Kompetentny tutor. Znaczenie funkcji zarządzających dla przebiegu tutoringu rówieśniczego

Author(s): Magdalena Kosno / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2013

The paper presents research on the relationship between different components and aspects of executive functions and the tutor’s behaviors and strategies used during peer tutoring. The research involved 23 pairs of six-year-old children. The tutors’ task was to teach their peers the rules of a board game. There was a significant correlation between the level of the executive functions and the tutor’s behaviors and strategies which supported the student during the tutoring. Significant components of the executive functions included shifting attention, inhibition, working memory and the cool aspect of the executive functions. The tutors applying various strategies (Outside the role, Initiator, Partner, Coordinator) differed signifi cantly in their levels of the executive functions, and especially in the planning component.

Zarządzanie emocjami? Funkcje zarządzające a rozwój emocjonalny

Author(s): Małgorzata Stępień-Nycz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2013

Recent interest in the executive functions has resulted in intensive research on the relation between these and other aspects of functioning, especially language and theory of mind. However, there are relatively few studies of the relation between the executive functions and emotional development, despite the fact that the executive functions are supposed to regulate not only thoughts and behaviour but also emotions (Best et al. 2009). The paper presents a review of research on the relations between the executive functions and two aspects of the emotional development: emotion regulation and emotion understanding. The emotion regulation seems to be closely connected with the executive functions; in some contexts, these two constructs become undistinguishable, especially where the hot executive functions are concerned (Zelazo & Cunningham 2007). As we consider the cool aspect of the executive functions, research suggests that inhibition and cognitive flexibility may play a role in the emotion regulation. Similarly, inhibition and cognitive flexibility, together with working memory, seem to be related to the emotion understanding. Finally, the paper quotes results suggesting a modifying influence of emotions on the executive functioning. Analysis of the mutual relations between the executive functioning and the emotional development has helped to elaborate the model of the relations between the control and the understanding in the domains of cognition and emotions (Leerkes et al. 2008).

Językowa zewnętrzna i wewnętrzna kontrola działania

Author(s): Maria Kielar-Turska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2013

The paper discusses the relationship between language, cognition and behavior. It shows language as an external activator (the control function of speech) and an internal organizer of thoughts (private speech, inner speech). A. Luria’s research on the control function of speech has been continued in the study of the understanding of directives; L.S. Vygotsky’s concept of forms of speech has resulted in the imaginative research on private speech conducted since the 1980s, revealing the specifi city of private speech and the important part it plays in development, while studies of inner speech have helped to explain the role of language in thinking. Research on the executive functions allows us to track links between higher cognitive processes and language. It turns out that language and communication skills and vocabulary not only correlate with the developmental level of the executive functions, but are a good predictor of their development

Zimne versus gorące funkcje zarządzające i język a rozumienie przez dzieci własnych oraz innych osób stanów umysłowych

Author(s): Adam Putko / Language(s): Polish Issue: 4/2013

The main purpose of this study has been to verify a hypothesis based on the assumptions of the theories by Russell (1998) and Zelazo et al. (2005), concerning the relation between the development of executive functions (EF) and theory of mind (ToM). It was hypothesized that the level of the hot EF compared to the cool EF would be more strongly connected with children’s understanding of their own mental states than those of others. In the analysis of relationships between selected aspects of the EF and ToM, the level of language development was also considered. The study covered forty-four 3- and 4-year-olds, using false-belief tasks in their “unexpected contents” version (Gopnik & Astington, 1988) as the measures of ToM development, with one question requiring the attribution of a false belief to somebody else, and another question requiring the recognition of one’s own previous belief as false. The cool EF were measured with a version of the Bear-Dragon task (Reed et al., 1984), and the hot EF with the Children’s Gambling Task (Kerr, Zelazo, 2004). Language development was assessed with the Picture Vocabulary Test (OTS-R; Haman et al., 2011). It appeared that children’s understanding of their own mental states in both age groups was related only to the cool EF, while their understanding of other people’s mental states correlated marginally with the cool EF only in 4-year-olds. The level of the hot EF was not connected signifi cantly with any aspect of ToM. Regression analysis revealed that the cool aspect of the EF was a signifi cant language-independent predictor of the understanding of one’s own mental states in 4-year-olds, but not in 3-year-olds. The results are at variance with the predictions based on the theory by Zelazo et al., but consistent with those drawn from Russell’s theory, according to which self-consciousness and self-refl ection underlie the relationship between the EF and ToM.

ÖNYARGILARIN PSİKOLOJİSİ: PSİKODİNAMİK BİR GÖZDEN GEÇİRME

Author(s): Abdulkadir Cevik,Rifat Ilhan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 01/2013

By the elementary usage in every day life, Prejeudice is a multidimensional phenomena which is influenced by evolutional, ontogenetical, historical, economic, sociopolitic fields. Because of the biopyschosocial features of Human being, Prejudice emerges in many situations. There for, we can be under the influence of prejudice when we make decision and make our choises. From the psychological point of view, identity development process has an important role at the forming of prejudice. Both core individual identity and large group identity development processes contribute to the evolving of benign or malign prejudice. İn addition prejudice has an adaptive function at the preserving both of individual and large group identity permanent. In the case of developing negative prejudice toward strangers and of xenophobia, large group dynamics have an important role. In this paper psychoanalytic and psychodynamic roots of prejedice had been more focused over the social and cognitive roots of prejudice had been and emphasised importance of psychoanalytic theories at the prevention of malign and rigid prejudice.

BİR KELİME NEYİ DEĞİŞTİRİR? BOYUT DEĞİŞTİREREK EŞLEME GÖREVİNE KAVRAMSAL AĞLARIN ETKİSİ

Author(s): Tolga Yildiz / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 01/2013

The purpose of the research was to examine the cognitive flexibility of three-year-olds, who usually persevere in the Dimensional Change Card Sort task, when a constant representation was referred in the classic instruction. In accordance with this purpose, the Dimensional Change Pencil Sort task was developed and used in the current study that 13 three-year-olds participated in. Findings seemed to support partially the hypothesis predicted that the kids could achieve the task in terms of rule use and mental representational flexibilities between length and color at the post switch phase in which situation classification dimensions were referred over a real and constant object (pencil) instead of a card. This result drew attention to the conceptual and perceptual mediation roles of language and objects respectively in terms of the cognitive flexibility literature.

ERGENLERDE BAĞLANMA VE SALDIRGANLIK DAVRANIŞLARI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ

Author(s): Eda Seyda Aksel,Bilge Kaplan / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 01/2013

Various studies available in the literature on puberty. The individual's physical and psychological changes during puberty, as well as changes in the social field are remarkable. During this period, the importance of family relationships with losing a bit more with the relationships with their peers is their strength. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between parental attachment and aggression in adolescents. In the study, risk factors and protective factors between parent attachment and aggressive behavior were examined. Parents marital accord to have friend; close friend and peer group were considered as protective factors. Watching violent movies on Tv and having a disciplinary penalt were identified as risk factors. Also, that empathy was between parent attachment aggression examined as a mediator. That research is carried with randomly selected 1424 (709 females and 715 males) adolescents, who are living in Burdur in 2010, going to high school and ranging from 13 and 19. The schools were visited after obtaining necessary permits from the Burdur Directorate Education by the researcher and participation in the study was based on volunteerism. Personal information form, and Aggression Scale (Buss ve Perry, 1992), Parent and Peer Attachment inventory (Armsden ve Greenberg, 1987) and Empathic Tendency Scale (Dökmen, 1988) were applied in the study. For the data analysis, the statistical analysis like Two-way analysis of variance, T-test and Sobel Test were used. When taking a look at analysis findings, it was noticed that adolescents insecurely attached got higher aggression score.

Prof. Dr. Ali DÖNMEZ ile Sosyal Psikoloji Üzerine...

Author(s): Melis Çelik Ok,Sezin Andic / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 01/2013

Interview with Ali DONMEZ about Social Psychology

Eficienţa utilizării computerului în logopedie

Author(s): Constanta Dumitriu,Adina Karner-Huțuleac,Iolanda Tobolcea / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2009

SISTEMUL PENTRU TERAPIA PERSONALIZATĂ A TULBURĂRILOR DE PRONUNŢIE (TERAPERS) Ŕ reprezintă cercetarea ce a fost derulată în echipă interdisciplinară cu scopul de a alcătui şi implementa un sistem informatic inteligent de terapie a tulburărilor dislalice, specifice limbii române (sistem CBST Ŕ computer-based speech therapy), ca metodă logopedică adjuvantă, personalizată şi centrată pe client. În cadrul acestei lucrări dorim să evidenţiem rezultatele optime obţinute de dislalicii prin utilizarea programelor informatice, în comparaţie cu cele obţinute de cei care au parcurs intervenţia logopedică clasică. S-a validat faptul că folosirea terapiei asistate de computer este semnificativ mai eficientă pentru copiii dislalici, facilitând şi completând tehnicile logopedice clasice.

Influenţa nivelului depresiei diadice asupra satisfacţiei maritale

Author(s): Cornelia Amariei,Loredana Gherasim,Nicoleta Turliuc / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2009

In cadrul acestui studiu ne-am propus să analizăm impactul nivelului depresiei partenerilor şi a gradului de dezvoltare familială asupra satisfacţiei conjugale. Ipotezele studiului sunt următoarele: satisfacţia conjugală va fi influenţată de nivelul de depresie şi etapa de dezvoltare familială; satisfacţia conjugală va fi influenţată de nivelul depresiei si genul partenerului depresiv din familie. Studiul a fost realizat pe un număr de 120 de familii cu o lungime a mariajului cuprinsă între 1 şi 20 de ani. Pentru măsurarea nivelului de satisfacţie a fost folosită Scala de Acord Marital (Spanier, 1974), iar pentru măsurarea nivelului depresiei partenerilor am folosit Inventarul de Depresie Beck (1969). Rezultatele obţinute susţin ipotezele indicând faptul că satisfacţia conjugală variază în funcţie de nivelul depresiei partenerilor şi de lungimea mariajului, dar şi în funcţie de sexul partenerului depresiv din diadă.

Review: Sébastien Bohler, 150 de experimente pentru a înţelege manipularea

Author(s): Richard Constantinescu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2009

« Winning the Cold War »: politique étrangère américaine et psychosociologie (1946-1968)

Author(s): Paul Arnault / Language(s): French Issue: 2/2009

Cet article vise à rendre compte du développement des usages de la psychosociologie dans le cadre de la politique étrangère américaine de la Guerre froide. Il examine les conditions sociales de possibilité d’un tel phénomène en prenant en compte les enjeux professionnels des scientifiques et présente un certain nombre d’applications géopolitiques de la psychosociologie entre 1946 et 1968. Le cas du déroulement du Plan Marshall en France sert à illustrer plus spécifiquement la manière dont les usages politiques et la diffusion de la psychosociologie contribuent à la transformation du champ scientifique français et à la scientificisation des modes de domination dans les organisations. Ce travail fondé sur la méthode sociohistorique de la collecte documentaire met en évidence, dans une perspective transnationale, le rôle

Determinanţi afectivi ai persistenţei motivaţionale

Author(s): Constantin Ticu,Ana Maria Hojbotă / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 2/2009

Persistenţa motivaţională se referă la nucleul dur al motivaţiei individuale, dimensiunea mai degrabă cantitativă (energia şi stabilitatea motivaţională) decât calitativă a acesteia (Constantin şi col., 2007). Psihologia personalităţii include persistenţa atât în modele temperamentale cât şi caracteriale, ca parte a unor trăsături precum conştiinciozitatea şi dependenţa de recompensă. Studiul de faţă examinează relaţia dintre scala PM3, măsurând persistenţa motivaţională, o serie de dimensiuni afective: afectivitatea dominantă (PANAS, Watson, Clark şi Tellegen, 1988), strategii de coping cognitiv (CERQ, Garfensky, Kraaji şi Spinhoven, 2001) şi tendinţa de a controla manifestările emoţionale (Affective Control Scale, Williams şi Chambless, 1992). Corelaţiile indică o asociere între persistenţa motivaţională şi afectivitate (directă cu cea pozitivă şi indirectă cu cea negativă). De asemenea, persistenţa motivaţională corelează pozitiv cu scalele planificare, reevaluarea situaţiei şi focalizare pe aspecte pozitive; sunt discutate şi corelaţiile neaşteptate cu scalele variabilelor dezadaptative ruminaţie şi viziune catastrofică. Nu am identificat corelaţii semnificative între persistenţa motivaţională şi tendinţa de control al afectelor.

Psychophysiological Imagery Assessment in Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Author(s): Dana Bichescu-Burian / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2009

Several research studies have established in the past that patients with posttraumatic stress disorder as a result of various traumatic events show a marked increase in peripheral physiological responsiveness during personalized trauma-related imagery (Orr & Roth, 2000). The present study builds on this topic by investigating responses to unpleasant (trauma-related) and neutral events within an imagery experiment in aged Romanian victims of political imprisonment, decades afterwards. Peripheral physiological indicators are examined using a Vitaport II ambulatory digital recorder Ŕ heart rate (HR) and skin conductance level (SCL) Ŕ as well as self-perceived arousal within three groups Ŕ a grup of former political detainees with chronic PTSD (N = 13), a group of former prisoners who never had such a diagnosis (N = 14), and a control group (N = 9). PTSD patients exhibited a distinctively increased HR reaction during imagery of traumatic experiences than during imagery of neutral contents. From the comparison between HR and SCL responses to traumatic and to neutral thought contents in patients without PTSD and in controls no such differences were identified. The HR response change to imagery of traumatic memories classifies individuals with highest severity of PTSD. Additionally, statistical analysis of the heart rate and skin conductance responses between persons with and without PTSD it showed that chronic PTSD patients exhibited a general heightened arousal state in that they showed a significant higher HR and SCL response than the persons who never had a PTSD diagnosis during all three personal imagery sessions. This suggests that long-term PTSD may lead over decades to an increased baseline physiological activity, generally higher physiological responsivity during all kinds of imagery contents, which may be unpleasant or neutral, trauma-related or not. These findings support the idea that the typical symptom of “hyperarousal” by four-decades-chronic PTSD patients comes to physiological expression during the mental undergoing of personal experiences and is especially highly expressed during the imagery of personal traumatic experiences.

The Goals 2000 Educate America Act and the National Standards in Education

Author(s): Lucian Radu / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2012

This paper is meant to outline the modalities in which The Goals 2000 Educate America. Act started the reform based on national standards in American Education. After presenting the types of national standards focused on Opportunity to Learn Standards, the paper analyzes how the national standards are perceived in Romanian education, starting from a survey on representative subjects.

The Candidates’ Counselling in the Validation of Informal and Nonformal Learning

Author(s): Elena Cocoradă,C. Pacquola,M. Pavalache-Ilie / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2012

The validation of the competences acquired other than by formal means is a current preoccupation at national and European policies level, an opportunity for the young and the adult people alike, a desire, but at the same time a reality of everyday life. The optimal conducting of the validation of nonformal and informal learning entails, according to the European documents, the supporting of candidates. The article presents, in its first part three case studies from different national contexts, Romania, France and Italy, focused on the counselling activity, In its second part, the article analyses the perception of a counselling framework possibly to be implemented in the human resources departments of Romanian companies as a complementary manner to the counselling offered by accredited evaluation centres.

ISPOLJAVANJE GENERALNOG NEUROTICIZMA KOD OSOBA KOJE ŽIVE SA RONHOPATIČARIMA

Author(s): Jelena Čolaković,Radomir Čolaković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 12 (1)/2013

U radu je obrađeno ispoljavanje generalnog neuroticizma kod osoba koje žive sa ronhopatičarem. Iako je ronhopatija (poremećaj disanja tokom sna), prvenstveno medicinski (organski) problem, sa druge strane ona predstavlja i bolest slušalaca. Istraživanje je realizovano na prigodnom uzorku supruga kod čijih muževa je dijagnostifikovana ronhopatija i supruga čiji muževi nisu imali ronhopatiju. Broj ispitanika je iznosio 102 osobe, od toga 50% ispitanika (supruga) čiji je muž ronhopatičar i 50% supruga čiji muž nije bolestan. Supruge nisu imale poremećaj disanja u smislu ronhopatije i apneje. Dobli smo rezultate koji ukazuju da bolest jednog partnera ima negativne reperkusije na mentalni status zdravog partnera. Naime, supruge čiji muževi pate od ronhopatije su emocionalno nestabilnije u odnosu na supruge u čijoj bračnoj zajednici nije dijagnostifikovana ronhopatija. U istraživanju smo koristili Test generalnog neuroticizma GEN/A,GEN/B, čiji su autori B.Volf, K.Momirović, Z.Džamonja i A. Hošek. Reč je o dva strogo paralelna testa za procenu generalnog neurotizma - GEN/A i GEN/B. Rad ukazuje i na neophodnost uključivanja zdravstvenih psihologa u tretman posledica ronhopatije.

TARGETED INSTRUCTION FOR PRESERVICE TEACHERS: DEVELOPING HIGHER ORDER THINKING SKILLS WITH ONLINE DISCUSSIONS

Author(s): Jonathan Schwartz,Zsuzsanna Szabo / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

The purpose of this study was to develop higher order reflective thinking skills and application abilities in preservice teachers, through the use of online asynchronous discussions based on tasks that involve analyzing examples of teachers’ in-class activity. Participants in the study were 46 preservice teacher education students at a small university in the state of Hawaii, US. Results show that teaching about Bloom’s taxonomy and using reflective writing to analyze case studies, resulted in higher order thinking levels as demonstrated in asynchronous online discussions. Quantitative and qualitative analyses are presented along with implications for teaching and learning.

DEVELOPING SKILLS TO DIFFERENTIATED INSTRUCTION IN PRESERVICE TEACHERS

Author(s): Susan Catapano,Alina Slapac / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

This pilot study analyzes the development of differentiation skills in preservice teachers enrolled in a community-based model of teacher education in the United States. The study analyzes teacher narratives collected from ten preservice teachers during their last year of a community-based model of teacher education. Teacher narratives were analyzed to determine how they differentiated instruction for culturally diverse learners. Four of the preservice teachers were followed into their first year of teaching to determine if their strategies for differentiating instruction changed. Findings indicate that preservice teachers apply instructional strategies to the entire group, rarely taking into consideration individual learners’ needs. However, when preservice teachers became classroom teachers, they reported that they do consider individual learners’ needs when making instructional decisions and include higher-levels of differentiated instruction in their daily practice.

EDITORIAL: COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY NEW FIELD IN THE ROMANIAN PSYCHOLOGY

Author(s): Letiţia Filimon / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

Community Psychology, a relatively new area in contemporary psychology, is known to a lesser extent by the public, by psychology consumers, or by the beneficiaries of psychological services in Romania. There are few practitioners and researchers, even among Romanian psychologists, that act in the conceptual areas of community psychology. In Romania, information about this new specialty dispersed mostly in the academic environment. Data regarding community psychologists’ scientific events, publications, organizations, projects and actions have become attractive through novelty and especially through the chances in the paradigm of Community Psychology.