Polityka głosu

Author(s): Mladen Dolar / Language(s): Polish Issue: 5/2015

For Dolar, voice represents the primordial or animal aspect of the human being, zōē, or naked life. Speech, meanwhile, is understood as voice endowed with meaning. Considering the problem of voice, Dolar argues that zōē rubs against bios, i.e. political and social life. Zōē manifests itself in many areas of life; the primordial voice appears in contexts such as justice, education or religion. It also represents an integral attribute of rulers and dictators, who use their voice to create laws, or who enforce those laws into life. Voice is indispensable for logos and the written word. Therefore it is inexorably linked with social life; it exists between naked life and social life, between sound and speech.

Przyczynek do studiów nad biologiczną ewolucją komunikacji. Na tropie pewnej hipotezy

Author(s): Tomasz Nowak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

The article is a reconnaissance. The author of the paper aims at providing a comparison of mathematical and empirical results of research on the evolution of language. The content of the paper focuses on issues relating to the emergence of language. The author seeks to answer the question: What differentiates human and animal communication?

Naturalna technika: swarming i komunikacja międzygatunkowa

Author(s): Ekaterina Nikitina / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2015

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of swarming and its expression in modern technologies and art. The main focus of this work is a philosophical comprehension and interpretation of the performance “Mind-Controlled Cyborgroach” created by the Moscow art-group “18 Apples.” The author discusses the phenomenon of the uncanny as a manifestation of entomophobia and technophobia, and she explores the ontological questions of human and animal being and compares categories of “natural” and “human” technics. The article also focuses on the problem of the Other in the context of the basic tasks of bioethics.

ГЕНИЙ МЕСТА, СОВЕСТЬ МЕСТА, ПРОКЛЯТЫЕ МЕСТА

Author(s): Aleksandr Evgenievich Levintov / Language(s): Russian Issue: 3/2013

Благодаря тому, что Платон не построил стройной понятийно-философской системы о гении, как сделано им было относительно государства, человека, Бога, землеведения, астрономии, знания и т.д., то во многих диалогах он лишь касается этой темы, почти всегда передавая “право голоса” своему Учителю Сократу, и таким образом лишь намечает некоторые стороны этой идеи, оставляя нам простор для продолжений. Важнейшими из этих идей, по его мнению, являются: - гении — побочные дети богов; - гении представляют собой нечто среднее между богами и людьми. Их назначение — «быть истолкователями и посредниками между людьми и богами, передавая богам молитвы и жертвы людей, а людям наказы богов и вознаграждения за жертвы. Пребывая посредине, они заполняют промежуток между теми и и другими, так что Вселенная связана внутренней связью, благодаря им возможны всякие прорицания, жреческое искусство и вообще все, что относится к жертвоприношениям, таинствам, пророчеству и чародейству. Не соприкасаясь с людьми, боги общаются и беседуют с ними только через посредство гениев — и наяву и во сне.

Sceptyczne tropy Wittgensteina i transcendentalizm

Author(s): Witold Marzęda / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2016

The article concerns the rule-following paradox, which, according to Saul Kripke, was formulated in “Philosophical Investigations” (PI) by Ludwig Wittgenstein. The article indicates that an interesting starting point for the discussion of the paradox may be the concept of structure from Principia Mathematica and used in the Tractatus. It makes it possible to show how extracting a set of rules and a set of actions designated by them (which together form structure) can lead to paradoxical consequences and difficulties, as well as to identify three sceptical clues based on famous paragraph 201 of the PI. These are: (1) An action can be coordinated with a rule only for a finite number of steps. (2) A specific rule can be coordinated with any action. (3) A specific action can be coordinated with any rule. In order to analyse the first of them, the author evokes Wang’s finitism paradox. The second and third clue refer to the semantic difficulties identified by Saul Kripke in his famous book Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language and to the problem of recognition of the sign, which Kripke does not mention and which makes the scepticism of the clues more radical. Wittgenstein’s paradox was already implicitly present in the transcendental philosophy of Immanuel Kant, as well as in the later discussions on the foundations of logic and mathematics — in the works of Ernst Schröder and David Hilbert, who pointed out the necessity of the principle of recognition of the sign as a kind of protection against doubt. Although transcendental philosophy, from its Kantian origins, was to be an alternative to both skepticism and dogmatism, transcendentalism is not the only possibility to escape the paradoxical sceptical consequences that Wittgenstein presented. Another solution may be to reject the distinction between rules and actions.

Von Marburg nach Pittsburgh-2: Anschauung in der Struktur der Erfahrung

Author(s): Maja Soboleva / Language(s): German Issue: 35/2016

The paper focuses on the problem of constitution of our cognitive experience. Two approaches to this problem proposed by Ernst Cassirer and John McDowell are central for the analysis. Both authors use Immanuel Kant’s theory of cognition as a foundation for their own conceptions und they develop their independent interpretations of it according to the traditions they belong to. Although McDowell’s interpretation emerged within analytical philosophy, we can see similarity with Cassirer’s theory. Comparative studies of these theories will point out the convergences and divergences between them.

Social Indeterminacy and Quine’s Indeterminacy Thesis

Author(s): Samal H. R. Manee / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

This article examines whether Willard Van Orman Quine’s indeterminacy thesis can be sustained. The argument from above, Quine argues, can derive indeterminacy as its conclusion. I will argue that the indeterminacy claim cannot be sustained. I further argue that Quine changed the formulation of the underdetermination of theory by evidence (UTE) argument from what Duhem said to the Quine/Pierce meaning verification view, in order use the new formulation of UTE to imply indeterminacy. Given all that, we see when we apply the old UTE argument we only arrive at underdetermination of theory by evidence, and that applies to all sciences, philosophy and knowledge, including philosophy of language. Quine’s argument of indeterminacy is one where the premises alone do not make the conclusion obvious, and further difficulty arises because he has not given enough examples of the indeterminacy in his writings. Given that, I will look at how can we draw the particular conclusion Quine maintains on the basis of the single fundamental premise he puts forward, bearing in mind Quine’s other philosophical views and background beliefs. I will look at further ways of approaching the indeterminacy argument, through which I shall try to examine whether Quine’s premise can derive the conclusion of indeterminacy, examining the role of the underdetermination of theories by evidence in the argument from above, and its relation to the indeterminacy thesis.

Сетивен и свръхсетивен свят в Хегеловата концепция за съзнанието

Author(s): Ivo Minkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2017

The aim which is set in the research is a consistent analyzing of Hegel’s sensible world. Thus, it explicates the distinction between sensible and supersensible world. An important part is the specific, different understanding of the Subjective spirit’s structure, so as the entire Phenomenology. Such comprehension lays the metaphysical foundations and grounds of ethical life, like primordial, conceptual mediation. This prompting into representation of the bilateral dynamic between sensible and supersensible, to the unity and balance of feeling and reason understood like responsibility and necessity.

Лишаването от свобода в границите и отвъд границите на съзнанието

Author(s): Emil Angelov Madzharov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2017

This theoretical study presents conceptual views on the psychological mechanisms through which the regime, the social-educational work and the prison subculture influence on the mental functioning of prisoners.The penitentiary institution provides constructive and destructive transformations of the conscious layers into unconscious ones, as well as the reverse process.

Sherry by Eliane Lima (USA, 24 m. 2017)

Author(s): M. Kennedy Volcofsky / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

В обувките на дете

Author(s): Hristo Simeonov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2018

What is the power of the child streaming from the silver screen due to and what can the adult viewers learn from it? In other words, where does the magnetic power shared by children and cinema come from? Not every child was born to be an actor, indeed. The process of searching for the right child for a role is often much harder than looking for the right professional actor.The script in already front of us on the table and there is a child character or several ones in it, so we can ask ourselves some important questions, regarding the text: How well conceived and written is the character? Are the behavior, the relationships and the sensitivity of the child character adequate to what is happening to him/her during the story? And maybe the most important: Do we have enough information and experience with children at that age? From the director’s and the casting’s viewpoints, the profound study of the relationship between age and self-awareness in the context of the personality of the character and the one of the actor, is of great importance, especially when it comes to children.

Онтологично обосноваване на „съществуването“

Author(s): Georgi Donev / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 2/2018

The goal of this article is to ground the ontologization of the logical subjectivity of philosophical thinking. The arguments for the thesis that “existence” is equivalent to the logical subjectivity of thinking in phenomenological form, defined by transcendental logical language, are shown. Ontology is a system of transcendental languages. The principle of every transcendental language is an introduction of the a priori logical relativity in the construction of possible phenomenological models of “existence”. The logical relativity does not allow the thinking of logical subjectivity, which has ontic genesis. The transcendental language constructs in ontological form the logical subjectivity, as well as eliminates a priori the logical contradiction, from which follows the destruction of language. Ontology understood as transcendental language is relative topology which determines a priori the logical topos of the possible logical subjectivity of consciousness.

Калист Kатафигиот: съзерцанието – „плод на обожението“

Author(s): Dimitar Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2018

This text aims to discuss the ideas of Сallistus Cataphugiota elucidated in the treatise On union with God and life of contemplation. The work advanced the main idea that contemplation is “fruit of deification“. Different definitions of contemplation, its three stages and final goal – deifying unity with the transcending Unity, were put forward. The article aims to illustrate the significance of the theology of contemplation, developed by Callistus Cataphugiota for Hesychastic tradition and Orthodox spirituality.

Artificial versions of intelligence and consciousness, steps toward the society of conscience

Author(s): Radu NEGOESCU / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

Whilst the artificial intelligence seems recently to approach its human-close specimen, artificial consciousness still has some way to go before becoming an experimental terrain for a bunch of sciences that deals with the problem of conscience, including philosophy and theology. Depending on our capacity to inseminate a machine transposition of natural ethics at the same time with increasing machine autonomy, a well guided artificial consciousness holds the promise to offer a representation of what natural consciousness could be in absence of distorting influences exerted by biologic (genetic) inheritance on human being as it presents nowadays. The most important, advances in the field of artificial intelligence & consciousness, and inherently related reflection upon the human ones, appear as salutary steps on the road towards the Society of Conscience as theorized by Mihai Drăgănescu from 2000 to his passing away.

Структуриране на личността в психоаналитична перспектива

Author(s): Silviya Kristeva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2016

This paper will search to offer a model of the whole-integrated personality with encompassing the structure, the areas and the internal specifications and connections in the personality universum. For this purpose we will follow and derive the basic conceptual models which exist and generalize what personality is in our comprehension. This also will be a phenomenological reconstructing of fundamental types of projections in personality constituting – we will derive the initial approaches to the world of I-instance in Descartes and Kant, but basically we will define the process personality in Hegel as the result of process-ending of the pure thought system. We will also draw for consideration Heidegger’s model in analyzing the personality as an event, as a phenomenon of the live and actual human presence in the world. Thou the essential goal is reconstructing the three-instance psychoanalytical model which will be considered in unexpected configuration by drawing together of S. Freud’s and A. Maslow’s personality depth-structuring. The hypothesis raised up here is: Maslow’s pyramid of basic needs, in its hierarchy reflects a general structuring of the levels of the personality universum, with this the areas of integrity, continuity and I-projecting of whole personality will be formed.

История на човешката еволюция

Author(s): Kiril Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 4/2016

The present study reveals a new approach of understanding of human evolution reasons. Humans are formed because of a conflict with himself own, but not by a conflict with the nature. As a result of that conflict, the species survival means are no longer successful, and human beings are prompt in searching of individual tools to survive. By that reason, they are forced to abandon their instincts, passing from biological to psychological level of defense. During the evolution process, new models of surviving among the fellows appear. These relations between individuals formed a new biological kind – the Mankind. In their essence these models are instruments of mimicry and misguidance, which paradoxically lead to rapprochement between individuals, transform them into social objects. In the phylogenetic memory of modern men, they appear as mental disorders. Actually, every mental illness is an attempt to throw back the consciousness to ancient models of surviving, created in the evolution process.

Моралната идентичност

Author(s): Dimitar Bogdanov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2016

In the present article is presented the problem of the moral identity which is related with the notion of the identity and the moral functioning of the self. There is a definition of that what is moral identity – combination of moral opinions, understandings, emotions and representations of our own self. The author presents several theories about the moral motivation and actions: theories about the moral thinking, theories about the moral emotions and theories about the moral identity.

Рефлексивна природа на его-състоянието Възрастен

Author(s): Irena Levkova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 3/2016

The ego states have not been studied considerably in the world psychology literature and they have mostly been studied in respect to their behavioral aspects. The paper presents a hypothesis about the nature of the Adult based on the theoretical views on reflection via which the specific functions of the Adult ego state could be explained.

Visual and Language Codes of Basic Existentials in Heidegger’s Being and Time

Author(s): Aneta Tumbeva / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2019

The article will present Heidegger’s philosophical concept in Being and Time, which disclosed the human existence through the problem of time. Heidegger creates his own conceptual language through which the visibility of the environmentality directs to Dasein and to the ready-to-hand world. Existentials outline the dimensions of Dasein in the basic constitution of the Being. Their presenting leads to the division of zones of the existence, the human world and its existential constitution – Dasein reveals its possibilities to be and its existential basic state. To present the scope of Heidegger’s existential analytic, the following Existentials can be structured: World, Everydayness, Care, Death, and Conscience. Each and every Existential will be considered through its visual and language codes.

„Кронос“ като ум и „Афродита“ като душа в античната антропология. Съкрушената душа в съвременното общество

Author(s): Elitsa Dimova / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 6/2024

The purpose of this article is not to clarify the authenticity and various features of Pythagoreanism, but to trace whether it has an influence on different philosophical currents on how the human being is perceived as two incompatible alternatives – as a transitory form of the animal or as a divine creature. The fact is that there is no clear and consensual definition of what constitutes a person. The separation of soul and body in man as two separate entities belonging to different dimensions is also a concept inherited from antiquity. Matter as evil and soul as good has been a philosophical maxim since the time of Pythagoras. Thus, the human being remains outside the unity of nature as torn into two different entities. They relate to the being, matter and time differently. They express his different natures – the low and the high, the small and the large, matter and ether. The interpretation that soul and body are connected only indirectly and that this makes man imperfect is the root of an erroneous but established notion. In this sense, it is important to rethink from a modern perspective where human perfection lies, such as the right to choose and freedom.