crucial characteristic is the conceptual-semantic component between the object of localisation and the localisator, an unaltered cognitive distance based on metaphorical transposition of the semantic characteristics of the prepositions infront off, for, above and under, which is usually characteristic of instrumental case-prepositional structures. The crucial conceptual-semantic component between the object of localisation and localisator for the instrumental with the preposition in front of is the main component of the retreat or psychological distancing; the component of unattainability of the instrumental referent is a specific component for instrumental structures with the preposition for. It is a very common characteristic for structures with the preposition above to relate between the domination of the object of localisation and the localisator. The instrumental referent is the main reason for various psychological states (i.e. agents) in a person. The causative meaning of the instrumental with the preposition under is supported by semantic extensions based on the spatial relation of sublocality. In such structures the instrumental referent is the controller of the verbal process and is the cause of action of the object of localisation.

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GOVOR BOŠNJAKA SREBRENICE

Author(s): Refik Bulić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2014

The speech of Bosniaks from Srebrenica is interesting on account of several reasons. One of them is the question of long at substitution. The second reason is its topicality, along with the question of its vitality and survival, considering the genocide, displacement and reduced number of native speakers. The third one is the question of its dialectal affiliation. All these aspects are united by the fact that this speech is unexplored. In literature about dialects of Bosnia and Herzegovina there are some disagreements about the dialectal affiliation of Srebrenica’s speech.This paper explores some the most significant features of the speech of Srebrenica’s Bosniaks and compares them with the features of Ijekavian-Šćakavian (East Bosnian) dialect and contiguous (South-) East Bosnian speech type of East Bosnian dialect. It is shown that these speeches are similar based on a number of features, but they also have some differential features. Thus the existing borders between two BosnianHerzegovinian dialects presented in literature should not be considered completely reliable.

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AKUSTIČKE POSEBNOSTI AKUTA U ČAKAVSKOM, KAJKAVSKOM I STAROŠTOKAVSKOM GOVORU

Author(s): Jelena Vlašić Duić,Elenmari Pletikos Olof / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2014

Contemporary prosody in Croatian dialects possesses three different rising tones: “long rising”, “short rising” (which evolves from the former diachronically), and “acute” which is older. The acute appears mostly in Čakavian dialects, but is also present in Old Štokavian and some Kajkavian dialects. It is variously known as: “neoacute”; “new acute”; “čakavian acute”; “Posavina acute”; and “twisted”. The acute occurs on stressed long syllables; its main distinction from the other two rising tones is that it is produced in one syllable, while in long and short rising tones the high tone is spread over two syllables. Therefore, the acute can occur in monosyllabic words, as well in the last syllable of a word. The other difference between the acuteand the other rising tonesis its tone contour: Štokavian rising tones have a mostly flat frequency contouron the two neighboring syllables (therefore the rising tone would better suit the description “high tone”), while the acute has been described as “jump rising”. This description of the acute has been made mostly through listeners’ perceptions. In this paper we analyze phonetic realizations of the acute tone in recordings of Old Čakavian dialects (from Pitve and Pučišća), in Kajkavian dialects (from Đurđevac and Molve) and in Old Štokavian dialects (from Bački Monoštor, Stari Mikanovci and Gundinci). From speech recordings we extracted words with realizations of the acute, which were then auditorily verified by a dialectological expert. For further acoustic analysis, we selected words with the least influence of sentence intonation on the lexical tone. In the vowel with acute tone we analyzed frequency direction, frequency range and duration as well as the tone level of the post-accented syllable, where present. The analysis shows variability in acute realization within speakers, and within dialects. In Čakavian and Old Štokavian dialects the post-accented syllable can be low or high, whereas in Kajkavian dialects it is mostly high. Tone contour in the stressed vowel varies: it can be realized as flat, falling, rising, or falling-rising tone contours.

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NOVI POGLED NA NEKE STARE NAČINE TVORBE RIJEČI : O NEKIM NOVIM TVORBENIM NAČINIMA ILI O STARIM NA NOV NAČIN

Author(s): Ermina Ramadanović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2014

This paper establishes two new word formation types, and redefines some old ones. In order to do this, it is necessary to examine some traditional word formation types, and to highlight inconsistencies in the interpretation of formative processes (or formative procedures) and formative methods, and to start by listing and describing them. This paper discusses some formative types (their definitions and quantity) according to various authors and resources. Research has shown that in terms of word formation, the same examples (adverbs) can be defied differently by different authors. The formation of adverbs and the inconsistencies of their formative description provide an incentive to redefine this description, and establish new formative types that can also be applied to other word classes formed in the same way.

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O VALENTNOSTI IMENICA U HRVATSKOME JEZIKU

Author(s): Sanda Lucija Udier / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2014

The “valency” of words is their ability to open a place in the sentence to other words with very distinct characteristics. The word “valency” most commonly refers to verb valency because the verb is the structural center of the sentence. Considerable attention is devoted to the valency of verbs, while the valency of nouns and adjectives remains unjustly neglected in scientific research. However, it is necessary to study the valency of nouns in order to distinguish types of noun phrases and the mechanisms of their formation, as well as how they function in a sentence. The syntagmatic level is crucial to the expression of many particular meanings. It is therefore necessary to study case semantics as well as the syntagmatic relationships of words that form sentences. This article explains how different meanings are expressed by noun phrases in different cases.

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NEKOLIKO NAPOMENA O ODNOSU GLAVE I MODIFIKATORA U NEKIM TIPOVIMA HRVATSKE APOZICIJSKE SINTAGME

Author(s): Branimir Belaj / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 1/2014

In this paper we have used methods of Cognitive Grammar to discuss the relationship between the profile determinant (the head) and modifiers in certain types of appositive nominal phrases in Croatian. Croatian grammar is mainly unanimous in declaring that the position of appositive items depends on whether such items are appended to either proper nouns, or common nouns or pronouns. In the case of the former, the appositive item is claimed to precede, and in the latter, to follow the noun. An exception is offered by Silić and Pranjković (2005), who claim that apposition, being the dependent constituent, always precedes the noun (the main constituent) which it determines. In this paper we have sided with Marković (2008), who offered a compelling critique of such claims, proving that the position of apposition is not dependent on its addition to either a proper or common noun. According to Marković (ibid.) apposition is always the right-hand constituent in an appositive nominal phrase; in other words, the right-hand member always functions as the modifier of the member sitting to its left. However, even this analysis turns out somewhat flawed if the question is approached from the perspective of Cognitive Grammar. This would mean some adjustment to the rule that the right-hand member of the appositive sequence should always act as the modifier of the one on its left. In this paper we have subjected to special scrutiny cases with a syntagmatic arrangement opposite to the one predicted by the aforementioned rule.

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PERCEPCIJA BOSANSKOG JEZIKA U POLJSKOJ

Author(s): Robert Bońkowski / Language(s): Bosnian,Croatian,Serbian Issue: 1/2014

In the era of globalization, glocalizational tendencies have started to develop, instigating particular attention to local communities and their identity. The objective of this paper is to examine publications in Poland that describe the contemporary Bosnian language and language policy in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The author presents single publications and analyzes their content in a chronological and detailed way. The interest for the Bosnian language in Poland is increasing, and this paper recommends starting the consideration of Bosnian studies as a separate direction. Books such as Agnieszka Hofman Pianka’s The Sociolinguistic Aspects of the Present Bosnian Language undoubtedly serve as examples of this scholarly attention. Since Bosnian has been standardized independently since the 1990s for many Poles its form is still fluid. That is why Polish researchers strive to analyze it carefully, waiting for changes proposing a way that would allow for studying it as a fully formed language.

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ANTONIMI U UHODAMA DERVIŠA SUŠIĆA

Author(s): Alen Kalajdžija / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2012

The paper treats the problem of antonyms, based on material from the collection Uhode by Derviš Sušić. The paper aims to explain not only the function of antonymy in the collection, but also to offer a special view and select particular categories of antonymy. Our research shows that antonymy as a purely lexicologicaly-semantic phenomenon has specific repercussions in the content level of the text and message of the work of art. It is explained by numerous semantic incoincidences, presuppositions and confrontations of the content, in some lexemes as well as sentenial and discourse constructions. Acontribution to lexicology is reflcted in given examples from literary text of Bosnian authors, that show practical and very useful indicators of functioning of antonymy. Also, there is a special problem of separating contextual antonyms, which, as well as some other lexicology phenomena, shows general linguistic legalities based on polysemy of linguistic structure of lexemes and other units of the linguistic system, and as such they function in a contextual syntagmatic connection.

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FIGURATIVNI JEZIK KNJIŽEVNOG TEKSTA NA PRIMJERU METAFORE I METONIMIJE U ROMANU POBUNE DERVIŠA SUŠIĆA

Author(s): Jasmin Hodžić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2012

The work attempts to explain the connection between words in figurative language where words engage in new relations by utilizing their prototypical semantic potential. The new expression has the potency of a stylistic expression form, with precisely determined conditions, causes and effects.The meaning of the expression is determined by the context i.e. the non-literally reading. Literary discourse is submitted to an analysis of grammatical relations between syntagmata, phrases and collocations, formed by the figurative principle – in accordance with the metaphorisation and metonymyzation model of the lingual expression.

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VOKATIV U KNJIŽEVNOUMJETNIČKOM TEKSTU

Author(s): Remzija Hadžiefendić-Parić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2012

This paper deals with syntactic status of vocative (as well as vocative constructions). The analysis of vocative is approached from the communication aspect, accepting the view that the ‘addressing’ is outside (grammatical) analysis of the sentence and as such it cannot be ‘judged’ by grammatical (syntactic) categories. In the paper, we also try to interpret the connections between addressing (direct speech or ‘reported speech’) and other parts of structures using direct speech (writer’s speech) in the literary context (selected stories and a drama by S. Kulenović and a novel by M. Selimović). Syntactic analysis is followed by stylistic one.

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HETEROGENOST STILA DERVIŠA SUŠIĆA KAO METAFORA HETEROGENOSTI KULTURE

Author(s): Marina Katnić-Bakaršić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2012

The paper investigates heterogeneity of Derviš Sušić’s style. This includes analysis and interpretation of elements belonging to various registers (colloquial, administrative, sacred, poetic, erotic....) and languages (Latin, Arabic, German, etc.) The special attention is given to the role of re-registration in Sušić’s works. It can be argued that the key stylistic device in this writer’s narrative style is poetisation or lyricism. The figure of Foreigner as the Other has also been analysed. The paper shows that Sušić’s style has be interpreted as a metaphor, which expresses the author’s belief in necessity of the unity of heterogeneous elements of culture and multiple identities of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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STIL PUTOPISA SKENDERA KULENOVIĆA

Author(s): Bernisa Puriš / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 1/2012

The subject of the paper is the analysis of stylistic features of Skender Kulenović’s travel writing discourse. The analysis concetrates on the tropes and syntactic structures, as well as the macro structural aspects of Kulenović’s travel writing. The paper also deals with communicative values of textual segments and pragmatic conditions that influence their language, with an emphasis on the analysis of writer’s emotional speech.

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RETORIČKA STRUKTURA NOVINSKE KNJIŽEVNE KRITIKE ROMANA DERVIŠ I SMRT MEŠE SELIMOVIĆA

Author(s): Ivan K. Trifunjagić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2012

The aim of this experiment is to show how the analyses of rhetorical structure of newspaper literary criticism the novel Derviš i smrt by Meša Selimović – done from the standpoint of the Theory of Rhetorical Structure(TRS) – the theory of text organization by the authors William Mann and Sandra Thompson (1987), reflects discourse functions of newspaper literary criticism – informing and interpretation, in other words, its genre features – news and comments.

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Izražavanje temporalnosti u instrumentalnim konstrukcijama u bosanskom jeziku

Author(s): Mirela Omerović / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 12/2017

The paper discusses the instrumental constructions that express temporal meaning in the Bosnian language. The temporal instrumental usually refers to non-prepositional constructions with a time-localizer indicating the continuity of the time line in the form of a metaphorical path where there are frequent verbal processes. In those constructions there is usually a small spectrum of words indicating a measure of time or a period of time. With the non-prepositional constructions, for the expression of the category of time prepositional constructions are commonly used – with the prepositions s(a), pred(a), za, pod and prepositional phrases istovremeno/istodobno s(a), uporedo/naporedo s(a), paralelno s(a). All of these instrumental constructions fit into the schematic concept of parallelism inherent in the instrumental case.

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