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There are two fundamental questions that this paper tries to answer: how Zubiri knows God, and whether we can consider his philosophy to be mysticism. The greatest part of the analysis considers the last ten years of his philosophical activity. The first part of the paper analyzes the mature form of his method, which Zubiri revealed in his Trilogy. A brief presentation is made of primordial apprehension, logos and reason. Zubiri’s method goes beyond orthodox phenomenology, because he finds a need also to include metaphysics. The second part of the article applies this method in order to know God. It begins with an analysis of the person in the process of construction of its I. Zubiri analyzes this mostly in Man and God. We can access God only on the metaphysical level of knowledge. On this path he rejects logic and speculation. On our way to know God we must confront the presumed sketch of God with human personal life. We can discover human life only by following strictly the sui generis phenomenological method. The conclusion that Zubiri reaches is that there is a personal absolute God, who influences humans in the construction of the I through the reality of things. On certain conditions, we can call Zubiri’s approach to philosophy a mystical one. This is due to the constant action of God creating a certain tension between the person and reality and a need for a personal answer to the divine action.
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The present article deals with burial culture in Poland and more exactly with its fundamental elements within the context of their permanence and changeability. Beside recourse to the main currents of the discussed publication, the text shows the appearance of new phenomena linked to the formulating anew of the experience of death and its placement within the postmodern landscape, one marked by the high dynamism of processes, fragmentariness, and a dispersal and detachment from traditionalism. Even though burial cultural in Poland is still extremely strongly marked by tradition and is characterised by a significant stability (the permanence of models and schemes), it is possible to notice within it new phenomena that may be directly linked to consumer culture and the global popularisation of these models. Tendencies to search for new forms of rites and the creation of new rituals, which through their nature will correspond to the postmodern experience of death, are becoming stronger. On the one hand, this may point to an overcoming of the experience of a confrontation with death, while on the other, it constitutes an expression of contemporary games in a space designated by Thanatos. One may state that following the emotional neutrality that was characteristic for the objective and rationalised social relations within modernity, postmodernity liberates new possibilities of expression connected with the act of saying one’s farewells to a dead person. These may be original and unique at times, other times merely copied and applied as the set models and schemes of the funeral industry. As a consequence the symbolic sphere and some of the rituals accompanying burial allows for the staging of an individual, objective and original burial act on the one hand, while on the other, for a succumbing to commercialisation and entrance into the on-going process of funeral service market-focusing, and of a more economical orientation towards death.
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Review of: Neela Bhattacharya Saxena, "Absent Mother God of the West:A Kali lover’s journey into Christianity and Judaism"; Lanham: Lexington Books, 2016, 208 pages by: Dawn Adrienne-Saliba
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The moral reinterpretation of Jesus conducted by Kant, Lessing and Feuerbach, is an interesting matter when it comes to the philosophy of religion. The abovementioned German philosophers claimed that Jesus ought to be understood only as a moral archetype and a revolutionist in morality. This concept arose on the grounds of moral religion which was one of the most interesting ideas of the Enlightenment. Thus, exploring this moral reinterpretation of Jesus is just an excuse to study the concept of moral religion. Despite the fact that this idea is no longer current, it has immense influence on the contemporary philosophy of religion. Therefore, understanding the concept of moral religion can broaden the context of the contemporary discussion.
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Lev Shestov is one of the most moving readers of Søren Kierkegaard’s writings. Even if analyses of this Russian philosopher are rather self-analysis geared towards confirming preconceived theses than an unbiased insight into the letter of the Danish philosopher’s text, they are not devoid of value or inspiration. Above all, they are a testimony to Kierkegaard’s manifold influence on existential philosophy and an example of the ambiguity of the Danish thinker’s work. In this article I take into account the comments that appeared after the publication of the book Kierkegaard and existential philosophy (Emmenuel Lévinas, Nikolai Berdyaev) and the full chronology of Shestov’s publications on Kierkegaard, in particular the essay In the bull of Phalaris: the earliest fragment of the book Athens and Jerusalem. On this basis, I put forward a thesis about “Kierkegaard’s Christianity”, which Shestov understands as a system for the self-justification of his own life. The reconstruction of Shestov’s position is supplemented by the comments of authors of comparative studies on Kierkegaard vs. Shestov relations (James M. McLalchan, Joanna Nowotny, José R. Maia Neto).
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The research was aimed at identifying changes in tourist traffic – religious tourism and museum tourism to the Museum of the Holy Father John Paul II Family Home in Wadowice in 1996–2019. The museum was opened in 1984 in the house where Karol Wojtyła, Pope John Paul II, was born in 1920. The thorough reconstruction between 2010 and 2014 resulted in the establishment of a museum with a modern multimedia narrative exhibition. In recent years, the museum has been visited by more than 200 thousand tourists a year, including 40 thousand foreigners from more than 100 countries worldwide. During the years 1996–2019 the number of international tourists rose more than twice. The greatest boom in the visits to the museum was noted in 2005 and was associated with the disease, death, funeral, and increasing worship of Pope John Paul II. Following decreased interest in visits to the museum during the period of 2010–2014, which was due to the museum renovation, a revival and increase in visits to the museum was observed again. Changes that were observed in the museum during the last twenty-five years were identified, among other things, thanks to field research involving observations and interviews with museum curators and staff. Analyses of tourist visits to the museum were based on detailed data provided by the museum managers. In the elaboration of the collected research results descriptive-analytical, dynamic-comparative and cartographic methods were used.
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This study presents the manner in which St. John Chrysostom turned the pagan concept of euergesia into a Christian virtue. In paganism euergetes bestowed their favours on clients from the upper classes in order to maintain their reputation and to capitalize political approval. St. John transfers the classical thought patterns into a transcendent and eschatological framework. Charity thus becomes a means to achieving true respect, freedom from burdensome sins and ultimately perfection. Chrysostom is convinced that human beings receive the power of creation from God in order to make more out of the earth than just a materially conceivable world, namely heaven on earth. For the great Church Father, the place where such a metamorphosis is already happening is paradigmatically the Church.
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Father Stăniloae was one of the most representative Christian thinkers of the 20th century. His theological personality became more and more known in his country – Romania – and abroad. This happened because his most representative works were translated into languages of international circulation: French, English, and German. Secondly, for the fact that the Romanian theologian participated in the theological dialogues of Orthodoxy with the Roman Catholics and the Protestants; then, he gave several lectures in various Western university centers. His theological thinking had an important impact in the German space. What particularly attracted German theologians’ attention was the fact that Father Stăniloae’s Trinitarian thought encompasses and orders his entire theological thought. Rightly, one of these German theologians stated that Dumitru Stăniloae always thinks in a trinitarian way. His theological thinking inspired the theological thinking of some German theologians, who came to consider, for example, the filioque issue as superfluous and dangerous for the faith. But many other theological themes acquired a different perspective in their thinking through the theological contact with the thinking of father Stăniloae.
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This study presents the changes and challenges facing the family in the age of consumerism: abortion, divorce, cohabitation, abandonment of children, and tireless pursuit of pleasures. A special attention is devoted to cohabitation and its consequences which result in further weakening the family life. Along with this diagnosis of modern family problems, the Christian perspective is presented claiming its continual validity, based on the fact that marriage is a mystery of God planted in creation and perfected in the Church, appealing every human person.
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This study aims to address, first of all, the context and the way in which Christian teaching spread in the city of Alexandria of Egypt, and this from the simple reasoning that is based on the command of the Savior to “...teach all nations...” (Matt 28,19), a command reiterated before His Ascension into Heaven: “... and you shall be my witnesses in Jerusalem and in all Judea and Samaria and to the ends of the earth” (Acts 1, 8). The value of these commandments was such that the spread of Christianity also took place on the territory of Africa, more specifically in the city of Alexandria, through the missionary preaching of St Mark the Evangelist, an activity which was carried forward by many outstanding representatives of patristic literature, among whom we recall St Cyril, the twenty-fourth bishop to be enthroned on the archiepiscopal throne of St Mark the Apostle, i.e. of the city of Alexandria. In fact, if we recall the biography and the work of the illustrious Alexandrian hierarch, we will see that it oscillates between the defence of the right faith and its confession, the theological values exposed in his works as well as the life dedicated to the Church and to the service of Christ, in which he suffered, fought and triumphed as a true “hostage” of Christ, will help us to shape his perspective, his priorities and his deep theological thinking.
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The Byzantine conception was that the Empire and the Church were united in the leadership of a single universal Christian oikoumene. The first takes care of “human things”, and the Church “of divine things”. This conception is based on the dogma of the Incarnation of the Son of God, who united in His Person the two natures: the divine and the human so that Christ is the only source and the unity of the two hierarchies: political and ecclesiastical. Between the “divine” ones that represent the communion between man and God and “human affairs” – these two realities must coexist in perfect harmony, in a “symphony”.
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Župa svete Ane Radunice smještena je između gradića Žepče, Maglaj i Zavidovići. Svoj pisani trag ima od 1869. (1870.!) godine. Ovdje se donosi nastavak djelovanja franjevaca Provincije Bosne Srebrene u Župi Radunice. Vrhbosanska nadbiskupija je obnovljena 1881. godine. Nosi naziv po staroj biskupiji Vrhbosna. Prvi nadbiskup dr. Josip Stadler. On pokušava što bolje organizirati crk veni život u svojoj nadbiskupiji. Sam obilazi župe i također piše poticajna pisma pastirima u više navrata. U mjesecu listopadu 1885. Vrhbosanski nadbiskupski Ordinarijat preko dekana dostavlja mapu – kartu župa Vrhbosanske nadbiskupije. Uz ostalo, dostavlja se po župama i mali katekizam pretiskan iz „biskupovače“ – koji je napisao biskup Augustin Miletić. Nadalje, Ordinarijat traži od žup nika da svaki za svoju župu izradi kartu uz pomoć činovnika ili vojnika koji se u to razumiju.1 U gradu Maglaju su stacionirani vojne postrojbe, a sam grad potpada pod župu Raudinice. U istom okružnom pismu dekan podsjeća na nadbiskupov nalog da se prestane uzimati od svijeta desetina jer to više ne postoji. Umjesto toga stavljeno je pitanje u novom izdanju Miletićeva katekizma, opaska gdje se veli da je narod dužan davati godižbinu žup niku. Same crk vene zapovijedi imaju se tako učiti kako su u tom malom i u školskom katekizmu.
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Despite limitations of the Lithuanian language in the terminology of love, st. Thomas Aquinas’s various conceptions of love can nevertheless be reflected upon in Lithuanian, if one starts with the analysis of natural love (amor naturalis). “Amor naturalis”, as a definition of love, functions in all forms of love in a fundamental sense. The concept of “amor naturalis” as “inclinatio boni” also reveals how human nature functions on a metaphysical level. Natural love, defined as an inclination towards the good, appears as a precondition for all human action because the object most loved becomes the guiding principle for all areas of life. This article also analyzes how the metaphysical principle “gratia supponit naturam” is consistent with the concept of “amor naturalis”, and operates in Thomas Aquinas’s understanding of charity. The creature loves the Creator more than himself through natural love. Thus, the action of grace through caritas does not abolish natural love, but actualizes its potential.
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This article analyses the guarantees of the human right to the protection of life from the perspectives of the constitutional law of the Republic of Lithuania and the canon law of the Roman Catholic Church. The main focus of the study is on the issue of the protection of the right to life of the unborn. The article concludes that the Order of the Minister of Health of 12 August 2022 “On the amendment of the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Lithuania of 28 January 1994 No. 50 “On the procedure for the performance of termination of pregnancy surgery” does not have a proper legal basis, and the norms of the Criminal Code providing for liability for illegal abortion do not actually protect the life of the unborn human. The study further reveals why such a regulation cannot be considered to be in line with the Constitution and constitutional doctrine, which provides binding conditions for the legislator and state institutions to regulate the legal protection of human life. The article also points out that canon law establishes an additional type of liability for killing a human being, inter alia, an unborn human being, which is classified in constitutional doctrine under the group of religious norms that protect the human right to life.
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Once an undemocratic political regime is established in the country, the government representing it acquires monopoly rights to shape the culture of remembrance and present its own narrative of history, which would only serve to increase its symbolic capital and political legitimation. The article tries to answer the question whether the 20th century in interwar Lithuania, when the authoritarian regime of A. Smetona was in power, historical narratives represented by social movements unrelated to the political regime or even opposed to it could exist in the public space. In search of an answer to this question, the Lithuanian Catholic organization “Ateitis”, which included a group of well-known historians, was chosen for the study. The story of the 19th century presented by future historians was chosen for the study. Lithuanian national revival. It is said that the biggest collective scientific project implemented by future historians in the bars of history was in 1936. “History of Lithuania” edited by A. Šapoka was published. This synthesis of Lithuanian history was recommended by the authorities to be used as a school textbook. Thanks to the “History of Lithuania” edited by A. Šapoka, the story presented by future historians about the 19th century was officially established. Lithuanian national revival, which emphasizes the particularly important role of Lithuanian Catholic clergy in the Lithuanian national movement. In this way, the creators of the historical narrative about the Lithuanian national rebirth officially recognized by the government were not the representatives of the political regime, but the historians opposing it, who were the ateitininkai.
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There are many studies examining the relationship between the quality of parent’s relationships and satisfaction with marriage, but there are still few that examine this relationship based on Bowen’s family systems theory. The study sought to determine the relationship between retrospectively evaluated parental relationships, self-differentiation, and satisfaction with one’s own marriage, based on Bowen’s theory. The sample size of the study was 384, but during the study, during a questionnaire survey, 218 respondents were interviewed (77.52 pct. women), so the study is evaluated as exploratory. The research questionnaire was composed according to the Scale of Quality of Parental Relationships, the Self-Differentiation Scale, and the Satisfaction with Couple Relationships Scale. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was calculated for data analysis between the dependent variable (marriage satisfaction) and independent variables (quality of parent’s relationships, self-differentiation). The Student’s t-test was applied for comparing two samples, and ANOVA was applied for comparing more than two samples. The study found a positive, weak, statistically significant relationship between the quality of parent’s relationships and satisfaction with marriage. A negative, weak, statistically significant relationship was found between self-differentiation and satisfaction with marriage. The dimension influencing satisfaction with marriage was emotional detachment (negative, moderate, statistically significant relationship). A negative, very weak, statistically insignificant relationship was found between the quality of parent’s relationships and self-differentiation.
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Cośmy słyszeli i cośmy poznali, i co nam opowiadali nasi ojcowie, tego nie ukryjemy przed ich synami” – mówi natchniony autor w Księdze Psalmów – „Opowiemy przyszłemu potomstwu” (Ps 78, 3-4). Takie zadanie jest naszą życiową misją, ważną wobec wszystkich ludzi, zwłaszcza tych, z którymi zetknął nas los.
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In the Roman Catholic Church, a person’s right to privacy and to the protection of a good reputation are regulated in can. 220 CIC (cf. c. 23 CCEO). Unfortunately, the scope of the rights protected under this canon has not been given a uniform definition either in the legislation or in the doctrine, which means that the Christian faithful often encounter problems in the enjoyment of their rights. In view of this, I embarked on an attempt to define the scope of the right to privacy and protection of one’s good reputation, both from the vantage point of substantive law as well as from the perspective of persons vindicating this right. The second aim of the research conducted for this publication was to determine whether the nature of these rights is absolute, or whether they may be subject to restriction, and if so, on what grounds.
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Review of: Marcin Kołodziej, Adaptacje i akomodacje w liturgii. Komentarz do kan. 838 Kodeksu prawa kanonicznego, Kraków: Wydawnictwo Scriptum 2023, ISBN: 978-83-67586-10-8, ss. 412.
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