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Między stagnacją a rozwojem – problemy rozwoju gospodarczego Białorusi

Author(s): Łukasz Wojcieszak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 1/2017

The aim of this paper is to describe the economic situation of Belarus in the context of changes taking place in this country. The author presents the condition of the Belarusian economy against the ongoing changes. He describes the extremely significant impact Russia has on the economic transformation in Belarus, as well as the role of the investments from the Western countries. The author first analyses the state of the Belarusian economy as well as the introduced reforms and then he outlines the future of the Belarusian economy. It seems that in the foreseeable future the existing model of economic system will be maintained, although the number of investments and to some extend the liberalization of the economy may increase.

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Tobias Gottfried Schröer nemzetkoncepciója

Author(s): Gergely Fórizs / Language(s): Hungarian Issue: 3/2020

Tobias Gottfried Schröer (1791–1850), a professor at the Lutheran Lyceum in Bratislava, left behind a voluminous and varied, but today less considered oeuvre. His works written in Latin and German were created in the spirit of the neohumanist ideal of education. This study reconstructs the scholar's concept of nation on the basis of Schröer's writings on education, especially his pamphlet Über Erziehung und Unterricht in Ungarn (1833) addressed to István Széchenyi. According to the basic thesis, Schröer's program aimed at the integration of different social and ethnic groups living in the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary, regardless of order or ethnicity. He envisioned the image of an organic cultural nation, which was divided into suborganisms in order and ethnicity, but through the mutual communication of the parts—as a means of which he intended the Hungarian language—it formed a dynamic unit. The concept of nation, based on the communication practice of pietism and the neohumanist image of man, did not attract the necessary understanding in the debates of the Reformation era, but without taking it into account, our knowledge of the history of ideas would be incomplete.

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The EU's multifaceted approach to resilience building in the Eastern Neighbourhood. Security sector reform in Ukraine

Author(s): Edina Lilla Mészaros ,Constantin Toca / Language(s): English Issue: SI/2020

The EU's Global Strategy for Foreign and Security Policy is based on five pillars, one of which prioritizes state and societal resilience to the East and South. However, the promotion of state and societal resilience in its vicinity is not portrayed as a totally altruistic policy, being motivated also by rational considerations, as fragility beyond borders threatens the EU's vital interests, while a resilient state is a secure state, and security is crucial for prosperity and democracy. Accordingly, the current article has set as its main objectives the deciphering of what the European Community understands by state and societal resilience in its neighbourhood, and what mix of instruments is using for achieving it. We have chosen as our case study to examine the efficiency of the EUAM mission in resilience building in Ukraine. Within these lines we advance a multifaceted approach to resilience, as in our opinion, stability and prosperity in the Eastern vicinity cannot be achieved only through Deep and Comprehensive Trade Agreements, cross-border cooperation projects, various ENP instruments, but also through more active diplomacy, preventive measures and engagement in crises and conflict management under the auspices of the Common Security and Defence Policy.

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Cross-Border Cooperation among South East European countries: case Kosovo

Author(s): Urtak HAMITI / Language(s): English Issue: SI/2020

Cross-border cooperation (CBC), as part of the European Union regional development policy aiming to increase territorial cohesion, is implemented based on operational programmes and projects prepared jointly in participatory and strategic manner. In particular, IPA Assistance is provided on the basis of the European Partnerships of the potential candidates and the Accession Partnerships of the candidate countries, which means South East European countries (Western Balkans) and Turkey. This paper analyses CBC Kosovo projects implemented so far, its effects in re-establishing social and economic links between inhabitants of the border regions involving Kosovo, Albania, and North Macedonia. Key questions addressed in this paper are: is CBC helping Kosovo's economic growth, sustainable development, and regional cooperation? To what extent can CBC be seen as a good opportunity for capacity building in countries aspiring to join the EU? What could be changed or improved in future CBC projects in Kosovo?

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BOOK REVIEW: Rui Alexandre Castanho, Cross-Border Cooperation (CBC) Strategies for Sustainable Development, Hershey

Author(s): Anatolie Cărbune / Language(s): English Issue: SI/2020

Cross Border Cooperation (CBC) is one of the European Union’s key tools when it comes to territorial cooperation and engagement with its neighbours, this becoming even more relevant in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, which revealed the critical importance of international cooperation and solidarity. The 2007/2008 crisis triggered the deepest recession since the Great Depression in 1930s; however it appeared equally as a unique opportunity for the international, regional and local actors to promote sustainable solutions to tackle the crisis and to build long-term resilience.

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THE EU’S ROLE IN THE FIELD OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT. PAYER OR PLAYER IN ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD AND BEYOND

Author(s): George-Mihael Manea / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The European Union is a global actor in the development sector, together with the United Nations and the World Bank, trying to fill the gaps of the Millennium Development Goals and to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. By being engaged in political dialogues and development activities, the EU can be seen at the same time as a player and/or as a payer. The research goal of this paper is to understand where the EU seats at the table: payer - as Member States, under the EU umbrella, accompany the developing countries on various projects and programmes financed through different instruments and schemes, and player - as an international organisation which works in synergy with the other international partners.

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THE "CIRCLES OF SUSTAINABILITY" MODEL AS A TOOL IN ASSESSING THE RESILIENCE OF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES IN THE BLACK SEA REGION

Author(s): Mykola Popov,Ivan KOMAROVSKYI / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

It is proposed to put the concept of local economic development (LED) at the basis of the approach to solving the problem of ensuring resilience development of the territory. However, the insufficient theoretical basis of the concept limits its practical application. To determine the data characterizing the process, it is proposed to use the four domains of "Circles of Sustainability" interaction assessment methodology. The data obtained made it possible to prepare a forecast for the possible potential of the region's territorial resilient.

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INSTRUMENTS OF EU EASTERN NEIGHBORHOOD POLICIES APPLIED IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA: EFFECTS AND PROBLEMS

Author(s): Grigore Vasilescu,Cristina Morari / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2020

The paper provides theoretical, institutional and legislative analyzes, but also emphasizes the practical dimension of issues related to EU instruments within the Eastern Neighborhood Policies applied in the Republic of Moldova, including the cross-border cooperation and the implementation of various programs and partnership projects with the participation of civil society, etc. This study focuses on literature analysis, on research conducted during the application period of the EU Eastern neighborhood instruments, as well, it is based on the ENACTED Focus Group Research: Testing the efficiency of EU's Neighborhood Instruments, developed by authors, participating experts from the Republic of Moldova. The paper outlines the situation in the area and presents some conclusions and recommendations that may contribute to the increase of efficiency of EU Eastern neighborhood instruments.

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Terrorism -workers’ remittances nexus: empirical evidence from Turkey

Author(s): Yılmaz Ari,Ibrahim Bello / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The paper examines the impacts of remittances on terrorism for Turkish economy by using annual time series data covering the period of 1990-2019. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) was used in the application of econometric method. To ensure robustness of results, the study accounts for structural breaks in the unit root test and the co-integration analysis. The results obtained indicated that remittances flows to Turkey have a positive and significant effect on terrorism. This is in line with the empirical evidence that finances through remittances can promote terrorism in a country. The study also concludes that unemployment has strong a correlation in promoting terrorism in Turkish economy and that persistent unemployment can cause economic inequality, poverty, social dislocation, unrest, and conflict such as terrorism, which has a negative impact on subsequent long-run economic growth. Besides, trade openness shows a negative but significant effect, which indicates that trade openness has a little influence in promoting terrorism.

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The European Community and Yugoslavia's Non-Alignment Policy: from acceptance and collaboration to disillusionment and confrontation

Author(s): Branislav Radeljić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The normalization of relations between Belgrade and Moscow in the mid-1950s and the Yugoslav authorities' decision to develop closer relations with the West coincided with Yugoslavia's intention to seek its own way forward, characterized by self-management at home and a lead role in the international Non-Aligned Movement. Later, following the establishment of official relations between the European Community and Yugoslavia in 1968, the Community accepted that Yugoslavia remained where it stood ideologically and continued to provide it with new trade agreements. However, a careful examination of official debates and archival collections reveals that it did not take long before the appreciation for the policy of non-alignment was overshadowed by uncertainty (due to the death of President Tito, but also the end of the Cold War and collapse of communism), with the movement eventually losing its significance with the outbreak of the Yugoslav state crisis and consequent policy-making preferences.

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The European army concept - an end-goal or a wake-up call for European security and defence?

Author(s): Sandro Knezović,Marco Esteves Lopes / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

The article contextualises the concept of the European army within wider European security and defence discourse. The European Union (EU) is facing complex challenges, which requires a strategic approach to IR. This research examines the EU's strategic posture and capacities in the international arena by employing two leading concepts of IR theory - constructivism and realism. Since the EU operates in an interlinked world, the article takes into account a wider geostrategic environment and heterogeneity of concepts and interests of actors in various pockets of the globe, offering viable future perspectives for the phenomena in its focus. It suggests a functional development of a EU's strategic culture and a fine-tuned reconsideration of its exclusively constructivist approach to contemporary security challenges.

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International migration policies in two post-communist countries: comparative evidence from Romania and Poland

Author(s): Mihaela Matei,Monica Roman,Alexandru Florea,Adina IORGANDA / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2020

In the nineties, Romania and Poland were perceived as the largest countries of emigration and sources of irregular migration to Western Europe states. Later, the dynamics and effects of migration influenced migration policies in the two countries, notably after the start of the accession negotiations with the European Union. This study provides a comparative analysis of labour migration policies in Romania and Poland, investigating the effect of the Europeanization process. Based on a qualitative approach, we discovered a variety of policy responses to the international labour migration dynamics. The results showed that although the constraints of standard European migration policies similarly influenced the labour migration policies of the two states, they were differently affected by the adopted national approaches. In the context of the new, emergent migration patterns, the study provides an analytical framework useful for policy makers and practitioners in the field of labour migration policies.

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Globalizarea și statul național

Author(s): Maria Cristina Manda / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2005

It is undeniable that the Nation-State, as an expression of a changing modernism, is changing its powers. Here are several symptoms of this phenomenon: partial yielding of sovereignty in favour of integration, increasing decentralization and transfer of powers to the local authorities, losing control on the globalized economy, accepting to harmonize the national legislation to that of other countries, dependency upon the decisions or recommendations made by the big financial and bank bodies and so on. The national interest is maintained and amplified under the circumstances of global modernism. Let us assume that the changes affecting the competencies of the State induce a diminution of the latter down to the form of a “minimal State”. Nevertheless, the inhabitants of a territory continue to have the same aspirations of security, welfare, freedom and equity, with or without a powerful State. All structures of power, considered as being security, production, finances and knowledge have been deviated towards the new scheme of global networks. However, a society will only have access to the networks of globalization to the extent these networks pass through its territory, which is similar to the interest of the little town that the railway should pass through it and have a station. Nowadays, States preparing themselves to become part of the general globalization phenomenon multiply by all possible means the networks and the nodes.

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Ticari-Ekonomik İşbirliği Temelinde Çin-Orta Asya İlişkilerinin Analizi

Author(s): Aidarbek Amirbek,Omirbek Hanayi / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

Over the last two-three decades, China has made tremendous efforts in developing economic cooperation with Centrals Asian states. The Central Asian region, which share common border with the Chinese province of Xingjian, has been in the focus of Chinese economic diplomacy and has seen a tremendous development in economic cooperation with its eastern neighbor. This study analyzes some of the aspects of economic relation between China and Central Asia. The analysis shows that China was guided by its strategic interests of enhancing trade relation with Europe as well as the interior of the Eurasian continent. At the same time, the resource endowment and economic structure of the Central Asia states were complementary relative to each other in many ways

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Afrika Boynuzu’nda Politik ve Ekonomik Bir Güç Olarak Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti

Author(s): Ahmed Abdi Yusuf,Mustafa Nail Alkan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 2/2020

Besides holding countries such as Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somali Horn of Africa, as politically one of the most dynamic regions in Africa, contains approximately 270 million human, hundreds of different ethnic groups, dozens of climate regions and various human development stages, history of colonialism and modern political effects. The relation of China, where is one of the global actors with goals in the region, with Horn of Africa is driven by the intention of strengthening Beijing’s position as a rising world power and seizing new economic and political spheres of influence in the area. With this study we will examine economical and political targets of China directed to the countries in Horn of Africa.

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THE IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON FOOD INSECURITY IN AMHARA REGIONAL STATE METROPOLITAN CITIES: MONITORING AGRICULTURAL FOODSTUFF PRODUCTION AS A MEDIATING VARIABLE

Author(s): Besfat Engdaw,Melaku Kebede / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2018

The process of urbanization in developing nations is attended without fast industrialization processes. As a result of this, the urbanization and urban process are accompanied by diverse problems. Hence this paper is aimed at identifying the effect of urbanization on citizens’ food insecurity by monitoring agricultural foodstuff production as a mediating variable. A quantitative research methodology or approach has been used to depict out urban problems associated with unmanaged urbanization in the Ethiopian, particularly in Amhara regional state. Structural Equation Modelling was employed to run a mediation analysis by decomposing the direct and indirect effects of one variable on the other. Correlation and regression analyses were executed to measure the direction and magnitude of the effect of the independent variable on the dependent. Regression analysis results indicated the existence of a significant direct effect of urbanization on food insecurity of citizens. The mediation analysis result shows agricultural foodstuff production doesn’t play a mediating role between urbanization and food insecurity. The paper, having traced out the effect of the urbanization on food insecurity, provides possible recommendations. The regional government should be very considerate about the pace of unmanaged, unindustrialized and unemployment induced urbanization. The regional government should address all pushing factors that are dragging farmers into the urban areas. So, it is important to find ways to make farmers beneficial from their farm activities. In this regard, the problem raised by farmers is the inability to settle the debt from fertilizers and improved seeds or at least what they get from selling what they have produced is used to settle their farm debt. Some policy measures such as subsidizing the farmer or extending the repayment period of their debt are then essential to help farmers lead a stable life and lead their families. The government/concerned body need to make a cost-benefit analysis by weighing the pressure from the migration of the farmers and the cost of subsidizing the farmers: compare prevention with curative. Moreover, as a short-term solution, the regional government should identify food unsecured urban households and embrace them in food security packages like urban safety-net programs. And enhancing the limited income generation capacity of food insecure households.

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Миграционна ситуация в постсоциалистическите страни от Централна и Югоизточна Европа

Author(s): Chavdar L. Milkov / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2020

Modern migration processes and their consequences have rightly established themselves as one of the central fields of current policy in the European Union (EU). For centuries, Europe itself has been a continent of emigrants, with the inhabitants of European countries colonizing vast areas of the world in search of wealth, freedom and peace. Today, the trend is reversed: in the age of globalization, the Old Continent has become the ultimate goal of hitherto unknown, in scale and intensity, migration processes.

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Transnarodowa sieć czy archipelag? Wspólnoty węgierskie a reprodukcja kultury narodowej

Author(s): Izabela Bukalska,Izabela Bukalska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2017

The article addresses the subject of maintaining and transferring national culture in various contexts, for example emigrant and those concerning national minorities. On the example of Hungarian communities living outside Hungary, we consider the role of particular actors involved – the kin-state, non-governmental organizations, political parties, and diaspora. It is worth asking a question about the nature of relations between communities, which begin to differ from each other over time.

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POLITICS AND RELIGION IN THE FORMATION OF THE ETHIOPIAN STATEHOOD: FROM THE EMPIRE THROUGH THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

Author(s): Stanislav Mezentsev / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2021

The article intends to present some of the most interesting facts of the development of religious traditions in Ethiopia, and religion influence on the politics and vise verse in the process of the Ethiopian statehood formation. Course of development of the Ethiopian Statehood was inextricably linked to significant and contradictory influence of different religions: Christianity, Islam and Judaism, but Christianity above all. However, it is not only religion influences different sides of the country’s political life. From the Empire, later the People’s Democratic Re-public of Ethiopia (1987 to 1991), and present-day Federal Democratic Republic, religion has been often exploited for the state’s benefits. Thus, this influence was mutual, but not always mutually beneficial. Realizing the scale and significance of the designated topic of this study, author limits his research ambitions only by highlighting the most general trends in the interrelations of politics and religion within the conditionally allocated three historical stages. Firstly, from 4th century until 1974, or from building and strengthening the Ethiopian Empire since Christianity until the overthrow of the last emperor Haile Selassie I. Secondly, through the attempts to build the socialist state (1974 to 1991). And finally, through the Federate State (1991 – present days). This article is based on the analysis of the historical events that took place during abovementioned stages of the Ethiopian history.

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Bošnjaci i Bosna: Studija iz filozofije politike (3)

Author(s): Ferid Muhić / Language(s): Bosnian,English Issue: 1/2021

The third, final part of this study, analyses the relationship between Bosniaks and Bosnia through the interaction of three chronologically problem-related processes: 1. The procedure defined as 'The Archeology of the Politics of Oblivion' reconstructs in all previous research completely neglected aspects of the genesis of historical and political factors of the project of denial of Bosniaks as a separate people / nation, erasing their historical name, language name and ethnic, spiritual, cultural and state identity; 2. The issue of the relationship between Bosniaks as a people / nation and Bosnia, as their home state, which they created and defended, from the general problem-theory perspective as well as from recent events and with the current situation being considered; 3. The thesis is argued that the preservation of the historical name „Bosniaks“, returned on September 28, 1993, is a permanent strategic imperative of all Bosniaks in the world and a conditio sine qua non of the survival of Bosnia as a state and as a concept.. The initiative to use the territorial determinants „Bosnians“ or „Bosnians and Herzegovinians“ instead of the historical name, which aims to definitively remove Bosniaks from the historical scene as a people / nation, is critically analysed. Since the survival of Bosniaks is a necessary condition for the survival and existence of Bosnia, the imperatives of the historical moment require the unconditional acceptance of the historical name „Bosniaks“, the renewal of the sense of common belonging and mutual connection of Bosniaks as a people / nation, strengthening the emotional connection with one's own national being and establishing the awareness of the moral obligation of every individual Bosniak towards his/her Bosniak people and their home state of Bosnia.

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