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In this chapter the focus is on the specific influence of the crisis on the Spanish economy. Authors examine the transformation of Spain's development from 'economic miracle' to chronic depression and catastrophic unemployment levels. They analyse the endogenous factors which compounded the crisis and, in particular, the effects of policy failure at EU level.
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Author examines the particular effects of the financial crisis on the systems of social welfare within Europe. He identifies clear signs of a recommodification of welfare and the erosion of 'long cherished principles of reducing inequality, building and consolidating solidarity through a progressive social policy'. He highlights the particular threat to the 'solidarity model of asymmetrical mutuality' represented by destructive processes of austerity and the limited and contradictory ambitions of the Europe 2020 programme.
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Author, building on the contributions of Messkoub and others, assesses the particular challenges of reversing the trend within European societies towards greater inequalities of income and wealth. Beyond the intellectual challenge of weakening the grip of disciplinary neoliberalism on both policy elites and many elements of European political culture, the trust of a progressive social agenda has to address the widening disparities of 'market incomes' as an issue of public policy, as well as the fiscal implications of a system of asymmetrical mutuality (Messkoub). Recent taxation policy has tolerated divergence among member state tax systems, encouraging both inter-state tax competition and weakening the fiscal potential for neutralising chronic social disparities. Reversing this trend and establishing sustainable and progressive systems of public goods and public finance is a critical precondition for the survival of the European project.
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Three main questions are asked in the paper. Firstly: how has the sense of ‘life satisfaction’ and happiness of Poles changed over the period of twenty years between 1991 and 2011? During this period Poland has experienced substantial growth of gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, but is Polish society becoming happier and more satisfied with life? Secondly: what is the level of subjective well-being individuals commonly perceived as losers (older, poorly educated and unemployed) in comparison with people who objectively appear to be winners (well-educated, in low middle age, employed)? Thirdly: how has the subjective well-being of unemployed, older and poorly educated people changed during this twenty year period between 1991 and 2011? Some authors suggest that because happiness became something everybody want, it is a core value of society, and it lays the basis for our modern welfare state. Because happiness represents an individual right, individual and societal aim, it is crucial to discover and scrutinise relations between the individual level of happiness, and the impact on it resulting from a variety of factors. It might be true that simple application of happiness economics to policy making would be unreasonable. But still if we agree that happiness constitutes a good life for individuals and thereby also a good society, it is important to collect, analyse and include this type of information for the purpose of policy making.
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The aim of this chapter is to endeavour a summary of the road travelled in the space of two decades after 1989 (with all the political and economic transformations and modernisation which they brought) by social work in Poland within the meaning of a qualified service provided by social workers within the structure of the social welfare system. And likewise to ponder the current situation and condition of social workers as a professional group.
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This case study is about nearshoring from Scandinavia to Poland and challenges in managing the rapid growth. One of the pioneering companies in this field is described.
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The aim of the chapter is to initiate discussion on the positive and negative aspects of remote work in Polish branches of international enterprises. In 3 short case studies presented in the text, situations that made organizations’ managements allow their employees work remotely are discussed. In each case, different reasons initiated a decision: plant relocation, hiring a specialist living far from the plant and a threat of pandemic. There is a common opinion on employees in many countries (including Poland) that they are not flexible enough when searching for a job, they expect it to be “round the corner”, whilst it is not only them but also employers that should present a more flexible approach, also in terms of remote working. On the other hand, it must be stressed that such solutions have both advantages and disadvantages and sometimes cannot be available for certain roles in an organisation.
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The described project assumes the development of a new method for solving the problem of homelessness, in particular, with regard to the field of supporting people in an exceptionally difficult situation or those suffering from mental disorders and/or addictions to achieve independence and overcome problems. The aforementioned project is the first attempt at implementing this method in Poland. The basic assumption of the method is to solve the main problem of a person in the homelessness crisis, which is the lack of housing, and only then to provide support in solving other problems. The aim of the chapter is to give rise to discussion on the innovative solutions implemented by one of the local government to remedy the problems of homeless people. The issue is based on SDGs. The second described case study is the “Safe Future of People with Intellectual Disability”—implemented by the Polish Association for People with Intellectual Disability—reflecting the tested model based on support circles, i.e. social support networks in order to empower people with intellectual disabilities. The main objective of the “Safe Future” model is to develop and implement solutions that ensure legal, financial and social security of people with intellectual disabilities in situations where they have lost the support of the family. The concept of the support circles tested in this model is based on built networks of connections rooted in the social capital generated among the local community. The last example of sustainable development in the non-governmental sector is Social Cooperative Sunny Hill—as a social enterprise it is a unique entity on the market. It conducts economic activity, the main goal of which is not profit, but social and professional re-integration of people at risk of social exclusion. Contrary to a traditional enterprises, it does not distribute the profit among shareholders, but allocates it to social purposes.
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Purpose: The aim of the article is to answer the following research questions in the context of strong factors, both external (COVID-19 pandemic) and internal (restrictions): 1) What is the current professional situation of people associated with the real estate market? 2) What is the general situation on the real estate market? 3) What are the prospects regarding the professional situation and the market itself? Design/methodology/approach: The author has used the diagnostic survey method and the survey technique (electronic questionnaire) in the study. The research was carried out in the second quarter of 2020 (i.e. in the period of the strictest restrictions) on a sample of 247 people representing mainly the professions of a real estate agent, property appraiser and real estate manager. Findings: Pandemic restrictions, including in particular the restrictions on the functioning of selected aspects of the economic sphere (lockdown), drastically worsened the professional situation of people associated with the real estate market and had a negative impact on the overall economic situation. A shock occurred, above all, on the demand side of the market, disrupting the functioning of entities dealing with the professional service of the market, including primarily people working in the profession of a real estate agent and a real estate sales specialist in real estate development companies. A common feature of the professions in question is the work model based on direct contact with clients. In this case, remote work turned out to be possible only to a limited extent. The overall assessment of the situation on local real estate markets and their individual segments was utterly negative. Originality and value: The first weeks of the pandemic were characterised by very high dynamics and frequency of changes, which caused chaos and disrupted the functioning of entities operating on the real estate market. It was considered crucial to obtain the opinions of the people directly involved in and creating this market. The conducted research was one of the first in Poland which comprehensively allowed for a preliminary assessment of changes on the selected market.
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The circular economy creates new opportunities by introducing ecological principles in manufacturing. The use of technology and artificial intelligence in the circular economy in the environment will contribute to creating new jobs. Digitalization helps to use resources more efficiently and optimize processes and sustainable growth. The skills of the future are directly related to the digital and green transformation of the economy.
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Created in 1945 primarily for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security, the United Nations (UN) plays a vital role in restoring and maintaining peace and stability in countries still affected by conflicts or large-scale crisis. This is achieved through peacekeeping missions and operations, which have constantly evolved and developed. Thus, there has been a gradual shift from the simpler, traditional missions and operations carried out in the spirit of Chapter VI of the UN Charter on the peaceful settlement of disputes, without any military objective or task, to today's multidimensional missions, which have to manage much more complex crisis situations. The United Nations is committed to promote cultural awareness and diversity in all its peacekeeping operations. In recent years, the United Nations has taken significant steps to improve the cultural awareness and sensitivity of its peacekeepers. This includes providing training on cultural competency and cross-cultural communication, as well as developing policies and guidelines that consider the unique needs of each mission. The UN perspective is that peacekeeping operations are often conducted in cultures very different from those of the peacekeepers themselves. As such, it is important for peacekeepers to be aware of the local culture and customs. By taking steps to promote cultural awareness and diversity, the UN is working to increase the efficiency of its peacekeeping forces.
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Organized crime is a dynamic, cross-border, criminal phenomenon that requires the periodic development of strategies adapted to new trends to prevent and combat it. In this sense, the criminogenic factors, the methods and ways of committing the purpose crimes, the relevant legislation in force, the competence and performance of institutions specialized in combating crime, but also of social reaction to organized crime, must be taken into account.At the european level, the EU Strategy to combat organized crime 2021-2025 is applicable, being the first unitary strategy dedicated to organized crime; this derives from the EU Security Union Strategy. In Romania, the seat of the matter is Law no. 39/2003, national strategies and specific, multi-annual action plans being developed.Currency counterfeiting, as a manifestation of organized crime, is part of the scope of strategies of this type, which include a series of measures and actions to prevent and combat such a criminal phenomenon, which seriously affects the economy, the financial system of the European Union and the member states, but also the patrimony of the natural or legal person injured by receiving counterfeit currency.The SOCTA 2021 assessment by Europol mentions currency counterfeiting as the main area of activity of organized crime networks, being classified as a priority threat under the European Multidisciplinary Platform against Criminal Threats 2022-2025 (EMPACT 2022).
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The organisational behaviour represents the way in which members of an organisation understand to adopt certain attitudes or modes of action in their relationship with the organisational environment, as individuals or as members of a group. The understanding of organisational behaviour as an essential variable of the organisation is directly dependent on the human component that forms the core of organisations, without which we could not conceive their existence. The study of organisational behavior is relevant for the deep understanding of the mechanisms that engage the entire organisational life. In the specialised literature, the organisational context is viewed as the influencing factor of human behaviour, and, therefore, as the variable that has a direct impact on the type of behaviour that is created at the organisational level. As a matter of fact, this study aims at highlighting those dimensions of the organisation that act as determinants of organisational behaviour.
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This study provides an in-depth analysis of the public-private partnership in the execution of custodial sentences, focusing on the ethical, legal, and operational implications associated with this collaborative model. The research emphasizes the fundamental role of the public service in ensuring law compliance and the protection of the fundamental rights of prisoners, while also highlighting the need for careful management of the partnership in accordance with the ethical and deontological principles specific to the correctional profession.The detailed analysis highlights numerous benefits associated with the public-private partnership, including the improvement of the quality of correctional services, the optimization of financial and technological resources utilization, and increased operational efficiency. The involvement of private companies in prison management brings innovative perspectives and specialized expertise, contributing to the continuous development of the correctional system. Furthermore, collaboration between the public and private sectors can support the implementation of advanced programs for social reintegration and rehabilitation of prisoners, thereby facilitating the rehabilitation process and reducing recidivism rates.However, the public-private partnership also presents significant challenges. One notable drawback is the risk of the private sector being primarily motivated by profit-seeking, potentially leading to a decline in the quality of services provided to prisoners. Additionally, the increase in costs borne by the government is questioned, as private companies may demand higher remuneration than necessary to cover the actual costs. Contract management and monitoring activities within the partnership pose complex challenges, particularly when the interests of the two parties diverge significantly.
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The continuous increase in the demand for transport is in the constant attention of the European Commission, which has launched a "new visionary exercise" applicable to the future of all modes of transport, with an emphasis on continuing the process of liberalization and reducing the impact on the environment - the transport system consumes almost 30 % of energy generated in member villages – by reducing dependence on oil imports, greenhouse gas emissions and accidents. This article draws attention to the considerable challenges faced by the European Union and, implicitly, our country, in order to respond to permanent transport needs, in the context of demographic changes and the reorientation of investment capacities in the port field, all influenced by the maintenance of the situation determined by the evolution of the conflict in Ukraine.
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Migration has been a feature of human existence for centuries. People have always migrated in groups or individually to seek freedom, to escape poverty, to find new economic opportunities, to flee religious intolerance or political repression and this process is impacting both countries of origin and countries of destination. The issue of migration is complex. Through a well-managed system, migration can contribute to growth, innovation and social dynamism. Both the safety of people seeking international protection or seeking a better life must be taken into account, as well as the concerns of destination countries who fear that migration pressures will exceed their capacities. Following the Refugee Crisis of 2015-2016 and the different way in which Member States were impacted, it was identified the need to build a system to manage and normalize migration in the long term and which is fully based on European values and the international law. In this sense, the steps for the action of the Pact on Migration and Asylum have been initiated, which specifies that no Member State should assume a disproportionate responsibility and that all Member States should constantly contribute to solidarity, aiming a solid and balanced management of migration flows that are looking for a better life on the territory of the European Union. This new common framework will set out the principles and structures needed for an integrated approach over the migration and asylum policy, in order to ensures a fair share of responsibility and effective management of mixed arrivals: both persons in need of international protection and persons that do not need such protection.
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The paper presents aspects related to the flow of air through the intake manifold of a turbine engine, for its maximum operating regime. The manifold pressure losses are calculated using the analytical relations. For a more accurate calculation, the flow is calculated with numerical methods.
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The aim of this paper is to analyse the personality of a boss in antithesis to the personality of a leader by defining and differentiating them. The methodology of the research carried out is to start from the initial emergence of these terms to the present day. The paper includes both a theoretical comparison of the two types of leadership and a practical comparison of two known historical personalities, and on the basis of the results obtained, leadership styles in emergency management are highlighted. The essential conclusion of this paper is the notion of innate leadership resulting from the analysis as well as the identical result of comparing the two typologies mentioned above regardless of the historical moment in which it takes place.
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Spectrometry and measurements of radioactive background are used to detect and quantify levels of ionizing radiation in various environments, including air, water, and soil. These techniques allow the determination of the type and quantity of radionuclides present in a sample and can be used to evaluate the impact of radiation on human health and the environment. Spectrometry involves detecting and analyzing the radiation emitted by radioactive materials, while measurements of radioactive background refer to measuring the level of background radiation in a particular environment or location. Measurements of radioactive background are important in assessing the risks associated with exposure to radiation in a given environment. These measurements are carried out using measuring instruments such as dosimeters, radiation detectors, or spectrometers and allow the monitoring of radiation levels in various environments, including areas where there are natural or artificial sources of radiation. Overall, spectrometry and measurements of radioactive background are essential for evaluating the risks associated with exposure to radiation and for protecting human health and the environment.
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The article presents the dynamics equations of a vehicle immersed in water and towed by a cable. To solve the system of differential equations, the hydrodynamic characteristics of the immersed body are taken into account. The systems are solved for different towing speeds.
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