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МЕНТАЛЬНАЯ РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ ПСИХИЧЕСКИХ СОСТОЯНИЙ: ЭКСПЛИЦИТНЫЙ И ИМПЛИЦИТНЫЙ АССОЦИАТИВНЫЕ КОМПОНЕНТЫ

Author(s): Ekaterina Mihailovna Alekseeva / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2015

The paper presents and discusses some results of the scientific research on explicit and implicit components at the associative level of mental state representations. The explicit verbal associations of 26 mental states with life situations are described, as well as the regularities and features of implicit associating of the mental states of pleasure, anguish, cheerfulness, grief, depression, and delight with the situations of quarrel and communication with friends. It is demonstrated that mental states are associatively and inseparably connected, both explicitly and implicitly, with life activity situations.

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ЦЕННОСТНО-СМЫСЛОВОЙ РЕЛЬЕФ ЖИЗНЕННОГО ПРОСТРАНСТВА ЛИЧНОСТИ И УРОВЕНЬ ФИЗИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ЧЕЛОВЕКА

Author(s): Naila Rustamovna Salikhova / Language(s): Russian Issue: 4/2015

The paper reveals the peculiarities of value-meaning sphere in the individual’s life space depending on the level of human physical ability. Based on the samples of athletes, disabled, and people with normal physical fitness, it is demonstrated that the substantial specificity lies in some differences in the overall hierarchy of general human values between people with different physical abilities. The features of dynamic characteristics are manifested in differences between the meaning types of values and their realizability, which is generally higher in athletes. The obtained results show that more physically developed people are in the existential phase of meaningful fulfillment of their life plans and evaluate their life as having more meaning, whereas people with disabilities are characterized by searching for the meaning of their life and choosing between life prospects. They have lower values of meaningfulness of life. People with normal physical ability occupy an intermediate position between the above two groups.

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Formowanie wrażeń na temat osobowości – proces niezbędny czy szkodliwy? Przegląd badań i implikacje praktyczne

Author(s): Iwona Nowakowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 36/2016

CEL NAUKOWY: Celem niniejszego artykułu jest odniesienie wyników badań naukowych dotyczących formowania wrażeń na temat osobowości i roli efektu halo w tym procesie do klasycznej serii badań Solomona Ascha z 1946 r. dotyczącej tego tematu. W artykule Ascha przedstawiającym te badania uwzględnione są teorie i pojęcia cytowane oraz rozszerzane współcześnie przez psychologów poznania społecznego.PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Opracowanie stanowi krytyczny przegląd raportów z badań naukowych dotyczących zagadnienia formowania wrażeń na temat osobowości. Wyniki analizy tych prac pozwoliły na przedstawienie w niniejszym artykule teorii Solomona Ascha w zaktualizowanym świetle.PROCES WYWODU: W pierwszej części artykułu omówiono wpływ cech centralnych, w szczególności „ciepła” i „chłodu”, odpowiadających za całościową ocenę człowieka. W części drugiej poruszono temat czynników zewnętrznych, na przykład kolejności poznawania cech, wpływu afektywnego i czasu trwania znajomości z ocenianą osobą na uformowane wrażenie. W części trzeciej opisano zjawisko zmian znaczeniowych cech osobowości w zależności od współwystępujących z nimi charakterystyk.WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Przedstawione w pracy eksperymenty potwierdzają obserwacje Ascha oraz wspierają tezę, że ogólne wrażenie o osobie wpływa na percepcję jej poszczególnych cech. Ludzie nie zdają sobie na ogół sprawy z występowania tego zjawiska.WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Wyniki badań omówionych w artykule mają szereg implikacji praktycznych dla osób wykonujących zawody związane z ocenianiem, takich jak nauczyciele, rekruterzy czy jurorzy, a także dla osób poddawanych ocenie. Warto, by osoby te zdawały sobie sprawę ze zniekształceń, jakie niesie z sobą automatyczne formowanie wrażeń na temat osobowości czy kompetencji innych osób, i miały świadomość, że uleganie takiemu mechanizmowi często łączy się z odpowiedzialnością za los ocenianej osoby, np. w kontekście jej kariery szkolnej czy pracy zawodowej.

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Gambling disorder: Association between duration of illness, clinical, and neurocognitive variables

Author(s): Gustavo C. MEDEIROS,Sarah A. Redden,Samuel R. Chamberlain,Jon E. Grant / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Gambling disorder (GD) may have its onset in a wide range of ages, from adolescents to old adults. In addition, individuals with GD tend to seek treatment at different moments in their lives. As a result of these characteristics (variable age at onset and variable age at treatment seeking), we find subjects with diverse duration of illness (DOI) in clinical practice. DOI is an important but relatively understudied factor in GD. Our objective was to investigate clinical and neurocognitive characteristics associated with different DOI. Methods: This study evaluated 448 adults diagnosed with GD. All assessments were completed prior to treatments being commenced. Results: Our main results were: (a) there is a negative correlation between DOI and lag between first gambling and onset of GD; (b) lifetime history of alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with a longer duration of GD; (c) the presence of a firstdegree relative with history of AUD is associated with a more extended course of GD; and (d) there is a negative correlation between DOI and quality of life. Discussion: This study suggests that some important variables are associated with different DOI. Increasing treatment-seeking behavior, providing customized psychological interventions, and effectively managing AUD may decrease the high levels of chronicity in GD. Furthermore, research on GD such as phenomenological studies and clinical trials may consider the duration of GD in their methodology. DOI might be an important variable when analyzing treatment outcome and avoiding confounders.

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Types of Gambling and levels of harm: A UK study to Assess Severity of Presentation in a Treatment-seeking population

Author(s): Silvia Ronzitti,Emiliano Soldini,Vittorio Lutri,Neil Smith,Massimo Clerici,Henrieta Bowden-Jones / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2016

Previous international research emphasized that some forms of gambling are more “addictive” than others. More recently, research has shown that we should shift our attention from the type of gambling activity to the level of involvement in a number of different gambling activities. The aim of our study was to verify whether a higher Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) score was associated with particular gambling activities and evaluate the impact of involvement on gambling behavior. Methods: A total of 736 treatment-seeking individuals with gambling disorder were assessed at the National Problem Gambling Clinic in London. First, the independent two-sample t-test and the Mann–Whitney test were used to verify if the PGSI score changed significantly according to the gambling activity at a bivariate level. Second, we conducted a cluster analysis and finally, we fitted a linear regression model in order to verify if some variables are useful to predict gambling addiction severity. Results: The PGSI score was significantly higher for lower stakes gaming machine gamblers (1% significance level) and for fixed-odds betting terminal (FOBT) gamblers (5% significance level) at a bivariate level. Moreover, such finding was confirmed by cluster and linear regression analyses. Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that gambling addiction severity was related to gambling involvement and, for a given level of gambling involvement, gambling addiction severity may vary according to gambling type, with a particularly significant increase for FOBT and gaming machine gambling.

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Възприятието за време в условията на COVID-19

Author(s): Aneta Yoveva / Language(s): Bulgarian Issue: 1/2021

This article discusses how time perception changes during the lockedown caused by covid-19. The author pays attention to the changes in people`s daily routines due to the pandemic situation, which in turn led to the feeling that time is running at a different speed than life before covid-19. Data from a study conducted in the UK, by Ruth Ogden, a senior professor of psychology at John Moores University in Liverpool, is exposed on the subject. The meaning of Chronos and Kairos, the Greek gods of time, is interpreted in covid-19 situation.

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Evlilikte Çatışma Çözme Stillerinin Evlilik Uyumu ve Doyumu ile İlişkisi

Author(s): Özge Ünal,Serap Akgün / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 3/2022

This review focuses on the relationship between spouses’ conflict resolution styles and marital happiness, firstly the conceptualizations of marital satisfaction and marital adjustment were defined and their differences were discussed. Prior studies show that marital adjustment and satisfaction are two concepts related to marital happiness but need to be separated from each other. Then, the relationships between spouses’ approaches to their marital conflicts and their marital happiness were considered in this review. Conflict is a natural part of all marriages but the couples’ approaches to marital conflicts may lead to constructive or destructive outcomes for their relationships. One of the most important goals of many intervention programs developed for distressed couples is to provide spouses with the ability to resolve their conflicts constructively. Findings showed that constructive conflict resolution (considering conflict as a social problem that could be solved with cooperation, striving to satisfy the needs of both parties, and finding out solutions together) leads to an increase in marital satisfaction and marital adjustment. Destructive behaviors with hostile intentions focused on self-interest (physical and verbal aggression and oppression) seem to be negatively related to marital adjustment and satisfaction. Besides these negative coping behaviors, it will be beneficial for spouses to gain awareness of behaviors such as submission, protective buffering, and underestimating the coping capabilities of the partner with an overprotective attitude, which are not based on hostile intentions in dealing with problems but can have devastating consequences in the long term.

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Comparative Examination of ICD-11 and DSM-5 Alternative Model in Personality Disorders

Author(s): Türkmen Töre / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Personality disorders tried to be explained by changing diagnoses and approaches varying from school to school throughout history. With the updated approaches and scientific developments in today's diagnostic booklets, developing and more understandable diagnostic categories for personality disorders are created. New models can be an important resource for diagnosis, treatment and common language among clinicians. Both ICD-11 and DSM5 main part section III. have highlighted new models beyond the previous personality disorders diagnostic approach. In both models, personality disorders are examined according to severity levels and prominent personality features model. Moreover, personality disorder includes structures that take into account the course of basic personality traits such as self, identity and bilateral relations. While DSM-5 part III. Alternative model on personality disorders section has a content of 5 prominent features, 25 sub-features and functionality which are all for evaluating the disorder, the ICD-11 model includes an approach that includes five features and borderline pattern and definitions, and a 4-dimensional structure in which functionality is evaluated. Although both models include models of features that stand out in personality but not completely overlap with each other. For example, while Psychoticism finds its place as a personality trait in alternative model in section III of DSM-5, as it is not accepted in personality feature in ICD-11. In contrast, the borderline pattern is not named as a feature in DSM-5 in section III, but the ICD-11 treats the borderline pattern as a kind of feature. This is one of the important differences between the two guidelines. Similarly, the criteria by which functionality and impairment are evaluated are not compatible with each other and do not progress in parallel. This means that two different guidelines accept different severity levels as thresholds. However, it can be said that both models accept the personality disorders approach, which includes longitudinal processes in which personality traits can be seen instead of categorical models. The differences between the new models can be interpreted as an obstacle to the development of a common language in terms of diagnosis and treatment.

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What is related to the choice of coping strategies? - functional relationship between a sense of self-efficacy, self-regulation and strategies for coping with stress

Author(s): WERONIKA MOLIŃSKA,Anna Olechowska / Language(s): Polish Issue: 2/2022

Self-efficacy can affect an individual’s thoughts and emotions. It can be related to self-regulation processes and coping strategies. The aim of the study was to try to answer the question of whether there are correlations between the mentioned variables. To test this, an online survey was designed on the Google Forms platform, which included sociodemographic questions and three questionnaires: General Self-Efficacy Scale, COPE Inventory, Self Regulation Formative Questionnaire. The survey was prepared in English. The survey included 470 participants from Poland and Spain. The study was conducted during increased stress, which is the exam session. The result of the statistical analysis confirmed the accepted hypothesis. Strategies used in coping with stress are related to the level of selfregulation and self-efficacy. The higher the sense of self-efficacy, the more frequent the selection of favorable coping strategies, as well as the higher the level of self-regulation, the more frequent the selection of adaptive strategies and the rarer the selection of adaptive coping strategies. The results obtained are discussed in relation to the literature on the topic and previous studies, and it is suggested that further studies be conducted in a different context, taking into account that the results of self-efficacy or self-regulation could be different during intensified stress, for instance before or after an exam.

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Art Therapy. The Relationship between Art Therapy and Social Work in Romania

Author(s): Rebeca Cojocaru / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

This study was designed to explore whether there is a possibility of using art as a strategy to social change and see the alliance of art therapists integrated into the field of social work in Romania. The questions that formed the basis of this paper were the following: Is there a relationship between social work and art therapy in Romania? Is Romania ready for an alliance between social work and art therapy? Using a qualitative method, the interview-based survey, I tried to capture the depth of my subject in as much details as possible. I conducted 15 interviews, of which 10 were with art therapists and 5 were social workers. They were interviewed in person or by e-mail. The interviewees had a license as a social worker or art therapist. Correlating the results of art therapists and social workers, I was able to capture the connection between the two fields, an idea from which this paper starts.

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Feminatywy w edukacji seksualnej – czy (nie) warto ich stosować?

Author(s): Katarzyna WASZYŃSKA,Martyna ZACHORSKA,Weronika KLON / Language(s): Polish Issue: 15/2022

The paper at issue presents the social functioning of Polish female forms of occupational names (feminativa), as well as their role in the process of sex education, also in relation to perpetration of gender stereotypes. In the first part of the paper, a summary of the historical changes in the usage of feminativa is provided. Next, the usage of feminativa is described in relation to the theoretical basis of sex education, including the development of behavioral patterns. The analysis of linguistic, psychological and psychosexual factors enabled the Authors to show the impact of language on the perception of reality and of the subject’s place within the surrounding environment. Moreover, the Authors conducted the analysis of the role of feminativa in identity construction and in gender discrimination prevention. The paper at issue presents the cultural contexts of language use and its importance for the wellbeing of an individual. Additionally, the paper shows the basis of treating inclusive language as a form of support of the psychological and psychosexual development.

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Whose Spiritual Perception? Status quo

Author(s): Tone Svetelj / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The nature of spiritual perception depends on the agent's understanding of spirituality, self-perception, and search for meaning through spiritual perception. Spiritual perception is much more than finding solutions within the framework of therapeutic analysis of the agent's subjective experience. In the Christian perspective, spiritual perception is an expression of the believer's relationship with God, which in its very essence exceeds an adequate intellectual explanation.

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Factors shaping obstacles to task performance in the police force as seen by an employee

Author(s): Iwona Czaplicka-Kozłowska,Andrzej Kozłowski,Bogdan Nogalski / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

Objectives:Central and decentralized authorities influencing the functioning of uniformed services are usually guided by the principles set out in the programs of political parties. All this builds internal relations within the uniformed services and determines their functioning. These issues became the subject of research aimed at identifying obstacles that hinder the performance of tasks in the police formation.Material and methods:In order to diagnose this problem, research was carried out by the method of a diagnostic survey with the use of the survey technique among student officers and command staff at the turn of 2020 - 2021. The research tool in the form of a questionnaire was used in the research. 189 people participated in the research, including mainly those participating in extramural and postgraduate studies.Results:Research has shown that the negative impact on the functioning of the police is primarily the influence of politics, and this impact applies to all dimensions related to the performance of tasks by policemen. Politics affects the promotion system and also the relations between employees. Undoubtedly, the functioning of the police is influenced by the crisis conditions caused by the pandemic and, in particular, by assigning policemen duties related to the control of compliance with the quarantine rules, maintaining appropriate distances and the number of people, or wearing masks (previously helmets) in public places.Conclusions:The research documents the unfavorable state of management in uniformed services, especially in the police. The influence of politics, and not knowledge based on research and the search for truth, leads to behavior inconsistent with the principles of the social contract and contradicts the rational principles of the organization's functioning.

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Komunikacja afektywna, empatia i wartości rodzinne młodych kobiet i mężczyzn z rodzin monoparentalnych i pełnych. Analiza porównawcza

Author(s): Katarzyna Walęcka-Matyja,Justyna Paulina Krawczyk / Language(s): Polish Issue: 12/2022

Background: The modern family changes its structure as a result of the dynamic development of technology, economic processes and changes taking place on the labor market. There is an increase in the number of single parents bringing up children, mainly mothers. Objectives: The aim of the research was to determine the differentiation in terms of affective communication, empathy and family values in groups of young adults from monoparental and full families. The relationship between affective communication and empathy as well as family values was also examined. Methodology: The research used the quantitative method, which includes self−report questionnaires (Empathic Sensitivity Scale, Affective Communication Index, Familism Scale and a questionnaire). The study involved 266 young adults (160 women and 106 men) from families with a diversified structure (117 people from monoparental families and 149 people from complete families). Results: The obtained results indicate that young adults from monoparental families do not differ in the intensity of affective communication, empathy and family values from young adults from families. full. Women from monoparental families obtained a higher intensity of average results in the material success and achievement dimension than women from complete families. The analysis of the relationship between affective communication and empathy and family values showed weak relationships. More statistically significant relationships were found in the group of young adults from complete families than in the group of adults from minimal families. Conclusions: Coming from a monoparental family is not a risk factor in the development of the analyzed dimensions of psychosocial functioning, i.e. affective communication, empathy and family values.

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Psychological Patterns in Sexual Relationships: Ukrainian Adaptation of the Multidimensional Sexual Questionnaire

Author(s): Anastasiia Shyroka,Tetiana Zavada / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2022

Aim. Human sexuality is an important multidimensional subject for psychological research. However, the study of sexuality remains relatively closed for Ukrainian researchers, primarily due to a lack of valid and reliable measures of sexuality in general, and in particular, measures of psychological patterns in human sexuality. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to validate a self-report English-language tool, the Multidimensional Sexual Questionnaire (MSQ), for the Ukrainian language. Methods. A total of 1113 Ukrainian-speaking participants were administered the MSQ-UA. The MSQ-UA factor structure was measured using EFA and CFA procedures. Alpha and Omega estimates of internal consistency were calculated. The test-retest reliability was established in a five-week time period. The correlations of the MSQ-UA subscales with relevant psychopathology, personality measures and control statements were accomplished to prove the construct validity of the questionnaire. Results. Findings indicated that the MSQ-UA is an eleven-dimensional measure, which is almost identical to the original English-language version. Subscales of the MSQ-UA display acceptable excellent psychometric properties of internal consistency (Alpha and Omega within a range of 0.70 to 0.92). The test-retest reliability over the five-week period was appropriate (r=0.68-0.93). The MSQ-UA subscales demonstrated from moderate to high correlations with relevant measures, and the associations were absent or low in cases when criterion measures were irrelevant to the subscale. Conclusion. The MSQ-UA demonstrated appropriate psychometric properties and may be applied to assess a broad range of psychological patterns in sexual relationships in the Ukrainian-speaking population.

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Kontekst konstrukcji idei wolnej woli na przykładzie psychobiografii Skinnera, Fromma i Rogersa

Author(s): Agnieszka Wiatrowska,Andrzej Pankalla / Language(s): Polish Issue: 62/2023

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article was to analyze the development of the concept of (free) will in works of Burrhus F. Skinner, Erich S. Fromm and Carl R. Rogers – three researchers who restored the consideration of will in both American and world psychology in the 20th century. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: A research shows possible factors influencing the development of ideas of will, determinism and indeterminism, as well as their relationship with the perception of man (a machine subjected to environmental control versus a living being making a conscious choice). In the analysis the authors use Theoretical Research Tool. It was based on the context of construction method, created by Kurt Danziger (1990), a representative of the New History of Psychology. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The perspective of the New History of Psychology, being an extension of Runyan’s (1992) psychobiographical method including critical psychology, made it possible to get acquainted with the concepts of Skinner, Fromm and Rogers – taking their biographies into account. The literature was subjected to an in-depth analysis, authors paid attention to the relationship between the biographies and ideas/concepts of mentioned psychologists. RESEARCH RESULTS: The research proved that the development of the concept of will and understanding of man in the theories of Skinner, Fromm and Rogers could have been influenced by private events in their lives, such as the hermetic style of upbringing in the family home, current political situation, change of environment or traumatic experiences.

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INTERDISCIPLINARITY AND DIGITAL SKILLS IN
PSYCHOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES

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INTERDISCIPLINARITY AND DIGITAL SKILLS IN PSYCHOLOGY AND COMPARATIVE STUDIES

Author(s): Ramona L. CECIU / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The present paper explores some aspects related to interdisciplinarity, digital skills and media in relation to psychology and comparative studies research. Both interdisciplinarity and digitalization are realities that traditional disciplines need to accept and adapt to, with the scope of integrating as much as possible study approaches and methods towards the benefits of any discipline. As argued, the success of an interdisciplinary study relies foremost on the manner in which the paradigms, theories and methods are integrated and merge towards the generation of original insights and solid study results, but also on the skills and competences of the researcher or team of researchers. Thus, this article reviews paradigms and approaches to interdisciplinarity and the role of digital skills in contemporary research and comparative studies, drawing on illustrations from psychology, health media, comparative studies and digital humanities, while clarifying significant concepts often used interchangeably.

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Romantik İlişkilerde Öznel İyi Oluş ile Partnere Kendini Açma Düzeyi Arasındaki İlişkide Algılanan Partner Duyarlılığının Rolü

Author(s): Sena Doğruyol / Language(s): Turkish Issue: 27/2023

The main purpose of the current research is to examine whether perceived partner responsiveness has a mediating role in the relationship between the level of self-disclosure and subjective well-being in the context of romantic relationships. In this context, the sample of this study consisted of 226 participants; 159 women and 67 men, who were between 18-33 and currently in any type of romantic relationship. The data collected by "Level of Self-Disclosure in Romantic Relationship Scale (LSDRR)", "The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS)", "Positive and Negative Affect Scale (PANAS)", "Perceived Partner Responsiveness Scale (PPRS)" and Demographic Information Form. Mediation analyzes were tested with four different models. Results revealed that the level of self-disclosure (openness, communication, and affection) to the romantic partner positively affected one’s subjective well-being through perceived partner responsiveness. In other words, it was shown the mediational role of perceived partner responsiveness on the associations between level of self-disclosure and subjective well-being in romantic relationships. It is thought that the results of the present study will contribute to the intervention programs to be carried out to understand and strengthen the relationship dynamics that will contribute to the subjective well-being of the individual in the concept of romantic relationships.

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HUNGARIAN ADAPTATION OF TYPES OF POSITIVE AFFECT SCALE: DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN ACTIVATING AND SOOTHING POSITIVE AFFECT

Author(s): Tünde Póka,Andrea Barta,Anna Veres,László Mérő / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2023

Aims and Methods: The current study aimed to investigate the factor structure, reliability, measurement invariance, and construct validity of the Hungarian version of the Types of Positive Affect Scale among a sample of university students (N = 1239). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA), multi-group confirmatory factor analyses, internal consistency analyses, and correlational analyses were conducted. Results For the proposed two-factor model, CFA showed good fit with the data (CMIN = 438,16; DF = 51; CMIN/DF = 8,59; GFI = .94; CFI = .93; SRMR = .04; RMSEA = .07, 95%CI = [.07; .08]), all items were significant predictors of measured factors. The measurement invariance across gender and country, good internal consistency, and construct validity of the scale were also confirmed. Conclusion Findings support the reliability and validity of the Hungarian version of the Types of Positive Affect Scale and enable us to use the subscale scores to differentiate between soothing and activating positive affect.

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Impactul divorţului marital asupra relaţiei tată-fiu

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Impactul divorţului marital asupra relaţiei tată-fiu

Author(s): Marian Mocanu / Language(s): Romanian Issue: 3/2023

The present study represents the perception of the sons regarding their relationship with the father, when they remained in the mother's care, and the father left the residence, in the marital divorce. A qualitative analysis of the sons' perception and the effects of divorce on the relationship between father and son are highlighted, from several perspectives, namely: the age of the child, the duration and intensity of the conflict between the parents, but also the quality of the son's relationship with the father, before the father leaves domicile, following the divorce. The boy can suffer because of the father's departure, having sometimes very strong resentment towards him, even hatred, especially when, being younger, he considers that the father no longer loves him and has left him to found another family, or when the reason divorce was the repeated assault of the mother by the violent father. It is difficult for sons to adapt, following the father's departure from home, as a result of the parents' divorce.

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