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KONFEDERALIZAM

Author(s): Vladimir-Đuro Degan / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 02/1991

This article addresses some specific Yugoslav considerations of the concepts of federation and confederation. The author advocates an inductive approach to this phenomenon rather than the prevailing deductive opinions based upon definitions. He therefore reviews historical forms of confederation in Switzerland, the Netherlands, the United States of America, and Germany. Painting to some general features of historical examples of federation and comparing them to other types of relationships, international organizations, and other forms of associations of states, the author explicates the Draft of the treaty concerning a Yugoslav confederation proposed by the Republic of Croatia.

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Ethnic Bullying: Nineteenth-Century Magyar Education Policies

Author(s): John Braidwood / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

The cultural, political, educational and historical relationships of the Magyars with their former national minorities are barely known outside the Central and East European region, though they still resonate across today’s Hungarian borders,presenting a deeply troubled and contested discourse, with disputed national identities and incompatible narratives of nation at the core of these relationships.

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Simbolički koreni fašizma. Nastanak rimskog fascisa kao konsekracionog instrumenta i insignije vlasti

Author(s): Dragana Jeremić Molnar,Aleksandar Molnar / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2018

In the article the authors are dealing with the function and meaning of fascis in the time of its shaping in ancient Roman monarchy. Like the spear, bundle of rods and axe were perceived as the sign of power in their consecration capacity. Fascis was designed and came to being in order to supply Jupiter with heads and Diana with the blood of citizens of allied cities of Rome. Only later it was introduced as the tool for the punishment of Romans – first outside of finally within the pomerium. Symbolically, it was used to demonstrate the superiority of royal imperium over the liberty of citizens.

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Legal Theory and Philosophy Challenged by the Omnipotence of the State

Author(s): Željko Simić / Language(s): English Issue: 21/2017

In this text, the author tries to reactivate some of the key legal and theoretical insights of Montesquieu and Weber for understanding the modern functioning of the State as an entity which, in relation to the ancient concept, has erupted into its own opposite. Both thinkers, each in his own way and using the original typology, warn of the possibility of a distortion of a State which, instead of the means to establish a fund between the “subjects” of a community, becomes a goal for itself. The author points to the relevance of above-mentioned thinkers’ indication to the necessity of finding such modes that would limit the authority so that it is not abused. The author in the article insists on this possibility which, according to his view, represents the essential characteristic of the State (post) modern era. The author concludes that the State is completely abolished of the entelechy aura of a man’s companion on the path of improvement: it has become a power emanation, a mechanized apparatus that serves as a mere instrument for the single motive of achieving and maintaining the force of pressure and the suffocation of individual freedoms and rights.

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Türkiye ve Avrupa Birliği Üyesi Ülkelerde Servet Vergilerinin Karşılaştırılması

Author(s): Özgür Mustafa Ömür,Adnan Gerçek / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 02/2017

Income and expenditure taxes usually serve a financial function within a country's tax system, while wealth taxation is more about realizing social goals. The wealth taxes have many functions such as correcting the financial imbalances within the society, providing justice and equality in taxation, supplementing the income and expenditure taxes, and contributing to economic performance by increasing wealth efficiency. The purpose of this study is to make a comparison between wealth taxes in the European Union (EU) countries and Turkey, to identify the countries with the highest share of wealth taxes among member countries, and to draw implications for our country by examining country-wise wealth taxes. Findings of the study show that the share of real estate tax in total tax revenues is relatively low in Turkey compared to the EU countries, and there is a potential to collect more taxes by increasing the rate of this taxation or adopting new policies. Inheritance and transfer tax rates are very low in our country as in most EU countries. MVT revenues in our country are higher than most EU countries but it would be useful to rearrange this tax in an environmentally conscious way as the EU countries do.

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HISTORICAL CONTEXT OF IDEALISM VS. REALISM

Author(s): Hedibe Nesimi / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2018

Various theories in international relations offer multiple models of explanation of relations between states, but most of them are based on the idea that states act in accordance with their national interests. In fact, in its essence state interests include the need to maintain security, sovereignty and the development of the economy. Classical realists such as: Thucydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes and Rousseau, see at the conflict as a natural state in international relations, not as a consequence that can be attributed to historical circumstances, wicked leaders, disturbed socio-political systems, or international disagreements. The basis of the theory of idealists such as: Grotius, Kant and Bentham are the denial of the right to war, because they consider it is possible to establish an authority capable of maintaining peace. From the perspective of the idealists, wars are caused by egoistic interests of state leaders at the expense of the interests of the citizens.

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Манифест Комунистичке партије са становишта друштвене одговорности

Author(s): Matijaž Mulej / Language(s): English,Serbian Issue: 2/2018

In the light of Manifesto social responsibility is not only an informal promotion of systemic, i.e. requisitely holistic behavior, aimed at overcoming the current crisis and becoming a new socio-economic order, replacing the monopolistic neo-liberalism as soon as possible for humankind to survive and avoid the 3rd world war. It is also a tool of power-holders aimed at preventing the pending new socio-economic order and at keeping their privileges and benefits.

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Analiza wykorzystania form prawno-organizacyjnych współpracy międzysamorządowej w gminach – porównania międzyregionalne

Author(s): Aldona Podgórniak-Krzykacz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4.2/2016

This article presents some of the findings of a research project concerning intermunicipal co-operation in Poland. The aim of this paper is investigate the usage the organizational and legal frame of inter-municipality cooperation in the provision of public services. A comparative analysis shows that inter-municipal co-operation comes in all shapes and sizes. Research shows that the joint authority, communal associations, agreements between authorities, and limited companies are used in varying degrees, taking into account the various types of public services. These data on this topic are summarized in the form of comparisons between voivodeships.

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Politička tolerancija u Srbiji i Evropi: Društveni i psihološki koreni

Author(s): Bojan Todosijević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2008

Tolerance of political opponents is one of the basic preconditions of a democratic society. Empirical research, however, typically reveals low levels of tolerance even in societies with long democratic tradition. This paper presents a comparative study of the sources of individual differences in the degree of political tolerance in Europe, with special reference to Serbia. According to Sullivan et al.'s theory (Sullivan et al. 1979, 53-55), socio-demographic factors are decisive for the choice of a group towards which the intolerance will be directed, while psychological factors are more important for the level of intolerance. Implications of this theory are examined using data collected in about 30 European countries. The research is based on World Values Survey data (WVS). The WVS data include the so-called ‘least-liked’ operationalization of political intolerance. The findings reveal significant impact of psychological factors on the target group selection, and not only on the degree of intolerance, contrary to Sullivan et al.’s theory.

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STATE FINANCING OF POLITICAL PARTIES AS A CHANCE FOR HEALING THE PARTY SYSTEM: POLISH EXPERIENCE AND UKRAINIAN REALITIES

Author(s): Oksana Balashova,Tetiana Sydoruk / Language(s): English Issue: 3 (91)/2018

The process of state financing of the political parties in Poland and Ukraine has been analyzed in this article. The authors have studied and compared the theoretical foundations of the Polish and Ukrainian legislation in the sphere of state financing of the functioning of the political parties. By comparing the experience of state financing of political parties in Poland and Ukraine, the authors have distinguished a number of direct and indirect positive consequences in the party system of Poland. It has been determined that in Ukraine, in turn, considering the lack of legal and public sources for financing political parties, political and economic spheres are closely interdependent, which significantly impedes the qualitative consolidation of the party system in general. The authors have concluded that the positive effect of state financing of political parties is primarily reflected in an increase in the level of openness in how the political parties function, the transparency of the parties’ financial activities, the independence of the party system and the political transparency of civil society.

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Евроскептицизам у Србији – стари концепт у новом руху

Author(s): Jelena Todorović Lazić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2018

Euroscepticism is a heterogeneous and dynamic phenomenon. With each new phase in the European Union development (former European Communities), its main focus has been changed – from the attacks on the idea of European citizenship to the opposition to the common currency and immigration policy, and even to the critique of the overall idea of European integration. Nationalism, cultural, political and economic reasons are the main source of mistrust and reluctance towards the EU. It should be emphasized that the experience and interpretation of the phenomenon is different from the views of Member States and Candidate States, in the first case, Euroscepticism is linked with the historical development of the EU, in the second case, Euroscepticism is far more complex. Euroscepticism in Serbia has many causes. First and most obvious is Euroscepticism caused by a pre-accession strategy. Discontent in Candidate States has been created due to long-term negotiations and policy of conditionality. The gap between the high motivation of these states wishing to become EU members and reality, contributes to increasing euroscepticism. There is fear of the spread of the negative consequences of liberalized trade, such as: the lack of competitiveness of domestic companies, the loss of jobs. In addition, it is worth mentioning: low standard of living, inability to participate in decision-making in the EU and fear of losing national and cultural identity. In transition countries that have recently become Member States (or are currently in the process of negotiating such as Serbia), the problem did not originate from the existence of one or two political parties that oppose the entrance into the EU, but fostering so called popular Euroscepticism. Emphasized people’s discontent with the situation in the country and the EUʼs pressure to accelerate costly reforms is an additional element of uncertainty about joining the EU. Messages coming from Brussels are perceived as permanent conditioning, humiliation of Serbia, jeopardizing its identity. One of the causes of negative attitudes about the EU is primarily that citizens are either poorly informed or not informed at all. It is important to take into account all sources of Euroscepticism in order to influence the rational perception of the EU, which is possible only with the continuous dissemination of information on the functioning of the EU.

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Otwieranie się rynku politycznego w państwach Europy Środkowej na przykładzie Republiki Czeskiej

Author(s): Michał Skorzycki / Language(s): Polish Issue: 6.3/2018

The article presents a study concerning circumstances that led to the opening of the political market of the Czech Republic, which in the beginning of the 21st century seemed to be closed on the supply side. There were two groups of reasons behind the opening: the global one and the specific to the Czech Republic. The aim of the article is to single out the latter that can be a base to make comparisons with cases of other countries of the region, including Poland. Moreover, the text sums up crucial processes and developments which form political history of the 21st century Czechia.

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Rein Taagepera obunóż ponad granicami

Author(s): Jarosław Flis / Language(s): Polish Issue: 29/2018

W 2016 roku, na odbywającym się w Poznaniu kongresie Międzynarodowego Towarzystwa Nauk Politycznych, przyznawaną przez nie nagrodę Karla Deutscha otrzymał Rein Taagepera. To osoba, która już wcześniej zwróciła moją uwagę zarówno swoimi publikacjami, jak i nieoczywistą biografią – Estończyk i Kalifornijczyk zarazem, fi zyk i badacz społeczny. Po wykładzie, który towarzyszył wręczeniu nagrody, nie spodziewałem się mało, lecz to, czego byłem świadkiem, na każdym z możliwych pól przerosło moje oczekiwania. Był śmiech i nowe spojrzenia, zobrazowania i wzruszenia.

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Association for Borderlands Studies World Conference. (report)

Author(s): Martin Lačný / Language(s): Slovak Issue: 2/2018

Report from Association for Borderlands Studies World Conference (10th-14th July 2018) in VIenna/Budapest. Title of the conference: Border-Making and its Consequences: Interpreting Evidence from the "Post-Colonial" and "Post-Imperial" 20th Century

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Surpassing the era of disengaged acceptance: The future of public discourse on nuclear energy

Author(s): Gabor Sarlos,Mariann Fekete / Language(s): English Issue: 20/2018

Both the United Kingdom and Hungary run ambitious nuclear power plans to keep nuclear power as an important element of their energy mixes. The objective of the analysis is to identify if there is the intent and the possibility for a different form of public engagement in shaping the nuclear future. The study builds on the comparative analysis of the cases of Hungary and the United Kingdom. The ‘communication packages’ theory serves as reference of comparison. The study finds that changing social value sets and communication technology developments create challenges to governments in securing support for the nuclear agenda. This challenge creates an opportunity for members of the public with ‘reluctant acceptance’ of the nuclear agenda. Building on global uncertainty, challenges to the prevailing political and economic status quo, together with the growing influence of social media might assist the public to become vocal in their opinions about nuclear energy.

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Europeanization Imagology, Historical Institutionalism and Integration: Comparative Politics of Institutional Change in Governance

Author(s): Cătălina Maria Georgescu / Language(s): English Issue: 43/2014

Comparative politics of institutional change in governance within the European integration context identifies the process and traces the effects of Europeanization at domestic level. The imagology associated to the Europeanization phenomenon depicts processes of „de-parliamentarisation” of the political system correlated to the strengthening of the national government or the oposing orientation towards the strategic reinforcement of national parliaments by raising their „veto rights” or negotiate their support to EU-driven legislation. This paper offers a comparative overview of the studies accomplished on the national responses to Europeanization issues bearing a (mostly neo-historical) institutionalist and path-dependent perspective according to which (pre-existing) institutions set the desired behaviour.

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US Geo-Political Hegemony in the Era of the New Imperialism

Author(s): Anca Parmena Olimid / Language(s): English Issue: 16/2007

Cet article envisage l’opinion dominante au sein de la littérature concernant l’hégémonie totale des Etats Unis sur le monde. Manifestement, il s’agit de l’utilisation de la terminologie ainsi que les implications du nouveau impérialisme américain. Le débat porte sur les aspects économiques et culturelles de la guerre contre le terrorisme qui bénéficient et constituent le couer de ce qu’il est convenu d’appeler “l’américanisation”.

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Vyvrcholení debaty o politických režimech v postsovětském prostoru

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Vyvrcholení debaty o politických režimech v postsovětském prostoru

Author(s): Stanislav Štěpáník / Language(s): Czech Issue: 2/2018

Approaches of researchers from the West and the East were initially based on the transition towards democracy. These models proved unsatisfactory because it was not clear about defining democracy and its targeted form. The theoretical frameworks failed to describe the political reality of the post-Soviet states. With the turn of the millennium, approaches have emerged, called political regimes, with adjectives, whether democratic or authoritarian. These models were able to better describe the political reality of ambiguous political regimes, especially in the post-Soviet area, over the transition. The fundamental reassessment was brought by models of sultanism and neopatrimonialism. The text follows the development of the scientific debate on political regimes in the post-soviet area. By addressing the characteristics of democracy and configuration approaches, emphasis is placed on neopatrimonial concepts.

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Totalitarian and democratic political regimes

Author(s): Radu-Cristian RIZA / Language(s): English Issue: 08/2005

Tell qu'il résulte des lignes d'élaboration esquisées, l'article présent s'est proposé l'analyse comparative des régimes politiques démocratiques et totalitaires dans la perspective de leur besoin de violence symbolique pour se maintenir et se reproduire. Autrement dit, l'équilibre dynamique des deux types de régimes politiques est dépendent dans la mesure ou il reussit á gérer la violence sociale et les émotions collectives.

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AMERICAN AND ARABIC POLITICAL APOLOGIES: CONTRASTIVE APPROACH FROM A CULTURAL POINT OF VIEW

Author(s): Ahmad Kareem Salem Al-Wuhaili / Language(s): English Issue: 13/2018

In everyday world, apologies help to establish social balance and harmony between people. Apologies are speech act within politeness theory and the theory of politeness doesn't appear equally in all societies (Lyons, 1981, p. 188). Politeness principles also vary from culture to culture, for example it is interpreted differently in Chinese than American societies (Leech, 1983, p.10). The present study aims to identify the different uses of apologies within two different cultures, Arabic and American, in the field of politics, and to depict and examine to what extent the cultural factor influences the strategies that both Arab and American politicians use in their speech act of apology. For this study we have chosen some excerpts selected from Arabic and American discourses held by presidents, ministers, prime ministers, and, politicians.

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