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EUPHRATES SHIELD: AN ANALYSIS OF TURKEY’S INTERVENTION IN SYRIA

Author(s): Cătălin Alin Costea / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Starting with the civil war in Syria in 2011, its neighbors, especially Turkey,Lebanon and Jordan, faced a series of major issues that had a substantial impact on their security, domestic and foreign affairs. The growing flow of Syrian refugees fleeing the conflict, as well as the border instability generated by the conflict between the various actions on the ground, created tensions at Syria's border with these states and put pressure on the governments of Ankara, Beirut and Amman. Among these, only Turkey decided to intervene decisively by conducting a military operation in Syria to remove threats to national security. Therefore, this article aims to identify the reasons behind Turkey's decision to intervene in Syria on 24 August 2016. The working hypothesis of the article is that the occupation of more territories at the Turkish-Syrian border by the Kurdish forces (YPG)fueled Ankara's concerns about the possibility of creating a Kurdish state at the Turkey’s border. Thus, the Turkish president has approved a military intervention in Syria in order to prevent this scenario. At the same time, the article aims to analyze the costs and benefits of Turkish army following this operation.

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SECURITY TRANSFORMATIONS DUE TO THE ONLINE ENVIRONMENT CHANGES. CASE STUDY: CHINESE AND RUSSIAN INFLUENCE OPERATIONS

Author(s): Gheorghe-Alexandru Gabroveanu,Corina Stan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This study will provide the findings of an analysis of the measures taken by two of the main actors of the international stage: China and Russia against or for the Internet 2.0 era.While Russia adopted (voluntary or not) a more visible strategy using Internet for spreading ideas and messages in order to promote the Kremlin's propaganda, China has a more silent exposure of this phenomenon.One of the challenges of this study was to show if the strategy adopted by China(banning and restricting its population unlimited access to the Internet), which was chosen to protect the Chinese citizens of so-called western malign influence and propaganda, was intended to create more disinformation.

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THE STRATEGY FOR EVALUATING THE APPLICATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION

Author(s): Iulia Staicu,Viorel ORDEANU,Mihail-Silviu Tudosie / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

From the weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) the most dangerous are the biological weapons (BWs) that use living organisms, which after their dissemination, can get out of control and their effects could thus be devastating. As such, BWs were the first WMD sto be prohibited by means of law by the United Nations (UN) thus in 1972, at Geneva, the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) was signed.As a result, the necessity of a coherent strategy that could evaluate the application of the BTWC at a national and international level emerged and specific mechanisms of evaluating the convention’s application were created, including at UN level. Yet, because of the contradiction between, on the one hand the need for transparency and on the other hand the need for maintenance of the military secret, these evaluation methods were not efficient.As such, some states possess or could possess own BWs, creating a potential danger for the international community.In this article we aim at presenting some elements of the strategy for evaluation of the application of the BTWC.

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CONCEPT FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF LEGAL MEASURES TO STRENGTHEN THE BIOLOGICAL AND TOXIN WEAPONS CONVENTION

Author(s): Mihail-Silviu Tudosie,Iulia Staicu,Viorel ORDEANU / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Geneva Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC 1972)provisions must be respected by all signatory countries, while non-signatory countries are required to refrain themselves from using those kind of weapons. BTWC allows signatory countries to possess and use reasonably small amounts of biological agents of war – BAW (grams) for defensive purpose of scientific research for obtaining new means of diagnosis, prevention and treatment. But living biological agents can be multiplied on demand in any amount, or toxins may be bio synthesized in any amount as specific ammunition for biological weapons.It means that the implementation of the Convention is a complex action and difficult to achieve in practice. In this situation, effective legal measures for the worldwide implementation of BTWC must be set, but concrete actions are more difficult to implement. UN, as an international body, is able, to enforce and to monitor the compliance with the Convention, being helped by other entities, such as the Security Council, the World Health Organization (WHO), etc.

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GEOPOLITICS OF EUROMAIDAN: A NEW STRUGGLE FOR INFLUENCE IN PONTIC-BALTIC REGION

Author(s): Dan-Laurentiu Mocanu,Constantin Hlihor / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Baltic-Pontic Sea zone can be seen not just as a geographical area of Intermarium but aswell as Intermundium or the interface of the struggle between Western and Russian powers. From the Great Game and classical geopolitics associated with Halford Mackinder’s ‘Heartland’ thesis through the Cold War and geopolitical science interpretations of global ‘shatter zones’, the place of Pontic-Baltic area has assumed and maintained a central role in the studies of international relations. The paper sets out to explain the logic of dynamic patterns shaping this struggle for geopolitical influence in this area. The analysis starts from the conclusions voiced by analysts since 2014 that the Ukrainian area could become the scene for a military confrontation with Russia. The present article also reviews the recent debates and examines the insights gained from past developments in the region.

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DOCTRINAL APPROACHES RELATED TO THE CAUSES OF INTERNATIONAL SECURITY CRISIS

Author(s): Tomita Zavoianu,Constantin Iordache / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The Charter of the United Nations emphasizes the importance of respecting the principle of national sovereignty and the need to develop international cooperation, states being the original subjects of international public law. Some international crises, potential risks and threats to regional security require that appropriate military decisions be made in compliance with international public law. The quasi-permanent phenomenon of international relations, the political-military alliances are a fundamental component of world politics, a way of promoting the interests of the member states.

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VARIOUS CONTRIBUTIONS TO SUPPORT HUMAN SECURITY

Author(s): Filofteia Repez / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Human security is a widely debated issue at international, regional and national levels. Launched by the United Nations Development Programme in 1994, the concept of human security has grown further remarkable that the human being is placed as main reference on the security agenda. Through this document, the seven levels (or components) of human security have been established: economic security (ensuring a minimum income for every individual); food security (access for every individual to basic nutrition); health security (guaranteeing a minimum protection against disease to prevent diseases); environmental security (protection of individuals against natural disasters or against the implications of the natural environment’s deterioration); personal security namely protection of individuals against physical violence from inside or outside the state); community security (protection of individuals to maintain and perpetuate their relations and traditional values and protection against ethnic or segregation violence); and political security (ensuring a standard of living in accordance with fundamental human rights and securing individual and group freedoms against any vicious attempts to exercise control over them). Education, culture, science and technology bring important contributions to support human security along with the numerous regional and international organizations. Starting from this, as well as from studying a relevant bibliography, the present paper aims to provide an opening in approaching an interesting subject - various contributions to support human security.

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RUSSIA’S COMEBACK TO POWER POLITICS

Author(s): Violeta-Elena DĂSCĂLEŢ (NICOLESCU) / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

The current security environment in Europe resembles, in a certain way, the long-gone times of the Cold War. Is it time for NATO to return back to basics? The hereby paper generally elaborates on Russia’s track from a NATO partner to a state with aggressive posture in the Allied Eastern Flank, with the aim of regaining the power it once held. Going through its actions against Georgia and Ukraine and observing the Russian influence in the Republic of Moldova, we ask ourselves the legitimate question whether NATO’s response to the Russian Federation’s aggressive actions against Ukraine in 2014, hence the deterrence and defence measures taken so far, are enough to provide collective security for the all Allies on the Eastern Flank. Debating on Russia’s main reason for its actions in the region, the hereby paper will conclude on the necessity for NATO to have a clear strategy on Russia’s assertive actions on the Eastern Flank.

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ANALYSIS OF MARITIME SECURITY COMPONENTS FROM A REALIST PERSPECTIVE

Author(s): Ioan Crăciun,Auraș Liviu COMAN / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

From a realistic perspective, maritime security represents for Romania a key means of promoting the Romanian interests on the Black Sea and Danube river. In the absence of a maritime security strategy, our country can not promote the instruments of national power on Black Sea and the Danube River, as riparian states, NATO and EU often have divergent political, economic and diplomatic goals. Romania, using all instruments of national power, must reaffirm itself in the Black Sea and restore a balance of forces, and in particular to make every effort to restore a climate of mutual security and trust, while supporting the EuroAtlantic interests in region. At this time, when the political-military alliances in the region have become more and more diluted, military regional initiatives have almost been abolished (less OBSH, Turkey's maritime security operation in the Black Sea), the CSBM Initiative (Confidence and security Building Measures) and Open Sky, have become increasingly formal.

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ASSESSING ROMANIA'S SOCIETAL SECURITY USING COMPLEXITY METHODOLOGY

Author(s): Ioan Crăciun,Octavian Victor Mihail Dima / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Societal security, is an extremely important domain of Romania’s contemporary security which needs to be reassessed and revaluated by using new analytical methodologies. This article aims at evaluating Romania’s societal security using the societal trends to 2030 identified by RAND Europe in its project “An Analysis of Global Societal Trends to 2030 and their Impact on the EU”. The research will focus on the long term policy challanges Romania should prioritise for the next decade and boyound considering five main societal trends: the rise of a new global middle class, the growing and ageing population, employment and the changing labour market, evolving patterns and impacts of migration, connected societies and empowered individuals.

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THE COLD WAR GENEALOGY OF DONALD TRUMP’S CRITICISM OF NATO BURDEN-SHARING

Author(s): Alexandru MUNTEANU-LUCINESCU-CASELLA / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Since assuming office, Donald Trump turned the burden-sharing among NATO members into one of the most contentious issues of the transatlantic relations so that his stance became a relevant topic for research and debate. Given that the roots of Trump’s criticism are to be found during the final years of the Cold War when he began to widely publicized his dissatisfaction with the major financial loss for the United States that, in his view, resulted from the defence it provided to its allies around the world, framing his views in the policy towards NATO burden-sharing followed by the United States during the Cold War, which is the purpose of this paper, contributes to further the understanding of his current position on this topic. For this purpose, in the first section of the paper are highlighted and described the two approaches to the NATO burden-sharing developed at the political level in the United States from 1949 to 1989 and the importance that successive presidents of the United States attached to them during that period is considered. In the second part of the paper, these approaches are used for analysing Trump’s influential open letter from 1987 and the widely commented speech he delivered the same year at Portsmouth Rotary Club, which both addressed the financial aspects of the defence by the United States of its allies and which turned him for the first time into a potential presidential candidate. The paper concludes that Trump’s position was not out of the ordinary because it reflected the political debates on NATO burden-sharing that took place in the United States during the Cold War and that a correct understanding of it is highly relevant for his present position on this topic given that he continued to hold the essence of it after the end of the Cold War.

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ALLIANCES AND PARTNERSHIPS OF THE 21st CENTURY

Author(s): Doina Muresan / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Alliances and partnerships are one of the modern world systems built by great efforts in almost three quarters of a century. However, in the last two decades, there have been difficulties in finding a consensus on the characteristics of strategic alliances adapted to new developments. If we refer to the United States, not only have they achieved a leading position using this instrument, but they are at the top of two thirds of the world’s economic activity; they also have a similar activity in terms of military expenditures. Yet, as Michael Mullen said in relation to current partnerships, we cannot continue to make an integrated version of what we have done in the past.Finding a new model for alliances and partnerships does not mean that traditional alliances,based on a set of tactics whose strategic utility has been widely demonstrated over the last century, are overcome. But it suggests the need for another dynamic, based on the new identities and new features of the context, with a fundamental role in an ever-changing, constantly changing landscape with a direct link to the new predicted dynamic of power.

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SPACE STRATEGIES IN THE 21st CENTURY: INITIATING “STRATEGIC PROTECTED COSMIC AREAS”. IS THE “IMMEDIATE COSMIC SPACE” AN “ASSET FOR THE ENTIRE HUMANITY”? THE NEW AMERICAN STRATEGIC CONCEPT “MOON-MARS STRATEGIC COMPLEX”

Author(s): Mădălina Virginia Antonescu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

In our opinion, at present, academics are not giving enough attention to a fully developing and transforming topic – the geostrategic evolutions of the so-called “near cosmic space”. Major strategic doctrines of great powers include, nevertheless, several express or implicit elements regarding this area. Our paper is proposing to identify and explore briefly,some elements of the American strategic doctrine concerning relation to cosmic space, after the Cold War epoch, to identify lines of strategic continuity and elements of novelty brought by Trump doctrine. Can we talk about initiation, within the American strategic doctrine, under Trump administration, of a very ambitious strategic concept regarding cosmic space that canbe a tri-dimensional strategic complex (Earth-Moon-Mars), within a space doctrine, where“Moon–Mars” are considered to represent two inter-connected strategically elements forming a single area? How is the American strategic doctrine relating to the extra-Earth space? Canwe talk about a strategic concept as the “near cosmic space”/ “the space close vicinity” and what would be its limits? What would be US contribution in creating a ”strategic orbital complex” to include/exclude the present international space station, and what would be the basis for re-discussion of the present international space cooperation? Can we talk about consecration of the “protected strategic cosmic areas” concept, or about the “near cosmic space as common good of the whole mankind”?

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CONTESTING INTERNATIONAL NORMS REGARDING SOVEREIGNTY, SELF-DETERMINATION AND LOGIC OF CONFLICT IN THE BLACK SEA REGION. THE NEED FOR LEADERSHIP IN FRONT OF THESE THREATS

Author(s): Mihai Panait / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This article presents some considerations regarding the geopolitical and strategic importance of the Black Sea region and potential threats or risks to security, stability,prosperity and cooperation. The study tries to demonstrate the availability of some solutions for the improvement of peace and stability in this part of the world. The international norms regarding the sovereignty and the self-determination, and the logic of conflict in the Black Sea region, needs to be discussed more and have to be analysed in detail.Much has been written about the importance of the Montreux Convention (1936) and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea or the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea in many books, memoirs or studies, and every day around the world, people or organizations discuss the major problems after the Russian-Ukraine conflict.Political leadership could be the key point for security and prosperity in the Black Sea region,in Euro-Atlantic and Euro-Asian areas. Only together, bridges can be built over the Black Sea for present and future generations

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Czy może być więcej Polaków w instytucjach Unii Europejskiej?

Author(s): Mieczysław Groszek,Piotr Gałązka / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The European Commission is one of the most important European Union institutions. There are still too few Poles who take the admission exams for the positions of the European Commission officials. Many European Union countries use the institution of seconded national experts as a source of information on the work of the EU institutions. The article presents the recruitment process and the place of Poles among the European Commission employees.

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Polskie związki zawodowe a reprezentowanie interesów pracowniczych na poziomie Unii Europejskiej

Author(s): Sławomir Adamczyk,Barbara Surdykowska / Language(s): Polish Publication Year: 0

The activity of the trade unions at the national level is based on collective bargaining schemes as an indispensable element of effective representation of workers’ interests. However at EU level, the trade unions in order to have real impact on decision-making processes have to use soft instruments similar to lobbying. This requires the building of transnational coalitions. The Polish trade unions are involved in such initiatives but in their activity at European level they focus primarily on execution of independently formulated priorities, which they consider favourable for the country. The article aims to demonstrate that such activities are multi-faceted and take place at different levels. Their common determinant is the strife to protect the broadly defined interests of the Polish world of work which are often viewed differently by politicians or entrepreneurs.

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Genocid u Srebrenici – tri poruke Srebrenice

Author(s): Omer Ibrahimagić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Nedavno sam u Oslobođenju od 5. juna ove godine polemizirao s dvojicom Pentagonovih analitičara za vanjska vojna pitanja. Naime, ova su gospoda u New York Timesu objavila svoj prijedlog da Ujedinjene nacije, da ne bi rat trajao unedogled, nagrade srpskog agresora predajom Srebrenice, Žepe i Goražda srpskim secesionistima, a u zamjenu da se Sarajevo u cjelini vrati pod kontrolu bosanske vlade. Kao što je poznato, ovaj prijedlog ranije je lansirala agresorska strana, a analitičari Pentagona to su uvrstili u tobožnje rezultate svojih istraživanja situacije u Bosni. Stavljanjem ovih, agresorovih, prijedloga kao svojih u njihovim analizama svakako dobija sasvim druge dimenzije i snagu vjerodostojnosti, kao da su zaista izišli iz laboratorija Pentagonove pameti, koji se potom distribuiraju pod šifrom “strogo pov” najbližim Clintonovim saradnicima i njihovim prijateljima u Kontakt-grupi, a potom šire preko UN-a Ghaliju, Akashiju, Janvieru, Smithu i da ne redam dalje, radi pripreme terena da se u najpovoljnijem trenutku to i realizira. [...]

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Pregled institucionalizacije kulture sjećanja u Kanadi

Author(s): Emir Ramić / Language(s): Bosnian Publication Year: 0

Živimo u vremenu sve većeg kršenja ljudskih sloboda i prava, s težnjom da se ona urede i normiraju brojnim i raznovrsnim zakonima, a evidentno je i sve prisutnije njihovo kršenje na najbrutalniji način kroz počinjene brojne oblike zločina protiv čovječnosti i međunarodnog prava. Iz ovoga je više nego jasno da su izvori i subjekti, kako ugrožavanja tako i ugroženih, sve brojniji i raznovrsniji, što se vezuje za ostvarivanje osnovnih ljudskih, civilizacijskih i kulturnih potreba, kao što su potrebe za identifikacijom, pripadanjem i zaštitom od ugrožavanja. To se manifestira kao univerzalni ljudski i društveni problem, koji je i društveno i naučno značajan. [...]

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The European Union’s Common Commercial Policy and the Covid-19 pandemic: Reactions and challenges

Author(s): Grzegorz Mazur / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Purpose: The general aim of the chapter is to investigate trade measures implemented in the EU in the aftermath of the Covid-19 outbreak and define general potential effects of the current economic turbulences on the future shape of the Common Commercial Policy (CCP). Design/methodology/approach: The chapter is based on literature/EU official documents studies and statistical analysis of the EU’s merchandise trade. It has been structured into three parts. The first one presents recent trends in the EU’s external merchandise trade caused by the pandemic’s economic repercussions. This is followed by ashort analysis of temporary trade restrictions implemented by many EU Members States and the EU in response to supply shocks. The third part refers to the potential impact of current trade and economic processes on the post-pandemic trade strategy of the EU. Findings: Although the future shape of global trade system and the pandemic’s impact on the nature of the CCP are subjects of high uncertainty, the conducted analysis offers some general conclusions. The implemented trade restrictions should be limited and made temporary as future trade openness is essential for economic recovery. There is also ageneral consensus that the EU’s CCP should ensure the necessary resilience to future trade distortions. However, this should not be connected with protectionism and narrowly understood self-sufficiency. Among important factors that reinforce the resilience, we should mention the solutions delivered by new technologies (e.g. automation, AI, three-dimensional printing), fair competition, higher transparency of trade policies, international standards, certification schemes, and stronger multilateral cooperation, including World Trade Organization’s reforms. The renewed trade strategy will also be accompanied with global trade and economic tendencies such as the reshoring and regionalization of trade. Originality and value: The chapter is addressed to students, scholars, and policymakers by contributing to the current debate on the post-pandemic shape of global trade relations and the future nature of the EU’s Common Commercial Policy.

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Теориите за регионалната икономическа интеграция: къде са зелените теории?

Author(s): Filip Petkov,Stefan Petrov / Language(s): Bulgarian Publication Year: 0

The objective of the research is to briefly present and characterize main theoretical concepts of regional economic integration, based on which we observe forms of integration and cooperation conducted in the context of the international economic relations. Author suggests the actions for climate neutrality shall be reviewed in the context of the regional economic integration, referring to the EU climate goals and actions as an example. The following research tasks are completed to achieve the objective: i) analysis on the theoretical concepts defining the regional economic integration; ii) grouping of the main theoretical concepts for regional integration based on the principles and means of cooperation, nature of the partnership as well as the expected integration effects. The research methods are content analysis, comparative analysis, historical and logical approach. The research results are theoretical conclusions which assist in the practical understanding of the ongoing and emerging regional integration processes.

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