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Architektura funkcjonalna teorii umysłu. Podejście neuropsychologiczne

Author(s): Agnieszka Pluta,Emilia Łojek / Language(s): Polish

The book shows how brain damage affects ToM (Theory of Mind). The efficient functioning of ToM determines the satisfactory contacts of the individual with the environment, which are crucial for eliminating the social isolation of neurological patients. Learning about the ToM architecture seems necessary to determine the degree of its disfunction in the case of patients with brain damages and to organize the rehabilitation procedure.

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Zagadka emocji muzycznych. Czym są, jak powstają i czy są podatne na zmiany?

Author(s): Maria Chełkowska-Zacharewicz / Language(s): Polish

Why is music present in so many aspects of our lives? One potential answer lies in the emotions we feel in a variety of situations when listening to and experiencing music. In response to music, we cry, we laugh, we shiver; we feel sadness and nostalgia, but also joy and ecstasy. However, the areas of study that analyze these diverse aesthetic experiences raise interesting questions. Are these experiences emotions? If so, what kind of emotions are they? How do these emotions arise? The author looks for answers to these questions and discovers the curiosities of musical emotions' psychology.

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Psychopathology of Plastic Art and Creativity

Author(s): Cristina-Gabriela Schiopu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Art is born at the border of external and intrapsychic realities, through the human being’s necessity of including pragmatic elements of his environment into his own affective system. Creativity stands between objective and subjective worlds as a symbolic metamorphosis of the material into the immaterial of the imagination, conscience and emotions of the artist. The product of creativity will be a complex interpretation of environmental elements meant for reinterpretations by other personalities, with their own individual and specific set of imagination tools. But what if, the inspiration for the artistic work is not a reflection of reality but o product of patho-psychological disruptions or, what if the inspiration resides in the altered emotional and neurological perception of reality? The artistic creativity within psychopathological activity in certain psychiatric disorders have been raising interest for both medical and non-medical world but the most intriguing aspect, is maybe, the colorful and complexity of emotions and sensations that are perceived by non-psychiatric persons when viewing such works. Maybe this could represent an argument for the subjective and relativeness of the human psychology, beyond social and cultural standard values.

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ДИФФЕРЕНЦИРОВАННЫЙ ПОДХОД В КОНТЕКСТЕ РАЗРАБОТКИ ТИПОЛОГИИ ОСОБЫХ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫХ ПОТРЕБНОСТЕЙ ДЕТЕЙ С ОСОБЕННОСТЯМИ В РАЗВИТИИ

Author(s): Svetlana Feklistova / Language(s): Russian Publication Year: 0

The article actualizes the problem of developing a typology of special educational needs of children with developmental disabilities as a tool for ensuring adequate educational conditions and realizing the child's developmental potential. The possibilities of taking into account the provisions of a differentiated approach when developing a typology of special educational needs of students are characterized

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Selected Issues of Experimental Testing in Cartography

Author(s): Zbyněk Štěrba,Čeněk Šašinka,Zdeněk Stachoň,Radim Štampach,Kamil Morong / Language(s): English

This book lucidly summarizes selected topics related to experimental testing of cartographic visualizations. In addition to selected methodological aspects of experimental research in cartography, it outlines possibilities of using knowledge and research practices in cognitive psychology, which can help in interpreting the evaluation of some aspects of cartographic products’ usability.

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Experimentální poezie a tvůrčí psaní

Author(s): Petr Kuběnský / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Nasledujici kapitola zkouma možnosti využiti postupů experimentalni poezie v oblasti tvůrčiho psani. Jeji jadro tvoři vyzkum zabyvajici se aplikovatelnosti metod experimentalni poezie, specifickeho proudu česke i světove literatury padesatych a šedesatych let, potažmo literarniho experimentu jako takoveho, a vlivem těchto metod na rozvoj literarnich kompetenci pisatele. Rozsahlou čast textu věnujeme popisu konkretnich cvičeni z oblasti experimentalni poezie. Jedna se o nove, převažně autorske aktivity využitelne jak pro uzce profilovane kursy zaměřene cele na oblast literarniho experimentu, tak pro obohaceni tradičněji pojatych dilen. Napady zde shromažděne mohou sloužit take jako doplněk při vyuce literatury na zakladnich a střednich školach. Žaci diky popsanym cvičenim mohou snadněji pochopit a osvojit si metody avantgardni a konkretisticke poezie, stejně jako procvičovat svoje literarni kompetence v textotvornych ukolech. Proto může projekt najit odezvu u učitelů využivajicich kreativizačni metody vyuky.

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IMPROVING WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT THROUGH EVOLUTION IN KENYA: THE CASE OF NAIROBI AND KAKAMEGA COUNTIES

Author(s): Sylvester Ngome Chisika,Chunho Yeom / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

This study aimed to investigate the progress of women's empowerment through employment opportunities in Nairobi and Kakamega Counties in Kenya between 2013 and 2017. Despite the increasing policies that aim to mainstream social equity and equality, there is still a significant gap between policy commitments and practices. The study evaluated whether the implementation of devolved governance in the two counties has improved women's empowerment. The study's framework included an in-depth review of policy documents, official records, and reports from official websites to understand women's economic empowerment status in Nairobi and Kakamega. The study analyzed qualitative and quantitative data from County Integrated Development Plans and other secondary sources. Specifically, it examined compliance with the 30% gender rule, requiring women to hold at least 30% of all elective and appointive positions. The study found that Nairobi commands the largest share of formal sector wage employment in Kenya, and women's access to employment opportunities remains slightly lower than men in both counties. Despite implementing the 30% gender rule, the study revealed the need for more comprehensive policies that promote gender equality and women's economic empowerment in both Nairobi and Kakamega.

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Vývoj metody pro posouzení sociální kognice

Author(s): Kristína Czekóová,Zuzana Pokorná,Beáta Špiláková / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Conducting ourselves accordingly in varying social situations demands sophisticated socio-cognitive capacities. Developing our understanding of such faculties demands tools that allow us to delineate them into their constituent social and emotional components. This is true particularly of empathy, believed to comprise a cognitive and affective component. The Multifaceted Empathy Test (MET) is used increasingly to investigate empathic awareness and expression. It is a picture-based measure designed to measure the dissociable cognitive and affective components of empathy independently. Currently, however, there exists no formal validation of the MET in the Czech Republic. To address this gap, this presentation describes the process behind stimulus selection, item development, and validation according to the subjective evaluations of Czech and Slovak sample. We believe that the resulting stimulus set will prove useful for future socio-cognitive and -emotion research.

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Metakognícia vo vzťahu k dimenziám osobnosti

Author(s): Jarmila Takáčová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

The study issues from understanding metacognition as a pivotal construct and an important variable of learning proccess. We were concered with the concept of metacognition in relation to personality dimensions to understand it in its complexicity. The aim of the study was to find out the relation of metacognitive strategies of students and personality dimensions of the Big Five model. The main premise of the research was “Personality dimensions significantly predict metacognitive strategies of students “ We tested 136 university students (131 female and 35 male, AM=21,49 years old, SD= 1,81) with the Inventory of Metacognitive Strategies and Neo Five- Factor Inventory. The results of correlation study indicated significant relationships among metacognitive strategies and personality dimensions of the Big Five model except personality dimension of agreeableness. Regression analysis indicated that personality dimensions of conscientiousness and openness significantly positively predicted metacognitive strategies of students, while neuroticism negatively predicted metacognitive strategies. Discussion and conclusion: These results provide insight into personality factors that may have an important connection with processes of cognitive regulation. These findings highlight important role conscientiousness, openness and neuroticism play in the cognitive regulatory strategies of learners.

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Vliv metody kartografické vizualizace na zapamatování a přesnost prostorové lokalizace cílových objektů: empirická studie ověřující možnost užití smíšeného výzkumného designu

Author(s): Čeněk Šašinka,Markéta Kukaňová,Zdeněk Stachoň,Michal Sedlák,Stanislav Popelka,Kamil Morong / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The paper presents the interdisciplinary study of cognitive visualisation. The study compares two different methods of visualisation - a common military topographic map and a transport context map. This comparison was regards to cognitive and perceptual load on the user. A mixed research design was elected for the purpose of the study, this design offers a combination of different research methods. In the first phase the exploratory data analysis was used and in the second phase quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. For the second phase of the research Hypothesis web platform was used, the Hypothesis supports the implementation of both cartographic task and psychological tests. The platform were also be connected with eyetracking EyeTribe by software HypOgama. Synchronizing data files - information about eye movements (in the case of eyetracking system), and on the action and behavior (in the environment proband Hpothesis) – provides in-depth analysis of the strategies of solving problems users in the use of exploratory data analysis. Used mixed research design combines the advantages of both nomothetical and ideographical methods. In the context of research work with a map, we are able not only to statistically verify the realtionship between the defined variables (using visualization, degree of recall and cognitive style) and also deeply committed exploration of cognitive strategies.

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Možnosti predikcie kognitívnych omylov v manažérskej práci

Author(s): Miroslav Frankovsky,Zuzana Birknerová / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Occurrence of cognitive distortions in the work of a manager is not rare. Ability to avoid these distortions is an important prerequisite for acceptance of the right decisions and strategies of a company development. Significance of cognitive distortions in accepting decisions by a manager is enhanced by the fact that these decisions influence not only the life of this manager, but also of the organization as a whole, i.e. all of manager’s co-workers. The presented report focuses on the possibility to identify and specify the indicators enabling prediction of occurrence of cognitive distortions in managerial work. The proposal and verification of these predictors of cognitive distortion occurrence are based on the concept by Beck, who described formation and effects of dysfunctional schemes and cognitive distortions in human life. It is clear that these distortions or errors affect both the work and the personal life of a person. The report presents the findings and knowledge which enable prediction of the future occurrence of cognitive distortions in the work of managers on the questionnaire basis.

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Osobnost, kreativita a komplexita myšlení

Author(s): Lucie Chadimová,Tomáš Urbánek / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

Presented study introduce the correlation of creativity, personality and cognitive complexity. The structure of cognitive processess has been great topic since the turn of 20th century. The research on cognitive styles have brought many new findings on the interconectedness of personality and cognitive processes such as perception, thinking and decision making, memory etc. Theories of cognitive complexity represent one contribution of this period, which aims on how are the cognitive processess structured, how this structure affects the effectivity of decision making and how it’s affected by different internal or external factors such as sex, age, personality, social context, time pressure etc . In the first part of our research we conducted an analysis of correlation between divergent thinking factors and cognitive complexity measures following the approach of P. Suefeld and P.E. Tetlock. Figural and verbal fluence, flexibility, elaboration and originality were measured by subtests Torrance test of creative behaviour and Guilford Alternative uses test. Cognitive complexity was scored on the Paragraph completion test data following the Integrative/Conceptual complexity scoring manual (BakerBrown et al., 1992). In the second part of study we conducted correlation study of cognitive complexity and Big Five personality traits (measured by Czech version of NEO-FFI by Hřebíčková & Urbánek, 2001). The article gives a summary of main findings of our studies and briefly sketch out the questions and hypotheses for future research on the complexity of thought.

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METAKOGNITÍV STRATÉGIÁK ─ ÖSSZETEVŐIK ÉS MÉRÉSÜK

Author(s): István Zsigmond / Language(s): Hungarian

Researching metacognitive strategies has become important for scientists since Flawell (1971) argued for the crucial role of metamemory processes in the development of memory. The number of scientific publications on metacognition is growing every year. However, some aspects regarding the concept of metacognition are still ambiguous. Main theories regarding metacognitive processes and their complementarity are presented. The elaboration procedure of Integrative Model of Metacognition(IMM) is presented, which is based on the complementarity of former models and their inclusion in theories about problem solving. A principle characteristic of IMM is the possibility to make a clear distinction of metacognitive and cognitive processes, offering an answer to critics regarding the concept of metacognition. The IMM makes apparent that metacognitive strategies are those elements that regulate other problem-solving processes, and a strategy becomes metacognitive when its conditional knowledge-components are connected to situations when we don't understand something. The model incorporates the majority of concepts related to metacognition (metacognitive monitoring and regulation, metamemory, metaknowledge, etc.), and makes possible to include any metacognitive process in problem-solving. The IMM offers a starting point for elaborating measurement instruments of metacognitive processes. It points out what kind of knowledge and procedures are necessary for developing functional metacognitive strategies. When analysing the reading process with the MIM model, we can find out what are the difficulties for learning and utilizing comprehension strategies. We present the process of elaborating the Questionnaire of Metacognitive Strategies in Reading (QMSR), which makes possible evaluating the knowledge-components of four basic reading comprehension strategies: resuming, selecting important information, addressing questions and re-reading. QMSR measures the following aspects of these strategies: declarative knowledge necessary for utilizing these strategies and conditional knowledge ─ when and why to utilize these strategies, and procedural knowledge ─ the ability of utilizing the strategies. We administered the QMSR to three groups of children (504 pupils in total):third grade (N = 243), fourth grade (N = 189) and seventh grade (N = 72) from 10 schools. According to statistical analysis reliability, content and constructive validity of QMSR are acceptable. Predictive validity could not be calculated because lack of acceptable criteria. When utilizing alternative criteria we have found acceptable predictive validity of QMSR.

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Psychometrické vlastnosti krátkej formy dotazníka črtovej emocionálnej inteligencie pre adolescentov (TEIQue-ASF)

Author(s): Lada Kaliská / Language(s): Czech Publication Year: 0

The study presents the research findings about psychometrical properties (reliability and construct validity estimate) of Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire for Adolescence Short Form (TEIQue-ASF) created by K.V. Petrides (2001). The research sample was 164 high school students with an average age of 16.32 (SD=1.03). Reliability estimate of Cronbach’s alpha and Spearman- Brown’s coefficient reached the acceptable level for a whole tool (α=0.88; rxx≥0.80). By validizing tools (TIPI, Gosling, 2003; RŠS, Rosenberg, 1965; SEHP, Džuka & Dalbert, 2002; GSES, Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1993), TEIQue-ASF construct (convergent- discriminant) validity.

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Viac hláv, viac racionality? Vplyv počtu rozhodovateľov a konzultantov na výskyt intuitívnych odpovedí

Author(s): Lenka Kostovičová,Katarína Dudeková / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

In line with the conjunction rule, the probability of more events co-occurring is always less than the chance of either one occurring alone. Violation of this principle represents one of the most robust cognitive biases. While among individual choices the presence of conjunction fallacy is particularly frequent, recent findings suggest that in cases of social interaction—consultation of solutions—the proportion of incorrect automatic answers decreases. Social influence on the level of cognitive reflection, an ability to suppress automatic intuitive responses and to engage in analytical thinking, has not been sufficiently studied yet. Therefore, enriching the design of baseline research focused on solutions to the Linda problem "solo" and after consultation, we also analyzed the answers in the Cognitive reflection test, and compared individual and group results. The findings of our experimental study (N = 210) are inconsistent with the assumption of "the more heads, the more rationality". We identified the following predictors of intuitive responses: subjective confidence, balanced discussion and demonstration of the correct solution. Main implications concern ecological validity within research of cognitive errors and practical recommendations for decision-making situations of groups and their members in personal and professional life.

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Chybovosť v rozhodovaní záchranárov pri nehode hromadného postihnutia osôb

Author(s): Katarína Žiaková Košíková / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

This paper deals with the topic of mistakes in decision making of paramedics in conditions of simulated task of mass casualty incident. In this research participated 155 paramedics, whose task was to classify injured according to the START (Simple triage and rapid treatment) system. We analyze incidence of mistakes, tendency to undervalue and overvalue cases in the context of need for cognitive structure and preference for rationality and experientiality.

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Úloha serendipity vo vedeckom myslení

Author(s): Imrich Ruisel / Language(s): Slovak Publication Year: 0

Serendipity is a „good luck“ or as a „pleasant surprise“. The concept introduced into English literature Horace Walpole by Persian fairy tales from the 10th century, whose heroes on the road appeared by chance and wit something not sought. To scientific thought in the 19th century this concept by chemist Eduard Solly was introduced. Serendipity is associated with such important discovery, as was Newton´s law of gravitation and the discovery of penicillin by Fleming and so on. At present, the serendipity discussion when considering the role of chance in science. Often overlooked role of wit in combining seemingly neutral facts to bring about valuable conclusions. Therefore, successful scientists through serendipity phneomena can generate activities that will bring important insights. Basically, there is a connection between the targeted learning with an unexpected accident. The serendipity occurs especially among scientists working together in an environment that enables communication, search of alternatives research and discovery of new application. Often there is a significant progress in cognition, which now leads to the development of related technologies.

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Чешката телевизионна реклама и фолклорът – начини за употреба на народните традиции от масмедиите

Author(s): Jaroslav Otčenášek / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2023

The ways in witch advertising uses folklore motifs are rather varied and interesting. In this article, we first clarify what the essence of advertising is at a theoretical level, who it is aimed at, what is presented and how it is presented, and of course, also who orders the advertisement. This synthesizing theoretical introduction is necessary in order to fully understand the differences between audio advertising, visual and audio-visual presentation, as well as how contemporary advertising permeates the media environment including Internet and social networks. Also significant is the psychological effect on the costumers, which uses a number of traditional stereotypes and expected behaviour patterns. Subsequently, we will look in more detail at the role of folklore and especially folklore narratives in advertising, including its changes in the last century, which we will illustrate with two specific examples. The next part of the article consists of an analysis of two contemporary advertising campaigns with dominant folklore motifs in the Czech media environment (Equa bank and Seznam.cz), in which we show in detail the way they communicate with the costumer, the folklore stereotypes used and the comments of the clients and creators of these advertisements regarding the expected effect of the campaign.

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Základy sportovní výživy

Author(s): Iva Klimešová / Language(s): Czech

The book is intended for university students with a sports orientation and also for all those who like sports and want to know how to support their performance with an appropriate diet. Although the area of nutrition is often overlooked by athletes and not given as much emphasis as the actual training process, top and experienced coaches know that they cannot do without adequate nutritional support. Today, nutrition is seen as an integral part of quality recovery. The text of the book not only discusses energy balance taking into account the specific requirements of the athlete and the essential nutrients in the diet, but also discusses in detail the appropriate timing of food intake depending on training and the use of supplements.

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