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Metaphor identification procedure MIPVU: an attempt to apply it to Lithuanian

Author(s): Justina Urbonaitė / Language(s): English Issue: 7/2015

Recently metaphor researchers have addressed important points of criticism regarding some methodological weaknesses and have developed a new tool of metaphor identification, the so called MIP tool and its refined version MIPVU. The procedure has been designed to identify metaphor in English, yet, numerous metaphor researchers have applied it to other languages. The aim of this study was to test the MIP(VU) procedure in identifying linguistic metaphor in Lithuanian and discuss some problematic areas as well as provide tentative suggestions to solving them. The most relevant issues in the application of MIP(VU) to Lithuanian were the identification of metaphorical meaning generated by grammatical cases, demarcation of lexical units, establishment of the contextual and the basic meaning of words based on their definitions provided in dictionaries of Lithuanian and the fuzzy boundaries between homonymy and polysemy. Firstly, difficulty may arise in identifying metaphorically used nouns the metaphoricity of which is generated by grammatical cases. Since MIP(VU) tool does not provide a solution for identifying metaphoricity which is case-induced, a researcher may need to make adjustments to the procedure or disregard metaphoricity generated by such grammatical cases as the locative or the instrumental. To develop an adjusted MIP(VU) procedure which would include steps of tackling grammar-induced metaphoricity in Lithuanian would require linguists’ collaboration yet it could prove to be an effective undertaking.Secondly, in marking lexical units for metaphor in Lithuanian difficulties may occur in demarcating lexical units. The most common difficulty was concerned with demarcating polywords and some proper nouns, especially law-related terms such as names of institutions or documents which often consist of many words. As a suggestion, for more effective prospective application of the procedure it may be helpful to include proper nouns into contemporary dictionaries of Lithuanian. Since they designate a single referent at the conceptual level, it is fair to treat them as individual units of analysis.Thirdly, Lithuanian researchers may face difficulty in the procedural step of establishing contextual and basic meanings of the words, namely, in singling out one basic meaning from all listed in the dictionary. However, sometimes two or more senses provided in the dictionary may be equally suitable in meeting the criterion of being more basic, concrete. Since identifying a single basic meaning is sometimes hardly possible, the author of the paper suggests that the restriction of determining only one basic meaning might not be necessary. In addition, another important aspect in determining the meanings is the need for more extensive, more recent corpus-based dictionaries of Lithuanian. In addition to the structural lexicographic issues, many words in available Lithuanian dictionaries are defined with reference to other parts of speech, which might pose some difficulty and force a researcher to adjust the procedure. Finally, determining if two meanings (contextual and basic) are homonymous or polysemous is not always entirely unproblematic either. As regards lexicographic issues, MIP(VU) would be applied more effectively if a more extensive corpus-based dictionary of contemporary Lithuanian was compiled.

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Sakytinės lietuvių kalbos tekstynas ‒ natūralios vartosenos tyrimų šaltinis

Author(s): Laura Kamandulytė-Merfeldienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 9/2017

The article describes the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian, its structure, compilation stages (collection of the recordings, transcription, and grammatical annotation), and the methodology of data collection and digitalization; in addition, it discusses the possibilities of corpus application in the research of natural language usage and the research, which has already been carried out, using the corpus data. At present (2017), the corpus, which is freely accessible for internet users, contains 226,174 word forms. The users of the online corpus version can perform search of a word or a word form and obtain data on the frequency of the form in the whole corpus or its part as well as see grammatical information about it. In 2016-2017, the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian was supplemented by new data resulting from the implementation of the project “Contemporary Spoken Lithuanian: A Corpus-based Analysis of Grammar and Lexis” (LIP-085/2016) financed by the Research Council of Lithuania under the programme of the State Lithuanian Studies and Dissemination Programme for 2016–2024. The project will also create a new internet access, which will provide more possibilities for the users. The updated corpus consists of 256 conversations (383,587 words) produced by 1,086 speakers (659 females and 427 males), whose age ranges from 3 to 81 years. When developing the Corpus of Spoken Lithuanian, much attention was paid to its composition, i.e. the proportions of the corpus. In order to improve the universality and suitability of the corpus for a more varied analysis, the principle of a balanced corpus was maintained; therefore, several criteria were taken into consideration when collecting the data: the nature of spoken language (private vs public speech) and structure (dialogues vs polilogues), different communication situations (direct vs indirect (e.g. a telephone conversation), demographic indicators, and social relations among the interlocutors. Therefore, in 2018, users of the updated version of the corpus will be able to filter results according to different categories, such as gender, age, place and structure of the conversation, and perform a more detailed search. It is expected that when the users are provided with more possibilities to analyse corpus data on the internet, the amount of spoken language research will increase comprising different areas of lexis and grammar.

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Netiksli kalba rašytiniuose ir sakytiniuose tekstuose. Kiekinių žymiklių analizė

Author(s): Jūratė Ruzaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 10/2018

Vagueness is a controversial issue, which was long stigmatised by both researchers and laypeople and largely neglected in linguistics until the publication of Channell’s (1994) study, which demonstrated that vague language (VL) is a multi-faceted phenomenon of high pragmatic importance. The present study focuses on one of the most central categories of VL in Lithuanian, i.e. vague quantifiers, which can be defined as non-numerical expressions used for referring to quantities, e.g. daug (“a lot”), mažai (“little/few”), keletas (“several”), or šiek tiek (“a little bit”). The meaning of quantifiers frequently encodes some evaluative content concerning the significance of a quantity. The evaluative function is an important and intended speaker’s message, expressed by choosing a vague expression, and is lost if reformulated into a precise expression. A systematic account of this pragmatic category has not been carried out yet in Lithuanian, and the vast majority of research on vague quantifiers focuses mainly on English with only very few exceptions. VL is omnipresent and is used in all discourse types, but to a different extent and for different purposes; therefore, this investigation has a two-fold aim: (a) to determine the distribution of quantifiers in different discourses including spoken interaction and a variety of written texts (i.e. academic texts, newspapers and magazines, publicist texts, administrative texts, and fiction); and (b) to overview when and why vague quantifiers are prioritized over precise numerical references. The data for this investigation has been obtained from the Corpus of the Contemporary Lithuanian Language (tekstynas.vdu.lt), which is a reference corpus comprising over 140 mln words; it represents five major discourse types analysed in this paper. The present analysis has been carried out within the framework of corpus linguistics, pragmatics, variationist sociolinguistics, and discourse analysis; it is primarily quantitative, but to explain some dominant tendencies in the results, it also deals with some qualitative aspects. The findings obtained from spoken and written discourse have revealed that quantifiers are distributed very unevenly in the two modes of language; the results have also shown some dramatic differences in the use of quantifiers in different written texts. Their distribution and functions depend on the formality of quantifiers and their semantic type. Multal quantifiers (i.e. those referring to large quantities) are emphatic, whereas paucal quantifiers (i.e. those referring to small quantities) are mainly used for mitigation and are more prone to soften the effect of negatively loaded lexemes. Importantly, quantifiers are used for persuasion since they evaluate a quantity and convey the speaker’s interpretation of its significance. They can be important in discourse structuring, in shaping interpersonal relationships, and as a face-saving strategy. Due to the large variety of communicative functions that quantifiers can perform, they are an important category in second language teaching and should be adequately dealt with in lexicography.

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Pirmieji žingsniai kuriant lietuviškų žodžių asociacijų duomenų bazę

Author(s): Laura Vilkaitė-Lozdienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 12/2019

This paper introduces the first version of the Lithuanian database of free association norms available online on Zenodo (doi: 10.5281/zenodo.3451880). This is an attempt to provide an open access resource that would be helpful for psycholinguists, linguists, computational linguists, and students. This first version of the database includes 277 cue word forms: nouns, verbs,and some adjectives. The responses were collected from 304 participants. In total,15,612 association pairs are recorded. Word associations for this database were collected using a simple free association experiment technique: the participants were given cue words and asked to write down the first word that came to their minds. The data were collected in two stages: 64 participants took a paper and pencil test, while the others(n = 240) completed a survey online. The responses were cleaned for mistakes, longer comments, and non-Lithuanian spelling, but they were not lemmatized and are presented in their original form in the database. The data available to download includes tables of Participants, Cues, and Responses needed to use the database in the SQL format, as well as a summary spreadsheet for easier use for researchers not familiar with databases. The Appendix of the paper provides a summary of the main association pairs in the database together with some descriptive statistics.This is a first step towards a more comprehensive association norms database for the Lithuanian language. In the future, this database will be enlarged with more responses and more cue words. Any collaborations from researchers who are willing to share their data are very welcome.

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The Treatment of Final Coda Consonants in the Acquisition of Romanian Phonology

Author(s): Elena Buja / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2020

Final consonant deletion has been attested in the acquisition of English (Johnson–Reimers 2010), Chinese (Hua 2002), Dutch (Fikkert 1994), Hebrew (Adi-Bensaid 2015), Spanish (Goldstein–Citron 2001), and Indonesian (Ulaimah et al. 2016). Previous studies on the acquisition of Romanian phonology (Buja 2015a, b) indicated an extremely low incidence of this phenomenon among the Romanian-speaking children. A possible explanation for it could be the inconsistency in collecting the data (child diaries and longitudinal corpora). By means of an experimental study, i.e. a picture-naming task, this paper aims to prove whether Romanian children do drop final coda consonants. The words describing the pictures presented to the children have a C1(-2)VC1 structure (e.g. drum ‘road, way’, cap ‘head’, nas ‘nose’). The subjects in this small-scale research study were nine monolingual Romanian children aged between 2 and 4 years, who were recorded by their parents. Their spontaneous or imitated productions of the target words were transcribed by using IPA. The results of the analysis confirm the predictions made in my previous study (Buja 2015b) – namely that final consonant deletion, a very frequent phonological process in the acquisition of various other languages, is not characteristic of the acquisition of Romanian phonology.

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DAIKTAVARDŽIO SAULĖ DARYBOS LIZDAS

Author(s): Jolanta Vaskelienė,Greta Girdvilytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 15/2020

The word saulė (‘the sun’) and the denotation indicated by it has a lot of meanings in the Lithuanian culture: the mythologists, philosophers, art critics, and literature critics have written about this phenomenon. The article analyses the derivational family of the noun saulė. Having analysed the derivatives with the root word saul (or one of the root words) found in various sources and the relations between them, the following conclusions have been drawn. The derivational family, the centre of which is the noun saulė, consists of 287 derivatives: mostly nouns (78 per cent of all derivatives), adjectives (15 per cent), verbs (4 per cent) and adverbs (3 per cent). First degree derivatives are dominant, i.e. such derivatives whose underlying word (or one of them) is the noun saulė: cf. first degree derivatives make 74 per cent of all derivatives, and 26 per cent of all derivatives of further derivation stages. The nouns are formed by using all derivational types; however, the compound nouns prevail: they make 69 per cent of all noun derivatives. 61 per cent of compounds are with the second verbal component. The components of 34 per cent of compounds are linked with the vowel -ė-. Some compounds have direct meanings (they denote purpose and place), and many more compounds have figurative meanings (metaphorical and metonymic). The noun saulė almost always (99 per cent) is the first component of the first degree compounds. There are a few neologisms – the derivatives or the derivatives that have acquired a new meaning – in the derivational family of the noun saulė. New realia are named as neologisms or they are variants and synonyms of derivatives incorporated in dictionaries. The research revealed that, in the Lithuanian language, the same entities (mostly plants, phenomena) are named in terms of variation: 40 rows of derivational variants (DV) and 33 rows of derivational synonyms (DS) have been formed and discussed. The plant saulėgrąža (‘a sunflower’) and the time when the sun sets down saulėlydis (‘the sunset’) have a particularly high number of conjugate names: in these rows of DV and DS, there are 33 and 29 derivatives, respectively. Although in many cases DV and DS are the words of a close (or even identical) semantical meaning, their usage and frequency differ: usually only one member of the DV and the DS row is common to the contemporary Lithuanian language, it is often used, while other derivatives often belong to the passive lexis and are known to a small part of the Lithuanian language users, or are recorded in written sources. In rare cases, conjugate derivatives are related in terms of antonyms.

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Lietuvių atsisakymai ir jų mandagumas

Author(s): Inga Hilbig,Donata Katinaitė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 39(44)/2021

This study investigates Lithuanian refusals to comply with requests. Refusals are face-threatening speech acts. They can endanger social relationships, and therefore require mitigation by employing politeness means. The aim of the study is to find out strategies, sub-strategies, internal and external modifications of Lithuanian refusals. The research data was collected from students using an open-ended discourse completion test and consists of 1046 refusals. Summarizing the results, it can be stated that Lithuanians opt for indirect refusals. When refusing directly, the least straightforward strategy – stating the inability to comply with a request – is used, especially by women. Refusals (especially the direct ones) are often mitigated with external modifications that were again more frequent in women’s responses. Socioculturally, the most acceptable and thus polite way to refuse in Lithuanian is to apologize and provide reasons. Overall, there is a clear tendency to express positive politeness when refusing.

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Le denominazioni del sangue in area baltica

Author(s): Maria Teresa Ademollo Gagliano / Language(s): Italian Issue: 56/2007

In this paper I discuss the divergence between Baltic languages over the denomination for blood. While the Latvian form asins stems from the ancient IE denomination, the type represented by the Lithuanian kraujas and the ancient Prussian crauyo may date back to the age of the individual languages, but may also have been inherited, although it is in any case more recent than asins. Since the latter possibility seems more plausible, we can hypothesize that at some prehistorical stage both denominations of blood must have been simultaneously present, albeit with different functions, in the whole IE area, or at least in part of it. In the Baltic area this pair was preserved unaltered during the common age. Subsequently it underwent, within each individual Baltic language, a process of simplification whose Latvian outcomes where different from the Lithuanian and Ancient Prussian ones. If this reconstruction is correct, it follows that all three Baltic areas show an innovative behaviour towards the inherited situation.

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Ciešamās kārtas konstrukcijas „Skolēnu pārspriedumu korpusā”

Author(s): Kristine Levane-Petrova / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 12/2021

The category of voice and especially the passive voice is always a topic of great interest among the researchers of various persuasions. Latvian is not an exception. Thus far, the category of voice, the passive voice and the related phenomena have been described in different Latvian grammars, many aspects of the voice have also been analysed by different researchers in the individual studies. Although the Latvian language has many descriptions and studies on the passive voice, the types of the passive of the Latvian language have not been examined until now. Therefore, this paper will analyse the passive constructions, types of passive and related aspects of the passive voice in the “Corpus of Students’ Essays”. This is a specialized corpus that contains 468 students’ essays from the 12th grade Latvian language exam (http://nosketch.korpuss.lv/#dashboard?corpname=vidusskolu_diktati). The first part of the article deals with the brief description of the passive voice in Latvian: the types of passive constructions, an agent, the formation of passive voice constructions, and other phenomena related to the passive voice. The second part of the article analyses the dynamic passive constructions, while the third part of the article scrutinises the stative passive constructions in the specialized corpus. Both dynamic and stative passive analysis considers the distribution of passive forms, passive types, word order in passive constructions, passive constructions and the agent. This work has received financial support from the Latvian Council of Science under the grant agreement No. lzp-2018/1-0527 (“Development of Learner Corpus of Latvian: methods, tools and applications”) in synergy with the Latvian State Research Programme “Latvian Language”, agreement No. VPP-IZM-2018/2-0002 (subproject “Acquisition of Latvian Language”).

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Lietuvių kalbos skiemuo: dėmenų hierarchija ir skiemens svoris

Author(s): Asta Kazlauskienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 42(47)/2022

The article aims to establish the hierarchy of Lithuanian syllable constituents and determine how syllables should be interpreted in terms of syllable weight. The empirical data based on 311 000 syllables show that the variety of consonants in the onset is more significant than in the coda. A vowel and a succeeding approximant form the nucleus of a prosodic syllable, which shows strong coherency between a nucleus and a coda. Therefore, a CVC syllable is interpreted as [syllable Onset [rhyme Nucleus Coda]]. The division of Lithuanian syllables into light and heavy can be based on the realization of pitch accent, and it fully coincides with the traditional classification of long and short syllables in Lithuanian linguistics. Short syllables are light, their nucleus is a short vowel, and the number of consonants in the onset and the coda is unimportant. Such syllables account for almost half of all syllables in the database of this research (45%). Long syllables are heavy, and their nucleus may consist of long vowels (30%), diphthongs (12%), or mixed diphthongs (13%). When stressed, heavy syllables are pronounced in two ways: traditionally known as “acute” and “circumflex”. The stress is not dependent on the syllable weight, as both light (short) and heavy (long) syllables can be stressed. However, it has been observed that heavy (long) syllables are stressed more often than light (short) ones. Heavily stressed syllables constitute 25%, while light stressed syllables comprise 11% of all the syllables in this research database.

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Variantums kā konvertācijas izaicinājums: Georga Manceļa tekstu atveide mūsdienu rakstībā

Author(s): Everita Andronova,Anna Frīdenberga,Renāte Siliņa-Piņķe,Elga Skrūzmane,Anta Trumpa,Pēteris Vanags / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 47/2022

The spelling of the early written sources forms a major obstacle for modern users to explore them. The Corpus of early written Latvian (www.korpuss.lv/senie) developed in 2002 covers 74 sources from the 16th–18th cc. One of the steps towards modernising the corpus is the development of a mechanism that can handle searches in modern spelling. The corpus modernisation is performed by researchers from the Institute of the Latvian language, UL and the Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, UL. The aim of the article is to present the development of conversion rules for the sources by one particular author, G. Mancelius, which show a great variety of spelling. The data of the study are seven printings which represent different stages of the author’s writings – ‘Lettisch Vade mecum’ (Manc1631_LVM), ‘Lettische geistliche Lieder vnd Psalmen’ (Manc1631_LGL), ‘Das Haus=, Zucht= vnd Lehrbuch Jesu Syrachs’ (Manc1631_Syr), ‘Die Sprüche Salomonis’ (Manc1637_Sal), the dictionary ‘Lettus’ (Manc1638_L), ‘Ten conversations’ (Manc1638_Run) and ‘Lang=gewünschte Lettische Postill II’ (Manc1654_LP2). The introduction to the article provides an overview of previous research on G.Mancelius’ orthography, which is usually quite brief and lacks any analysis or comparison of individual sources or different phases in Mancelius’ works. The study was conducted by means of the descriptive analytical and the philological method. A case study of two problematic ambiguous graphemes (, ) and one problematic set of graphemes () is presented, showing changes over time and seeking out the best conversion solutions for each case. The conversion was implemented according to 3 groups of laws: 1) graphemic, used for individual graphemes or sets of graphemes, either with or without regard for their position in the word; 2) morphemic, used for certain grammatical morphemes (prefixes, suffixes, flections); 3) lexical, which convert individual lexemes or their stems. The conversion shall be performed in the following order: 1) lexical; 2) morphemic; 3) graphemic laws. On the basis of the chronological study of individual graphemes, a brief description of the development of G. Mancelius’ orthography is presented in the final part.

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Latviešu literārās valodas frikatīvie spraudzeņi: uztveres pētījums

Author(s): Solveiga Čeirane,Inese Indričane / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 13/2022

The current paper considers the auditory or perception properties of Latvian fricatives. The aim of this paper is to test the significance of the acoustic information contained in the formant transitions and in the fricative segment itself. Laboratory speech recording with isolated CVC syllables was used to create stimuli for the perception experiments, where C is the fricative, and V is the short monophthong [ɑ], e. g., [fɑf], [vɑv], [sɑs], [zɑz], [ʃɑʃ], [ʒɑʒ], [ʝɑʝ], [xɑx]. CVC syllables were edited with the speech analysis computer software PRAAT, preserving the prevocalic and deleting the postvocalic fricative. The stimuli presented to the respondents sounded like fa, va, sa, za, and so on. The perception study consists of two perception experiments: 1) 16 stimuli were presented to the respondents, obtained by 40 ms long segment of each prevocalic fricative combined with formant transitions of the monophthong [ɑ]; 2) 16 stimuli were presented to the respondents, in which a 40 ms long segment of each prevocalic fricative was combined with the nucleus of the monophthong [ɑ]. The perception experiments took place at the Riga Stradiņš University with participation of the 1st year students, who formed two groups of respondents: 1) a group of native respondents – 26 participants whose mother tongue is Latvian; 2) a group of non-native respondents – 32 participants whose mother tongue is German, Norwegian, Swedish, or Finnish and who learned Latvian as a foreign language. In the group of non-native respondents, it was not possible to ensure an equal number of respondents for each language represented, therefore the influence of their mother tongue on the recognition of Latvian fricatives has not been assessed. The results show that in the group of native respondents most fricatives are recognised better than in the group of non-native respondents, however, a significantly higher rate of correctly classified stimuli in the group of native respondents was found only for some fricatives: dental [s], [z] (in both experiments) and alveolar [ʒ] (in the first experiment). In the group of native respondents, formant transitions usually are more important in the perception of voiced fricatives than in the perception of voiceless fricatives, because the formant transitions of voiced fricatives are longer, clearer, and therefore more representative than for voiceless fricatives. In the group of non-native respondents, who have a lower level of Latvian language proficiency, formant transitions provide significant additional information in the recognition of all fricatives.

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Verba priedēkļi latgaliešu rakstu un latviešu literārajā valodā

Author(s): Daiga Deksne / Language(s): Latvian Issue: 13/2022

Prefixation is a productive technique of verb derivation in Latvian. In the Standard Latvian language, 11 prefixes are used for verb derivation. In the Standard Latgalian language, the borrowed prefixes pra-, pod-, roz- and da- are used, as well. The aim of the study is to clarify the meanings of the prefixes found only in the Standard Latgalian language, and to establish whether the prefixes found in both Latvian and Latgalian have the same meanings. The hierarchy of foreign prefix meanings used in Latgalian are reflected in the radial meaning models. The models are constructed by analysing the prefixed verbs excerpted from “Corpus of Contemporary Latgalian Texts”, and some other sources. Examples of prefixed verbs used in Latvian standard language are excerpted from “lvTenTen: Corpus of the Latvian Web” and “The Balanced Corpus of Modern Latvian LVK2018”. The results of the study show that the number of meanings of prefixes pra-, pod-, roz- and da- is small. The meanings of these prefixes in the Standard Latvian language are expressed by different prefixes.

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Lithuanian and Latvian laterals: Comparison of acoustic properties

Author(s): Jolita Urbanavičienė,Jana Taperte / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2022

The aim of the paper is to examine how acoustic contrast manifests itself between /l/ and /ʎ/ in Latvian, as well as /l/ and /lʲ/ in Lithuanian. For the study, speech recordings of 6 adult informants (3 Lithuanian and 3 Latvian male speakers) have been analysed. Initial and final laterals in closed symmetric [l]V[l] sequences and intervocalic syllable-initial laterals in V[l]V sequences have been examined. During the analysis, the focus is placed mainly on locus equations, as well as changes in formant structure (especially F1 and F2) triggered by position and vocalic context. Acoustic data demonstrates differences in coarticulation effects between Latvian palatal /ʎ/ and Lithuanian palatalized /lʲ/. The formant structure of /ʎ/ and /lʲ/, unlike the corresponding non-palatal laterals, is more stable and less dependent on the quality of adjacent vowels. Vowel context affects the degree of palatalization, e. g. palatalized [lʲ] next to [ɪ], [iː] and [eː] is pronounced “softer” than next to [ɔ̟], [o̟ː], [ʊ̟], and [u̟ː]. Latvian /ʎ/ is characterized by a more stable vowel F2 locus, which indicates higher degree of coarticulatory resistance to vowel effects; the quality of /lʲ/, on the contrary, depends more on vowel context. The same is true (although to lesser degree) for the Lithuanian /l/. The assumption about the similarity of Latvian non-palatal /l/ and Lithuanian palatalized /lʲ/ is only partly supported by the recent data. In terms of the degree of coarticulation (indicated by slope values of locus equations), Latvian /l/ is closer to Lithuanian /lʲ/, while its formant structure, especially low F2, brings it closer to Lithuanian /l/.

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Kalbos redaktoriai: iššūkiai, nuostatos ir motyvacija

Author(s): Neringa Micutaitė,Kristina Jakaitė-Bulbukienė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 17/2022

The aim of this work is to analyse the challenges that language editors face when editing texts and to investigate the linguistic attitudes and motivation of editors. The paper analyses 10 qualitative in-depth semi-structured interviews with language editors. The average length of each interview is 45 minutes. The research material consists of a total of 7 hours of audio recordings of the interviews, the transcribed recordings make up 100 pages of text. The texts edited by the participants vary in their nature: cultural, legal, film texts, scientific, medical, culinary, business, fiction literature and etc. It has been found that language editors face various challenges in their work: for example, difficulties due to late Lithuanian terminology, liberalising Lithuanian language policy. The linguistic attitudes of the editors have been analysed: the participants in the study do not question the idea of language normalization and explain its importance with various arguments. They stress the prestige of the common language and the difference between public and private language. The participants of the study criticise some aspects of the Lithuanian language policy: some decisions of The State Commission of the Lithuanian Language are questioned, as well as language purism. The most important aspect of language editing, according to the editors, is the fluency and clarity of the text. It was found that most of the informants feel that they contribute to the development of the language and influence the language.

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Lietuvių ir latvių terminologija: istoriniai ryšiai ir gretinamieji tyrimai

Author(s): Regina Kvašytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 29/2022

Review of: Lietuvių ir latvių terminologija: istoriniai ryšiai ir gretinamieji Straipsnis parengtas pagal Valstybinės tyrimų programos Letonika latviskas un eiropeiskas sabiedrības attīstībai2-ojo etapo projektą Mūsdienu latviešu valodas lietojums un attīstība (Nr. VPP-LETONIKA-2022/1-0001).

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Naujausi lietuviški terminų žodynai

Author(s): Jolanta Gaivenytė-Butler / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 29/2022

Review of: Naujausi lietuviški terminų žodynai, Anatomijos vardynas [elektroninis išteklius] / Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universitetas. Medicinos akademija; Rimvydas Stropus, Neringa Paužie-nė, Dainius H. Pauža, Janina Tutkuvienė, Eglė M. Jakimavičienė, Palmira Zemlevičiūtė. – Kaunas: Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto Leidybos namai, 2020. – 1 pdf failas (IX, 299 p.). – ISBN 978-9955-15-639-0.

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In memoriam Juris Baldunčikas (1950-11-29–2022-07-27)

Author(s): Regina Kvašytė / Language(s): Lithuanian Issue: 29/2022

The community of Latvian terminologists and linguists has lost terminologist, lexicographer, pedagogue and translator Juris Baldunčiks. After graduating from the Department of English Language and Literature of the Faculty of Foreign Languages of the Latvian State University in 1977, Mr. Baldunčikas worked as a junior (1978–1986) and senior (1986–1989) researcher at the Institute of Language and Literature of the Latvian Academy of Sciences, he was a member of the Institute deputy director for scientific issues (1990-1992), held the position of deputy director for scientific activities of the Institute of Literature, Folklore and Art of the Latvian Academy of Sciences (1992-1993), was a project manager, as well as a lecturer at the Faculty of Psychology and Pedagogy of the University of Latvia (1995-1997) ). In 1997, he started working at Ventspils Higher School, where he headed the Department of English, then until 2014 - the Center of Applied Linguistics of this higher school.

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In memoriam Helju Kaal

Author(s): Jüri Viikberg / Language(s): Estonian Issue: 4/2023

On January 19, 2023, the life path of Helju Kaalu, the long-standing iron asset of the Mother tongue Society, came to an end. He dedicated more than half a century of his life to the Estonian language and work in the Mother Language Society, becoming a symbol of the society, without him it would be hard to imagine its daily life. He himself could not plan to become a linguist in his youth, but the social conditions in his formative years became decisive.

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AGREE, MOVE AND THE SCOPE OF THE PHASE IMPENETRABILITY CONDITION

Author(s): Jacek Witkoś / Language(s): English Issue: s1/2021

This paper addresses a certain contradiction in the application of the Phase Impenetrability Condition (PIC) to domains involving the long-distance Genitive of Negation (GoN) and wh-movement in Polish. It appears that in syntactic domains of the tensed sentence including an infinitive complement, there is a tension between a long-distance dependency (holding between NEG in the main clause and the embedded object in genitive) and a cyclic operation of wh-movement. The operation of wh- movement, a classic example of Chomsky’s Move, observes cyclicity and the PIC, judging by the standard tests based on reconstruction (Chomsky 1995; Heycock 1995; Fox 1999; Safir 1999; Legate 2003; Witkoś 2003; Lebeaux 2009), while the Agree-based case marking requires the PIC to be inoperative in exactly the same context and in the same domain. Both operations place contradictory requirements on the PIC, which implies that this condition does not apply to them in the same manner: it always holds of Move but does not always hold of Agree.

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