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BARIŞ ÇALIŞMALARI KAPSAMINDA İSRAİLFİLİSTİN SORUNU

Author(s): Demet Şenbaş / Language(s): Turkish Publication Year: 0

Barış ve savaş kavramları uluslararası ilişkilerde çok uzun zamandır tanımlanmaya çalışılan kavramlardır. Ancak barış kavramı en çok İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrasında daha sistemli bir şekilde çalışılmaya başlanmıştır. Barış çalışmaları literatüründe üç temel barış tanımı öne çıkmaktadır. Bunlar; John Burton’ın “ihtiyaç teorisine göre barış”, Johan Galtung’un barışçıl yollarla barış yaklaşımında ortaya koyduğu “negatif barış”-“pozitif barış” ayrımı ve Kenneth Boulding’in “istikrarlı/sürdürülebilir barış” kavramlarıdır. Günümüzde barış çalışmaları sadece tarafları masaya oturtmaktan ibaret değildir. Tarafların çatışma sebepleri etraflıca değerlendirilmelidir. Çatışma çözümü, çatışan taraflar arasındaki şiddeti önlemeyi veya hafifletmeyi amaçlar. Barışı sağlamak ve çatışmayı önlemek için müzakere ve arabuluculuk gibi yöntemler vardır. Günümüz barış çalışmalarında; sosyal değişim, adalet ve yapısal şiddetin azaltılması gibi pozitif barışla ilgili kavramlar vurgulanmaktadır. Barış çalışmalarında taraflar arasında askeri, siyasal güç dengelerinin ve güvenlik kaygılarının önemsenmesi gereklidir. Aksi halde bir barış anlaşması yapılsa da hayata geçirilememektedir. Bu duruma İsrail-Filistin arasındaki Oslo Barış Görüşmeleri iyi bir örnek olarak gösterilebilir.

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Приносът на инструмента за предприсъединителна помощ в подготовката на Албания за членство в ЕС

Author(s): Indrit Cenai / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

As of January 2007, the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) replaces various EU instruments and programmes for pre-accession financing which had previously been functioning - PHARE, PHARE CBC, ISPA, SAPARD, CARDS and the financial instrument for Turkey. The aim of this article is to clarify the nature of the IPA which benefits Albania and the rest of the prospective candidate countries from the West Balkans in the past programming period (2007-2013) as well as the present one (2014-2020). The methodology of the research is based on content analysis – the content of fundamental EU strategic and legal documents was analysed as well as opinions expressed by both Albanian and Bulgarian academics in the field. The research results are conclusions about the way the IPA functions, the problems occurring in its course in Albania and recommendations for its continuation in the next programming period due to the importance of the economic sectors which are being financed through IPA in the countries from the Western Balkans region.

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An Outlook on the Changes of the External Trade Composition of Turkey with her Main European Union Trading Partners: 1996, 2017

Author(s): Elif Dağdemir Uçkan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The significant role of the external trade for an economy is incontestable. External trade not only helps to the capital accumulation for the industrialization of an economy but also generates employment. Furthermore, external trade which reflects the national production of an economy speeds up the transfer and the usage of the new technology and might increase the foreign exchange supply which is necessary for the balance of payments. Last but not least, external trade serves for enhancing political and diplomatic relations between countries. Along with the incontestable importance of increasing the volume of trade, trade composition and export diversification are as significant as the quantity for an economy. Classical trade theory as well as Heckscher-Ohlin theory that explain the gains from international trade by the static comparative advantage under perfect competition are far from conceiving today’s tangibles and the assumption of trade as an engine of growth deals with short-run economic growth. These weaknesses might be reinforced with a differentiation of trade composition and export diversification. Such a structural change on the external trade composition might then positively affect long-run economic growth. Regarding Turkey’s external trade, European Union has been the main trading partner of Turkey since the entering into force of the Association Agreement. The Association Agreement which aims the full membership of Turkey to the European Union foresees a Customs Union for industrial commodities. The Customs Union between the parties has been constructed upon three different stages, namely the Preparatory Stage, the Transitional Stage and the Final Stage. The Final Stage which reflects the readiness of the parties for the well-functioning of the Customs Union started in 1996. The aim of this paper is to analyse the changes in the composition of trade between Turkey and the main European Union trading partners and to evaluate the changes by taking into consider 1996 and 2017. The conclusions of this paper would give us the opportunity to discuss the actual as well as potential trade composition and export diversification of Turkey at the Final Stage of the Customs Union and might lead to further studies which examine the relationship between export diversification and long-run economic growth.

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Всестранното инвестиционно споразумение между ЕС и Китай – значението му за ЕС и възможностите за България

Author(s): Kameliya Dzhongova / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

In 2012 the EU brings up the need of a Comprehensive investment agreement with China – its second largest trade partner. The report presents from the European perspective the current situation with the FDI flows between EU and China, the obstacles in front of a more effective international investment policy, the objectives and tasks of the agreement and also the estimated effect of the treaty. At the end of the report conclusions on the eventual economic opportunities for Bulgaria are made based on the analysis.In 2012 the EU brings up the need of a Comprehensive investment agreement with China – its second largest trade partner. The report presents from the European perspective the current situation with the FDI flows between EU and China, the obstacles in front of a more effective international investment policy, the objectives and tasks of the agreement and also the estimated effect of the treaty. At the end of the report conclusions on the eventual economic opportunities for Bulgaria are made based on the analysis.

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Глобални рискове, с които се сблъскват българските компании, при участието си в глобални вериги за доставка

Author(s): Zhelyazko Valchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This paper presents contemporary trends for the Bulgarian companies participating in global supply chains. Author discusses the structural changes of the Bulgarian economy as a result of the EU membership – growing IT and BPO sectors as well as increasing export potential in the traditional for the country agriculture and military industry. It is noted that the industry and the agricultural sectors are increasing their competitiveness and producing high-value products. Those effects could be particularly explained in regards to the military production growth with the geopolitical conflicts, social unrest and other issues pertaining to the global security. In light with the latter, this research reviews the current global risks which Bulgarian companies, part of the global supply chain, are facing. The author’s goal is to prove that this risk management requires complex and various techniques, flexibility, adaptivity and consistent monitoring. To achieve this, author reviews firstly the export and import of goods by a country and economic sector which helps in defining key trade partners and sectors. Considering the growing share of the outsourcing to the GDP, author pays special attention to the matter. Second, the research identifies and analyses most recent world-wide risks which impact the global economy. In conclusion, author discusses the risks particular to the Bulgarian companies and their mitigation.

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Russian Positions on Syria and Syrian Kurds

Author(s): Konstantin Truevtsev / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Russian foreign policy initially did not place a high priority on the issue of Syrian Kurdistan. Relations on the governmental level with Iran, Turkey,Iraq, and Assad‘s Syria overshadowed this issue that remained extremely marginal until 2011 despite the Kurdish ties of the long-time leader of the Syrian Communist Party, Khaled Bakdash.

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Weapons, Borders, and Human Rights: The complicated relationship between the European Union and the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria

Author(s): Francesco Marilungo / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

When we consider the European Union’s general policy towards the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Kurdish: RêveberiyaXweser a Bakur û Rojhilatê Sûriyeyê, hereafter simply NES), we must assume that the European Union (EU) does not have any single policy towards the NES. Indeed, it is hard to speak of a EU coherent foreign policy on anyissue.1 In recent years, we became accustomed to complaints about the lack of a broad European policy on defence and foreign affairs, as well as exhortations to create a common continental approach to international security issues. Presently, each Member State moves with considerable autonomy, taking care primarily of its national interests and reacting mostly to domestic grievances, whilst the European bloc in itself seems to move steadily towards irrelevance in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)region, where global and regional powers have reduced European influence.Recent events, such as the Turkish invasion of areas of northern Syria in October 2019, have only confirmed what analysts have been saying about EU foreign policy in the last years: ‘that the EU has little influence over the course of events in Syria’ (Pierini, 2016).

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Отговорности на вносителя произтичащи от прилагането на Регламент (ЕО) №1907/2006: критичен преглед

Author(s): Bogdan Stoyanov,Venelin Marinov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The Regulation (EC) 1907/2006 of the European parliament and the Council known as REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and restriction of CHemicals), is imposing serious responsibilities on companies that manufacture or import chemicals into the territory of the EC in quantity bigger than 1 t/year. The present study examines the obligations of the importers and the problems in case of some non-standard business schemes and types of substances. Solutions are proposed, some of which are successfully implemented in practice.

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Ефекти от кризата в Гърция върху българската икономика

Author(s): Kaloyan Simeonov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The crisis in Greece affected everybody and not only Greek citizens and companies. It affected also the neighboring countries like Bulgaria. The current article aims to analyse what are the consequences of the crisis in Greece for the Bulgarian economy and what are the prospects for further enforcing these effects. It focuses on such issues like trade relations between Bulgaria and Greece, foreign direct investments, the influence of the crisis in Greece to the tourism sector in Bulgaria, the role for the financial markets, the Small and Medium Sized Enterprises, unemployment rate and other factors in the Bulgarian economy.

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Участие на България в глобалните вериги за доставка под влияние членството на страната в Европейския съюз

Author(s): Zhelyazko Valchev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

Global supply chains are a contemporary manifestation of international business, which allows different economies to utilize their competitive advantages to a greater level and participate in certain stages of a final product manufacturing process. One of the fundamental powers for their development in Bulgaria is the process of regional integration and in particular the preparation for accession and the subsequent membership of the country in the European Union. The supranational rules that apply to all member states, the free movement of goods, services, workers and capital and the step-by-step implementation of a common currency are the factors that let the Bulgarian economy restructure itself and participate successfully in global supply chains as a supplier of value-added goods and not as an exporter of raw materials.

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Транграничното сътрудничество на България със Сърбия, Македония и Турция в контекста на приоритетите на европейското териториално сътрудничество през новия програмен период

Author(s): Monika Moraliyska / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The European Territorial Cooperation (ETC) is an important part of the EU Cohesion Policy, which aims at economic, social and territorial cohesion between regions and countries in the EU. A part of it are the cross-border cooperation programs that have a positive effect on the development of border areas through joint activities and challenges in different areas. In the new programming period 2014 – 2020 the priorities and objectives of ETC have changed and developed in the light of the changing circumstances in the environment, social and economic problems and globalizing world. This paper examines these changes, the new priorities of cross border programs and analyzes the cross-border programs of Bulgaria with its neighbors Serbia, Macedonia and Turkey in the past and current programming period. A comparative analysis is made of their main objectives, priority axes and budget perspectives. The report summarizes the findings for the future of cross-border cooperation in the EU and Bulgaria's participation in it.

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Международният трансфер на технологии в България след присъединяването към Европейския съюз

Author(s): Paskal Zhelev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The international flow of technological information and its successful integration into domestic production and management processes are essential for the ability of catching-up economies to compete on the global marketplace and to narrow the technological gaps they face compared to developed countries. Among the most important dynamic effects of regional economic integration is the enhanced possibility of technological transfer among participating countries. The European integration provides such an opportunity for the technological laggard Bulgaria. The objective of the paper is to provide an analysis of market-mediated international transfer of technology in Bulgaria following its EU accession through the following channels: foreign trade, foreign direct investment, licensing. The results show that the process of technological catching-up is not an automatic process and in the case of Bulgaria does not occur as expected given its EU membership.

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Кръгът преговори „Доха“ и общата аграрна политика на Европейския съюз

Author(s): Vasil Gechev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The present report analyses the nature and the chronology about the Doha Round of Negotiations as well as the main elements of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the EU. Then the author analyses the links between the Doha Round and the CAP, including the positions expressed by the EU and by the developing countries during the course of negotiations.

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Въздействието на международните цени на зърно върху българския зърнен пазар

Author(s): Anton Kostadinov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The first decade of the 21st century was accompanied by increased price volatility and price spikes in commodity markets. This caused a chain reaction in the world economy. The changes that took place had not only an economic but also a social dimension. Price volatility is expressed through the transfer of uncertainty from the financial sector to other sectors of the global economy. At the time of the collapse of the capital markets, commodities recorded record turnovers. New financial instruments have appeared to allow the avalanche-like increase in the positions of institutional speculators in commodity markets. In the short term, increased uncertainty is crucial for the price stability of the food. For example, through its impact mechanisms, climate change may cause another 115 million people worldwide to face chronic hunger and reach a total of more than 700 million people. For our country, the volatility of grain prices is of strategic importance.

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Международна конкурентоспособност на експортно ориентирани отрасли в България

Author(s): Antoaneta Vassileva / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This publication presents the main results of the research project "International Competitiveness of Export-Oriented Industries in Bulgaria", funded by the state budget from the Fund "UNWE Research", implemented during the period December 2009 - December 2011. The goal of this project is to analyze and assess the international competitiveness of the export-oriented industries in Bulgaria and to propose recommendations at the macro-, meso- and micro-level for its increase. The study utilizes a wide range of general scientific and specific methods for assessing the international competitiveness of export-oriented industries in Bulgaria. The SWOT analysis has a central place to present the main competitive advantages and disadvantages of the industries and the challenges they face. The main sources of statistical information are the National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria and the Eurostat. For the implementation of the project objectives a special questionnaire has been developed, distributed in the 6 planning regions among managers of companies from the identified export-oriented industries.

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Bosnia and Herzegovina’s Trade Relation with European Union

Author(s): Jelena Tešić,Dragan Gligoric / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The process of European Union (EU) enlargement following the accession of Bulgaria and Romania will go towards the accession of Western Balkan countries. Region of the Western Balkans is consisted of six countries. Some of these countries have the status of the candidate country (Croatia, Macedonia and Montenegro) while Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) has the status of potential candidate, along with Serbia and Albania. Subject of this paper represent an analysis of trade aspects of the relations between BiH and the EU since EU is the most important trade partner of BiH. In addition, the subject of this paper will include an overview of the signing and establishment of CEFTA Agreement between countries in the region because the membership in this free trade zone represents one of the important steps towards EU membership. The goal of this paper is to empirically investigate how the BiH’s products are represented on the EU market and vice versa, what is the structure of its import and export, and in this context, what are the possible problems. Also, our goal is to analyze the possible future improvements for BiH in the context of trade relations with the EU. In the first part of the paper we will briefly provide basic indicators of BiH economy, as well as some indicators of its integration in the global market. The second part of the paper is dedicated to the analysis of foreign trade policy of BiH with the emphasis on the free trade agreements concluded on regional level with CEFTA countries, and free trade agreement concluded with EU by signing the Stabilization and Association Agreement. In the third part we will present the real flows of trade between the EU and BiH. The importance of the EU as a foreign trade partner of BiH will be pointed out. By the analysis of the volume, value and structure of import and export with the EU we will identify the difficulties, but also the advantages that BiH has in trade relations with EU.

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Експортната конкурентоспособност на България след присъединяването ѝ към Европейския съюз

Author(s): Paskal Zhelev / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

This report aims to examine Bulgaria's export competitiveness in the context of the country's full membership in the EU. This was achieved through an analysis of the dynamics of the value and volume of Bulgarian exports, its diversification in terms of markets and product structure, as well as the factor intensity and technological complexity of our exports to the EU. The obtained results testify that there is yet low export competitiveness of Bulgaria and significant lag when referred to comparable with us countries such as Hungary and Slovakia, and by some indicators, Romania. This is largely due to the relatively low-tech, unfavourable and strategically unpromising export specialization of our economy. Therefore, the state policy aimed at stimulating the export competitiveness should have the long-term goal of improving Bulgaria's position in the international division of labour.

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Beyond Energy Security? Slovakia Ten Years after the Gas Crisis

Author(s): Veronika Oravcová / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The year 2019 was a turning point in energy policy. Slovakia, like other EU countries, drafted its long-term climate and energy strategy, an integrated National Energy and Climate Plan for 2021–2030 (NECP). The NECP comes under the Regulation on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action (EU/2018/1999) and covers five of the Energy Union dimensions: energy security; internal energy market; energy efficiency; climate action and decarbonization; and research, innovation and competitiveness. Primary responsibility for drafting the NECP lies with the Ministry of Economy. The NECP is an updated version of the 2014 Energy Policy of the Slovak Republic. Energy security is vital to Slovakia and a major issue since the natural gas crisis of January 2009. The year 2019 represented the beginning of a new direction in energy and climate policy and the end of a decade of energy security concerns.

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Slovak Relations with East Asia: A Lost Decade?

Author(s): Matej Šimalčík / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In recent years, the international system has seen a gradual shifting of the geopolitical and geo-economic centers of gravity. China’s growing power and rising assertiveness under the rule of Xi Jinping, the US trade war with China, and the ever-present threat of North Korea’s nuclear program suggest that the geopolitical shift has been following an eastward vector. This means the most important global processes, which will shape the world in the upcoming decades, are taking place in the Indo-Pacific region.

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Slovak Development Cooperation in 2019

Author(s): Daniel Kaba / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

2019 brought with it a number of new strategies, instruments and policies. Nevertheless, the old demons returned and our foreign policy and values continued to be undermined. Two main topics dominated – migration and private sector involvement in development cooperation. While migration framed both the beginning and end of the year, caused heated debates, was the reason minister Miroslav Lajčák submitted his resignation to the president (he later withdrew it) and was a politicized in the parliamentary election campaigns at the end of the year, private sector involvement has attracted less public and social media attention and been less prone to open misuse by politicians. Nonetheless both are equally important for development cooperation.

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