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IMPACT OF THE MOTIVATIONAL LEVEL ON SCHOOL PERFORMANCE: A QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF TEACHER'S OPINIONS

Author(s): Delia Muste / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2012

In the context of an increasing level of interest expressed in relation to the need to implement new strategies of improving the quality of the educational process, it is considered absolutely necessary to analyze the motivational process itself, as a successful educational approach developed in the classroom cannot exist without a consistent motivational support and if unable to prove persistence over time. Thus, identifying the main conditions that contribute to creating a motivating learning environment plays a decisive role in determining the impact of motivation on school performance, but also in highlighting the potential solutions to problematic situations.

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IMPLICATIONS OF PROFESSIONAL STRESS IN THE SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT - A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Author(s): Cristian Stan,Denisa Manea / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2012

Considered to be a real threat to the modern world, occupational stress manifests a special interest regarding the teaching profession exercised in distinct school environments, respectively mass education and special education. Three instruments were used in the comparative study: the JSS questionnaire to measure professional stress (C.D. Spielberg, Ph. D. and P.R.Vayg, Ph. D), the Job Satisfaction Survey Global, (1999, Lamond & Paul E. Spector) and a questionnaire to measure the group’s cohesion-constructed by ourselves. The results showed the existence of a higher degree of professional stress in teachers from special education systems than in mass education, the professional satisfaction being inversely proportional to professional stress. The higher percentages registered in the evaluation of the teachers in mass education as compared to those in special education can be explained by the level of professional training, the teachers’ expectations, the work employment type as well as the time allocated to preparation.

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PSYCHODRAMA AND PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

Author(s): Dan Paşca / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2012

Research is a randomized clinical trial conducted on a group of 28 teenagers, mostly aged between 18 and 20 years (11 in experimental sample and 17 in the control sample). Independent variable was the participation/non participation in psychodrama group for personal development and dependent variables: the anxiety, the empathy, the personality traits. It was created and applied a questionnaire to evaluate the behavior of the group leader. Group members have established a hierarchy of Yalom's therapeutic factors, based on their experience in the group.

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ASSESSING PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSING THROUGH RHYMING ABILITIES

Author(s): Carolina Bodea-Haţegan,Maria Anca / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2012

This paper is focused on assessing phonological abilities through rhyming abilities. These rhyming abilities are addressed by: rhyme exposure, judging upon rhymes, matching the rhyming words, producing rhyming words. Working procedures reveals a psycho-linguist approach for assessing rhyming abilities, this approach being implemented in the situation of a Pierre- Robin case study. The obtained results were analyzed in the context of an extended assessment session, they being able to underline the presence of a phonological processing deficit in this case. These results stress on the fact that rhyming abilities can be considered predictive factors in developing phonological abilities.

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SYMBOLISM - COMPREHENSION RELATIONSHIP IN SCHOOL LEARNING

Author(s): Cornelia Stan / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2012

In everyday life, comprehension phase message induces interest of knowledge itself, the surrounding world, empowering, interpreted, skill formation to guess/search for meanings/multiple correlations between notions, facts, phenomena. Communication with and through symbols, in concrete operative phase of thinking can trigger the transition to formal operative phase, the abstraction and generalization. Iconic and symbolic communication occupies a growing share in the instructive-educational, thanks largely to technical means of training (video-projectors, interactive whiteboards). Thus is born a series of questions such as: how does the image, respectively the symbol, at the cognitive development as well as to educating experience affective-emotional needs of students? To what extent determines the quality of social interactions symbols?

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ROMANIAN EDUCATION SYSTEM SYNCOPE'S REVEALED BY PISA TESTS. CAUSES OF SCHOOL FAILURE AND POSSIBLE AMELIORATIVE INTERVENTIONS

Author(s): Ion Albulescu,Mirela Albulescu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2012

PISA type tests involving Romanian students in 2000 and until now have led to poor results, highlighting that the education system in Romania has many weaknesses. The national test results are not satisfactory. Of course, there are many students who achieve a higher level of academic preparation, proven in many situations. Schools proclaim its success citing their achievements. Nevertheless, the situation of school failure for many of their colleagues need urgent improvement interventions in terms of material and financial resources, school curriculum, learning strategies, improving teacher. In this study, we present in a synthetic manner, the undesirable situation, the causes that we believe generated it and possible solutions.

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Validacija hrvatske verzije Skale socijalnog samopoštovanja

Author(s): Margareta Jelić / Language(s): Croatian Issue: 3/2009

Within the frame of Social Identity Theory (SIT) self-esteem was given a central role in explaining intergroup discrimination. Furthermore, SIT emphasized the difference between personal and social identity and thus tried to avoid explaining group process and intergroup relations in terms of personal characteristics. However, social identity theory hypotheses are largely tested using measures of personal self-esteem due to the lack of social self-esteem measures. The Collective Self-Esteem Scale (CSES) (Luhtanen i Crocker, 1992), has thus been adapted for use in Croatia. The scale measures social identity level based on belonging to the group in focus and has proved to be a useful tool in many studies. The aim of this research was the validation of the Collective Self-esteem Scale. The research was conducted on 1014 citizens of Vukovar and 273 pupils and students from Zagreb and Velika Gorica. Firstly, metric characteristics of the Croatian version of the scale were checked. Secondly, its validity and connections to related constructs were determined. Although the obtained 4-factor solution does not fully meet the structure proposed by the authors of the scale, it has had a stable factor structure on the Croatian sample, confirmed on two different samples. It gives information on the positive and negative social self-esteem level; on how one thinks other perceive his/her group; and how important that group is for one’s self-concept. All four types of information proved useful in explanation of the ethnic identity level, ingroup bias and intergroup attitudes in general. Reliability and validity values obtained in two research projects have shown the Collective Self-Esteem Scale’s potential as a useful tool when investigating group processes and intergroup relations in Croatia.

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Wpływ naśladowania ekspresji mimicznej oraz dostępności perspektywy innej osoby na ograniczenie zjawiska infrahumanizacji

Author(s): Miriam Wieteska,Anna Szuster,Agnieszka Wojnarowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2012

The study focused on the impact that the imitation of facial expressions and the individually differentiated ability to take the perspective of another person, have on the tendency to infra-humanize out-group members. It was expected that imitating the target shown in the film will limit infra-humanization, that is, perception of others as less capable of experiencing the exclusively human emotions. It was also expected that the conditions of imitating versus refraining from imitation will affect the tendency to infra-humanize or not mostly among participants with low ability to take the perspective of the other. The study conducted among 80 female students was of experimental and individual character. It was based on questionnaire method and employed natural conditions of mimicry activation in contact with a person shown in a specially prepared film material. The results confirmed the hypotheses. Imitation of facial expression reduced the tendency to infra-humanize. An interactive influence of accessibility of other perspective and imitation was confirmed: persons with low accessibility were found to be more susceptible to manipulation and reacted with decreased infra-humanization in conditions of imitation as compared with non imitation conditions. Persons with high accessibility showed less effect of the imitation manipulation on infra-humanization.

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Kryzys psychologii, psychologia kryzysu

Author(s): Mateusz Olechowski / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2012

In this commentary I refer to selected elements of diagnosis and recommendations presented in Jarosław Klebaniuk’s ‘Professor Stapel on dope. On the beautifying of social psychology’. I elaborate on issues that in my opinion require a more detailed analysis (‘questionable research practices’, ‘researcher degrees of freedom’) and I introduce new claims and guidance (statistical power, critical statistical thinking, article writing manner, short/flash reports) that seem essential to understand today’s academic psychology’s state and to heal it. I urge to actively affront this difficult challenge and take strong actions to end the mounting crisis in (social) psychology.

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Historia zwykłego oszustwa. Nieuczciwość akademicka widziana oczami studentów psychologii

Author(s): Radosław Walczak,Marta Zdybek,Przemysław Marcin Zdybek / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2012

The commentary to Klebaniuk’s paper ‘Professor Stapel on dope. On the beautifying of social psychology’ shows the search for explanations for the scientific misconduct in psychology. With the help of Polish psychology students survey, the authors present the dissonance between declared values and dishonest practices. More than 50% of subjects admit to witnessing some kind of fraudulent behaviour in psychological research. Some historical and cultural reasons for fraudulent behaviour are presented and discussed.

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Profesor Stapel na dopingu. O upiększaniu psychologii społecznej

Author(s): Jarosław Klebaniuk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2012

In the article discussed is the scandal concerning a Dutch psychologist Diederik A. Stapel, who systematically committed fraud with research data, and it remained uncovered for many years. Described are ways that he used and which let him become one of the most prolifi c and recognized social psychologists. Described were some fi ndings and general recommendations for research practice, offered in report prepared by three university committees. The article presents data that suggest that Stapel’s conduct was not exceptional, and that most psychologists admit fi ddling with their research data in order to improve their publication chances. In the discussion, proposed is relaxation of the existing publication rules so that they do not put the excess pressure that may lead to irregularities. It is emphasized that replications of fi ndings collected by other researchers is the valuable means of control and development of the discipline.

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Inflacja idei we współczesnej nauce

Author(s): Marek Drogosz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2012

The article discusses phenomena in the world and Polish psychology which could boost Diederik A. Stapel and other researchers as well (including Polish ones) to commit frauds. They include: 1) prevalence and acceptance of frauds in some circles of scientific community; 2) perceiving psychology not as a real science and therefore acceptance of manipulation of data and free interpretations; 3) enormous growth of published research which makes it impossible to become familiar with the full scope of any domain and which makes hard to judge the quality of the research; 4) bad condition and historical burden of Polish science.

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Intuicje morlane młodychpolskich liberałów i konserwatystów

Author(s): Anna Macko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2012

One of the basic classifications of the political orientation is a division of the political spectrum into liberals and conservatives. According to the research by Haidt and Graham (2007), Graham, Nosek and Haidt (2009) liberals and conservatives differ in regard to the issues (concepts, behaviours, etc.) they consider moral. The moral spectrum of the liberals centers around the issues concerning the protection of individual rights, while for conservatives morality is mainly (but not exclusively) a question of issues that bind people into groups and institutions. However, such results are obtained in the countries with longer experience of democracy. Thus, it would be interesting to see whether the same holds also in Poland. The reported study aimed at answering the following questions: 1. Do members of different youth organizations associated with major political parties in Poland – young Polish liberals and conservatives – actually differ on the liberal-conservative dimension? 2. To what extent does the moral sphere of young people in Poland who describe themselves as liberals or conservatives resemble that of liberals and conservatives from the countries with a long tradition of democracy? 3. To what extent are people with different political orientations able to reconstruct the moral reasoning of their ideological opponents? The results show that there are differences between members of various political youth organizations on the liberal-conservative dimension and significant similarities of liberals’ and conservatives’ moral spheres in Poland and in the countries with longer democracy experience. The results also show that there are differences between liberals and conservatives in accuracy of reconstructing the moral reasoning of their ideological opponents.

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Normy uprawiania nauki w psychologii społecznej umożliwiające publikowanie badań typu stapelowskiego oraz utrudniające ich wykrywanie

Author(s): Adrian Wójcik,Aleksandra Cisłak / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2012

In reference to Diederik A. Stapel case the article presents the norms of scientific practice in social psychology that facilitate fraud and fabrication of data, and make them difficult to detect. These issues concern theory, methods and practices in social sciences. The mechanisms that lead to publishing of nonexistent effects and their influence on norms of scientific practice are discussed. Specifically, in social sciences a set of hypotheses is tested in a single study, and this in turn leads to difficulties in evaluation of replications of the original research and therefore to failure in detecting the studies based on fabricated data. Moreover, the multitude of medium-range theories in social science rules out the possibility of theory-based detection of Stapel-like effects. In addition, we highlight the problem of inadequate control over the work of academic psychologists resulting from the relatively low pressure from the practitioners.

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Trzy podejścia do wyjaśniania natury procesu socjalizacji konsumenckiej

Author(s): Anna Kołodziejczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 22/2012

The article explores the process of consumer socialization, associated with the acquisition of knowledge and skills to function in economic reality. The text presents three main approaches and representative theories explaining the process of consumer socialization: cognitive, social and cultural. The article examines characteristics of each approach, the type of proposed explanations, indicated conditions of socialization, and strengths and weaknesses of theoretical concepts proposed in each of them.

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POVEZANOST KAPACITETA RADNOG PAMĆENJA I FLUIDNE INTELIGENCIJE SA UČINKOM NA TESTU DIHOTIČKOG SLUŠANJA

Author(s): Ratko Đokić,Maida Koso / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2013

Study raised the question of possibility to distinct the roles of working memory and fluid intelligence in performing dichotic listening task which demands maintenance of activation of relevant stimuli, their protection from interference as well as their cognitive processing. In dichotic listening task, numbers were simultaneously presented to participants (N=30) in right and left audio channel. Instead of one of the numbers, intrusive word danger was presented in the left channel. Task of the participants was to reproduce odd numbers presented in right channel. Dependent variables were detection of intrusive word and total of correctly and incorrectly reproduced numbers. Working memory capacity was measured by automated operation span task and fluid intelligence was measured by Raven advanced progressive matrices. Opposite to the initial hypothesis, majority of participants (83%) detected the intrusive word. Variables of individual differences correlate with performance in dichotic task: higher working memory capacity and higher intelligence mean more correctly reproduced numbers [both r(28)=.46, p<.05]. Intelligence is correlated with total of incorrectly reproduced even numbers from right channel and odd numbers from left channel [ρ(28)=-.37, p<.05, ρ(28)=-.41, p<.05, respectively]. Finnaly, working memory and intelligence explain the same part of the variance of correct reproductions in dichotic task (for both variables: β=.32, n.s.).

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IRACIONALNA UVJERENJA KAO PREDIKTORI PRISUTNOSTI SUICIDALNIH IDEJA

Author(s): Dijana Sulejmanović,Igor Krnetić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2013

According to the theory of Rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT), irrational beliefs are considered to be an absolutist requirements and the rigid evaluations which are dysfunctional in relation to the goals and values of the person. Studies of cognitive characteristics of prasuicidants indicated that they have a rigid thinking, without the possibility of perceiving alternative solutions and because of unrealistic expectations, they are unable to find adequate ways to resolve a particular problem. The aim of this research was to examine the influence of irrational beliefs in the presence of suicidal ideation. The sample consisted 93 participants from the general population (59 women and 34 men). Set of used instruments included a demographic questionnaire data, Shortened General Attitide and Belief Scale (SGABS) and The Positive and Negative Suicide Ideation (PANSI). Statistical analysis of data using a regression analysis showed that there is significant influence of presence of irrational beliefs to the presence of suicidal ideation (R2 = .115, F (1) = 11.788, p = .001). These results showed that men and women who have expressed a higher irrational beliefs also have a higher presence of suicidal ideation. These findings support the theoretical principles about the cognitive characteristics of suicidal people and confirm the importance of REBT approach in psychotherapeutic work with suicidal clients.

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VAŽNOST OBITELJSKIH I VRŠNJAČKIH FAKTORA U OBJAŠNJENJU KONZUMIRANJA SREDSTAVA OVISNOSTI

Author(s): Marjana Tomaš,Tea Vučina / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2013

The aim of the study was to examine relative share of family and peer variables that explain the use of psychoactive substances and to examine wether family variables are only mediators or are explaining variance of psychoactive substances use independent of peer variables. 731 students of third and fourth high school grade from Mostar participated in the study. Mean age was 17.5 years (σ = .65). The sample was stratified according to religious affiliation, type of school and grade in four steps. Hierarhical regression analysis were conducted, where dependent variables were measures of psychoactive substances use and independent variables were sociodemographic, family and peer variables. Two hierarhical regression models were tested according to order of inclusion of family and peer variables. Peer variables have demonstrated their dominant effect on substance abuse. It has been established that family variables are not only mediators but also have independent effect on cigarettes use (paternal supervision and number of cigarettes users in family) and alcohol (maternal supervision and number of alcohol users in family). Even though in recent years, peer programs were preferred, the results of this study suggest that when designing programs of primary prevention, family variables should continue to be addressed.

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EDIPOV KOMPLEKS U PSIHOANALIZI XXI VIJEKA

Author(s): Aneta Sandić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2013

After defining the original Freud’s concept the author briefly sketches important later metapsychological supplements: early oedipal problematics according to Melanie Klein, concept of primary femininity as a core of feminine development, and counter oedipal situation that additionally makes the phenomenon more complex. Actual controversies range from the complete marginalization of Oedipus complex, to suggestions of more or less profound modifications of the concept. This is the reason why the author presents the concept of Oedipus complex of several eminent authors from the end of the XX to the beginning of the XXI century: Hans Loewald as one of the most important reformers of psychoanalytic thought in the end of XX century, Andre Green as widely recognized expert in the French psychoanalysis in the end of XX and in the beginning of the XXI century, Thomas Ogden as the eminent contemporary object relations theorist, and Joseph Lichtenberg whose formulations about the Oedipus complex are important integral part of the actual attachment theory. In concluding this paper the author summarises the theoretical attidudes of classical and attachment theory that are related to Edipus complex suggesting that attachment theory by marginalizing the influences of dynamic unconscious and unconscious fantasy distances psychoanalysis from its metapsychological essence.

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NACIONALNI I EVROPSKI IDENTITET MLADIH PARTICIPANATA I APSTINENATA NA IZBORIMA

Author(s): Lejla Hasandedić / Language(s): Bosnian Issue: 3/2013

Due to the very complex political structure of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the complicated social and political situation, as well as a very complex election law, there is an increasing number of abstainers in the elections. The largest number of abstainers is present among young people. Great confusion for young people next to a very complex socio-political situation are identities. They creates a rift between the existence of a very pronounced national identity and the simultaneous pursuit of building a European identity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine differences in national and European identity among participants and absentees, as well as youth representatives of political parties. Also we wanted to examine whether national and European identity can simultaneously exist, or are they mutually exclusive. The study included 720 young people, students from different faculties and members of political parties in the Sarajevo Canton and Herzegovina - Neretva Canton. Instruments that were used in the study: the scale of national identity (Cinnirella, 1997), the scale of national identity (Čorkalo and Kamenov, 1998), the scale of European identity (Cinnirella, 1997) and socio-demographic characteristics questionnaire. The results indicate that among participants and absentees there are no statistically significant differences in the national and European identity. Between youth representatives of nationally oriented parties (HDZ, SDA and HDZ 1990) and the second group of political parties (SBB, SBiH and SDP) statistically significant difference is in the national identity, while there is no a statistically significant difference in European identity. The correlation coefficient between national and European identity is statistically significant, which is very indicative because in the earlier studies this was no shown. This suggests that among young people in B&H national and European Identity exists as a one-dimensional construct, but usually their relationship is viewed through a two-dimensional model.

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