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Сравнительный анализ эффективности психологического тренинга на фоне умственных и физических нагрузок

Author(s): Anastasiya Sergeevna Yanina,Leonid Vladimirovich Kapilevich / Language(s): Russian Issue: 1/2016

The aim of the research was to identify the properties of attention of people engaged in physical or other activities and to consider the positive influence of meditative techniques on physical and intellectual activities. It is shown, that psychological training based on meditative techniques renders positive influence on concentration of attention while physical and intellectual activities performed by even not skilled individuals. Meditative techniques contribute to improvement of concentration/ attention while physi-cal and intellectual activities. The authors emphasise the positive influence of meditative techniques on mental stability on a background of distracting factors. The meditative techniques do not influence the degree of inclusion in work after physical activities, whereas, the group of skilled meditating practition-ers demonstrated high degree of inclusion in work after intellectual activities. The influence of meditative techniques on resisting negative distracting factors is revealed. The above mentioned results allow to recommend using psychological training based on meditative techniques for restoring the properties of attention while physical and intellectual activities, as a popular method.

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Poziom rozwoju somatycznego i sprawność fizyczna młodzieży z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną

Author(s): Danuta Łasak,Paweł Żychowicz / Language(s): Polish Issue: 3/2015

Aim. The purpose of this study was to present the level of somatic development and physical fitness of a group of adolescents with mild and moderate intellectual disability which has been examined. The outcomes of the research were compared to the outcomes of people without intellectual disability. Methods. 67 pupils with intellectual disability at the age between 11–16 in this research took part. 37 pupils were of a mild intellectual disability and 30 of a moderate intellectual disability. During the study an anthropometric measurements were taken and the level of motor skills were evaluated with 3 physical fitness tests (Standing Broad Jump, Sit- Ups in 30 seconds, Sit- and- Reach). Results. The results were confirmed the assumptions. The analysis of the results showed, that study participants characterized by low level of motor skills. It shown that the level of motor skills were different between disable and not disable adolescents. The results showed the retardment in somatic development of the people with intellectual disability comparing to the condition of healthy youth. The disability brings about lower heights level and higher level of BMI. Conclusion. The results pointed to the need to design as well as training programs to enhance the level of motor abilities of people with intellectual disabilities and conduct long- term research.

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Psychometric evaluation of the Authenticity Scale on the sample of students in Serbia

Author(s): Đurđa Grijak / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2017

The aim of this study, conducted at two time points, was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Serbian translation of the Authenticity Scale on the sample of students. The paper presents the results of testing the validity construct of the Authenticity Scale by confirmatory factor analysis at two time points, on the initial sample of 706 students and on the test-retest sample of 206 students within a 10-week interval. The model in which there are three separate, mutually related dimensions with the superordinate factor of authenticity best describes the scale structure. The test-retest sample was used to test the convergent validity of the Authenticity Scale by evaluating its relation to the measures of both positive and negative affect, self-esteem, psychological distress and psychological well-being and mental health index. The results showed that the Serbian translation of the Authenticity Scale represents a reliable and valid measure of authenticity.

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Feeling lonely in the lab: A literature review and partial examination of recent loneliness induction procedures for experiments

Author(s): Fabian Pels,Jens Kleinert / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

Few laboratory experiments have been conducted in loneliness research in the past. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to review, partially investigate and discuss loneliness induction procedures in order to facilitate future laboratory experiments in loneliness research (e.g. to examine the link between loneliness and social cognition). Previous studies have found both unconscious (i.e. professional hypnosis) and conscious (i.e. recalling and calling out lonely experiences) procedures to be successful in inducing loneliness. Another conscious procedure (i.e. recalling and writing down lonely experiences) that has been described in recent literature has not yet been examined. Therefore, the present study aimed to examine this procedure using a one-group before-after design. However, this procedure, in which the participants had to recall and write down two lonely situations, was not found to significantly induce loneliness. Of 16 participants, only three reported at least some higher feelings of loneliness following this procedure.

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Introduction to the special issue on visual aesthetics

Author(s): Slobodan Marković,Sunčica Zdravković / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Visual aesthetics encompasses the studies of the relationship between vision and various aesthetic phenomena – from the beauty ratings of simple visual patterns to the appreciation of visual art, from the preference for natural objects and scenes to the preference for products of human creativity, from the aesthetic effects of culture to the aesthetic effects of biology, from the universal aesthetic sensitivity to the individual differences in taste, and so on. In this special issue ten papers reported the most recent studies on very different subjects related to visual aesthetics.

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Do happy faces really modulate liking for Jackson Pollock art and statistical fractal noise images?

Author(s): Katrin Mundloch,Marie Winterberg,Wanja Hemmerich,Philipp Holzwig,Anna Rupanova,Alice Schönewolf,Nina Winands,Heiko Hecht,Jasmina Stevanov / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Flexas et al. (2013) demonstrated that happy faces increase preference for abstract art if seen in short succession. We could not replicate their findings. In our first experiment, we tested whether valence, saliency or arousal of facial primes can modulate liking of Jackson Pollock art crops. In the second experiment, the emphasis was on testing another type of abstract visual stimuli which possess similar low-level image features: statistical fractal noise images.Pollock crops were rated significantly higher when primed with happy faces in contrast to neutral faces, but not differently to the no prime condition. Findings of our study suggest that affective priming with happy faces may be stimulus-specific and may have inadvertent effects on other abstract visual material.

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Low-level pixelated representations suffice for aesthetically pleasing contrast adjustment in photographs

Author(s): Tandra Ghose,Yannik T. H. Schelske,Takeshi Suzuki,Andreas Dengel / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Today’s web-based automatic image enhancement algorithms decide to apply an enhancement operation by searching for “similar” images in an online database of images and then applying the same level of enhancement as the image in the database. Two key bottlenecks in these systems are the storage cost for images and the cost of the search. Based on the principles of computational aesthetics, we consider storing task-relevant aesthetic summaries, a set of features which are sufficient to predict the level at which an image enhancement operation should be performed, instead of the entire image. The empirical question, then, is to ensure that the reduced representation indeed maintains enough information so that the resulting operation is perceived to be aesthetically pleasing to humans.We focus on the contrast adjustment operation, an important image enhancement primitive. We empirically study the efficacy of storing a pixelated summary of the 16 most representative colors of an image and performing contrast adjustments on this representation.We tested two variants of the pixelated image: a “mid-level pixelized version” that retained spatial relationships and allowed for region segmentation and grouping as in the original image and a “low-level pixelized-random version” which only retained the colors by randomly shuffling the 50 x 50 pixels. In an empirical study on 25 human subjects, we demonstrate that the preferred contrast for the low-level pixelized-random image is comparable to the original image even though it retains very few bits and no semantic information, thereby making it ideal for image matching and retrieval for automated contrast editing. In addition, we use an eye tracking study to show that users focus only on a small central portion of the low-level image, thus improving the performance of image search over commonly used computer vision algorithms to determine interesting key points.

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Learning to draw: Does the inversion technique work?

Author(s): Eva Viviani,Nicola Bruno / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Several methods for teaching draftsmanship include exercises based on Edward’s “inversion” technique, the practice of copying from upside-down originals. We tested the technique by asking 40 artistically untrained participants to copy either upright or upside-down drawings of a face or a car. Our results indicate that participants were faster when copying the car in comparison to the face, but not when copying upside-down in comparison to upright images. In addition, they were more accurate in capturing the global proportions of the image in comparison to the local proportions of its parts. However, neither the face nor the car were copied more accurately in the upside-down relative to the right-side up condition. These results provide no evidence that Edward’s inversion technique promotes greater resemblance to the original stimulus image. Implications for the cognitive psychology of drawing and for the pedagogy of the visual arts are discussed

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Can music be figurative? Exploring the possibility of crossmodal similarities between music and visual arts

Author(s): Rossana Actis-Grosso,Carlotta Lega,Alessandro Zani,Olga Daneyko,Zaira Cattaneo,Daniele Zavagno / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

According to both experimental research and common sense, classical music is a better fit for figurative art than jazz. We hypothesize that similar fits may reflect underlying crossmodal structural similarities between music and painting genres. We present two preliminary studies aimed at addressing our hypothesis. Experiment 1 tested the goodness of the fit between two music genres (classical and jazz) and two painting genres (figurative and abstract). Participants were presented with twenty sets of six paintings (three figurative, three abstract) viewed in combination with three sound conditions: 1) silence, 2) classical music, or 3) jazz. While figurative paintings scored higher aesthetic appreciation than abstract ones, a gender effect was also found: the aesthetic appreciation of paintings in male participants was modulated by music genre, whilst music genre did not affect the aesthetic appreciation in female participants. Our results support only in part the notion that classical music enhances the aesthetic appreciation of figurative art. Experiment 2 aimed at testing whether the conceptual categories ‘figurative’ and‘abstract’ can be extended also to music. In session 1, participants were first asked to classify30 paintings (10 abstract, 10 figurative, 10 ambiguous that could fit either category) as abstractor figurative and then to rate them for pleasantness; in session 2 participants were asked to classify 40 excerpts of music (20 classical, 20 jazz) as abstract or figurative and to rate them for pleasantness. Paintings which were clearly abstract or figurative were all classified accordingly, while the majority of ambiguous paintings were classified as abstract. Results also show a gender effect for painting’s pleasantness: female participants rated higher ambiguous and abstract paintings. More interestingly, results show an effect of music genre on classification, showing that it is possible to classify music as figurative or abstract, thus supporting the hypothesis of cross-modal similarities between the two sensory-different artistic expressions

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Affect and self-efficacy infuse the experience of ambivalent photographs

Author(s): Claudia Muth,Sabine Albrecht,Claus-Christian Carbon / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

Ambivalent pictures offer several interpretations of different valence—e.g., some photographs by Claudia Otto document scenes which can be perceived as sad or happy, dangerous or sweet, and so on. We show that task experiences influence the experienced valence of these images. Previous work already documented that responses to images are task-dependent and self-created insights heighten pleasure. A resulting positive mood and high self-efficacy might broaden attention to positive valence. In contrast, low self-efficacy leads to the prediction of negative task experiences and strengthens the salience of a positive experience. In our study, participants rated the valence of ambivalent photographs to be more positive after positive feedback regarding the accomplishment of a precedent puzzle. We revealed a trend of positive feedback being more effective when it followed negative experiences. The experience of ambivalent images is strongly linked to mood and self-efficacy and both is influenced by task experiences in psycho-aesthetic studies.

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Effects of creativity on aesthetic experience

Author(s): Ivan Stojilović / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

It is often neglected that the experience of artwork is a creative act, and one which requires the audience to be creative. This exploratory study aimed to examine whether creative activity and measures of person`s creativity are correlated with the aesthetic experience of paintings. Eighty-two participants rated 21 paintings, including 7 figural traditional paintings,7 semi-abstract works, and 7 abstract works. Participants were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups. One group first created collages and then rated the paintings on five aesthetic preference scales, while the other group first rated the paintings and then created collages. Multilevel regression analysis with two crossed random effects (participants and paintings) was used. Results showed that performing a creative activity prior to rating artwork positively influenced ratings of artwork creativity. In addition, collage creativity was positively correlated with ratings of (semi)abstract paintings as beautiful. It is hypothesized that people become more open to new, unusual experiences, are more flexible and act more freely in their decisions when performing a creative activity, which reflects positively on stronger preferences of paintings.

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A cross-cultural comparison for preference for symmetry: Comparing British and Egyptians non-experts

Author(s): Carole Bode,Mai Helmy,Marco Bertamini / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The aesthetic appeal of symmetry has been noted and discussed by artists, historians and scientists. To what extent this appeal is universal is a difficult question to answer. From a theoretical perspective, cross-cultural comparisons are important, because similarities would support the universality of the response to symmetry. Some pioneering work has focussed on comparisons between Britain and Egypt (Soueif & Eysenck, 1971, 1972), including both experts and naive subjects. These studies confirmed some degree of universal agreement in preferences for simple abstract symmetry. We revisited this comparison after almost half a century. We compared preferences of naïve students in Egypt (n = 200) and Britain (n=200) for 6 different classes of symmetry in novel, abstract stimuli. We used three different measurements of complexity: Gif ratio, Edge length and the average cell size (average blob size, ABS). The results support Soueif & Eysenck’s findings regarding preferences for reflectional and rotational symmetry, however they also throw new light on a greater preference for simplicity in Egyptian participants already noted by Soueif & Eysenck (1971).

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Attractiveness of the female body: Preference for the average or the supernormal?

Author(s): Slobodan Marković / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2017

The main purpose of the present study was to contrast the two hypotheses of female body attractiveness. The first is the “preference-for-the average” hypothesis: the most attractive female body is the one that represents the average body proportions for a given population. The second is the “preference-for-the supernormal” hypothesis: according to the so-called“peak shift effect”, the most attractive female body is more feminine than the average. We investigated the preference for three female body characteristics: waist to hip ratio (WHR), buttocks and breasts. There were 456 participants of both genders. Using a program for computer animation (DAZ 3D) three sets of stimuli were generated (WHR, buttocks and breasts). Each set included six stimuli ranked from the lowest to the highest femininity level. Participants were asked to choose the stimulus within each set which they found most attractive (task 1) and average (task 2). One group of participants judged the body parts that were presented in the global context (whole body), while the other group judged the stimuli in the local context (isolated body parts only). Analyses have shown that the most attractive WHR, buttocks and breasts are more feminine (meaning smaller for WHR and larger for breasts and buttocks) than average ones, for both genders and in both presentation contexts. The effect of gender was obtained only for the most attractive breasts: males prefer larger breasts than females. Finally, most attractive and average WHR and breasts were less feminine in the local than in the global context. These results support the preference for the supernormal hypothesis: all analyses have shown that both male and female participants preferred female body parts which are more feminine than those judged average.

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What does the sensory apparatus do when there is nothing to perceive? The salience of sensory absence

Author(s): Katarzyna Kobos / Language(s): English Issue: 38/2017

This study aims to bring out the explanatory potential of embodied predictionism versus passive feed-forward model of sensory stimulation in the pursuit of a parsimonious naturalist account of sensation as a salient feature and an end point of conscious experience. Theoretical approaches towards sensory experience are tested against specific scenarios of the absence of observable or palpable qualities including but not limited to the thought-experimental phenomenon of negative synesthesia at the conclusion of the argument. . Predictionism is first explored in its own right only to be found insufficient to do justice to the actual mechanism behind full-blown immediate perception. A case is made for the soundness of predictionism reconciled with the doctrine of embodiment.

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VALIDATION OF THE CULTURAL INTELLIGENCE SCALE ON A SERBIAN SAMPLE

Author(s): Jelena Starčević,Danijela Petrović,Darko Komnenić / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2017

This study deals with determining reliability, factorial validity, and convergent-discriminant validity of the Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS) and its subscales on a sample of university students in Serbia (N = 336). The convergent-discriminant validity of the scale and its four subscales are verified by testing the relationship with measures of social and emotional intelligence (Social Skills Inventory), personality (Big Five), and self-assessment of inter-cultural experience. The study results reveal high reliability of the scale and its subscales (.79 ≤ α ≤ .90), and confirm the four-factor structure of the CQS in accordance with the theoretical model that lies in its basis. In addition, the relationships of cultural intelligence measures and measures of other constructs are in line with the expectations. The correlations with measures of social and emotional intelligence are mostly statistically significant, ranging from low to moderate. Deviations from this pattern of correlations are explained by certain characteristics of the Social Skills Inventory, which imply the nature of the components of cultural intelligence at the same time. The CQS and its subscales reach the strongest correlation with Openness (.24 ≤ .r ≤ .41), compared to other basic dimensions of personality, but not to an extent that would suggest that they are indicators of the same construct. The correlations of the CQS and its subscales with the measures of intercultural experience are positive and mostly statistically significant. The results, in general, support the implementation of the CQS for assessment of individual differences in the intercultural interaction in the Serbian population.

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POVEZANOST KREATIVNE PRODUKCIJE I EMOCIONALNOG DOŽIVLJAJA: POSTAJEMO LI KREATIVNIJI POSMATRAJUĆI NOVE NEPRIJATNE SLIKE?

Author(s): Irena Ristić ,Miloš Milošević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2017

Relations between creativity, different dimensions of emotional experience (valence and arousal), familiarity of content, and reaction time were examined in this study. An experiment was conducted with 38 students from the Faculty of Dramatic Arts in Belgrade, in which the International Affective Picture System database (IAPS) was used for construction of visual stimuli samples. Initailly, ten photographs were selected from a database, so that their valence and arousal varied systematically. Students were exposed to the photos and were asked to rate the familiarity of their content. After that, 25 superimposed visual stimuli were prepared by overlapping the ten selected photographs, and presented in the second session when the subjects were asked to generate the best title for each of them, with reaction time being recorded. Creativity of titles was assessed by calculating a coefficient of creativity that was specifically designed for research purposes. Regression analysis revealed that valence and reaction time were very good predictors of creativity (R2 = .70, F = 7.94, p < .05). Valence and creativity were in negative correlation (ß = -.62, t = -2.92, p <.05), while reaction time was a positive predictor of creativity (ß = .64, t = 3.25, p < .05). A factor analysis revealed the three factors that explained 94.51% of variance, of which two were highly loaded with creativity. Results expand insights on the role of emotional experience in creative production suggesting that their connection could be explained by valence and time - variables which underlie two relatively independent processes of creative thinking.

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PROCENE KONKRETNOSTI REČI ZAVISE OD STIMULUSNOG KONTEKSTA

Author(s): Marina Ćirić,Dušica Filipović-Đurđević / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2017

The aim of this research was to establish whether and to what extent the stimulus context affected concreteness ratings. We hypothesized that concreteness ratings of concrete and abstract words would depend on concreteness range of the words that are presented to participants. We, therefore, presented three sepa-rate groups of participants with either a list of concrete nouns, a list of abstract nouns, or a joint list of both concrete and abstract nouns. All participants were given identical instructions and pro-vided concreteness ratings on a seven-point scale. Our results revealed that while concrete nouns were always rated higher on the concreteness scale, the difference between average con-creteness of concrete and abstract words was significantly higher when they were presented jointly compared to a situation when concrete and abstract words were rated separately. Additionally, we recorded the rating latencies. We found that participants were faster when rating words presented in a joint list of both concrete and abstract words, compared to rating either of them separately. Additionally, they were faster when rating concrete nouns com-pared to abstract nouns, with a tendency for this difference to be more pronounced in joint-list rating. Primarily, our results have practical implications for researchers who rely on large psycho-linguistic databases to control for or match stimuli for concrete-ness, as we show that ratings collected in different norming stud-ies might not be directly comparable. From a theoretical point of view, our results point to some differences between concrete and abstract words.

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Word-Embeddings Italian Semantic Spaces: A semantic model for psycholinguistic research

Author(s): Marco Marelli / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2017

Distributional semantics has been for long a source of successful models in psycholinguistics, permitting to obtain semantic estimates for a large number of words in an automatic and fast way. However, resources in this respect remain scarce or limitedly accessible for languages different from English. The present paper describes WEISS (Word-Embeddings Italian Semantic Space), a distributional semantic model based on Italian. WEISS includes models of semantic representations that are trained adopting state-of-the art word-embeddings methods, applying neural networks to induce distributed representations for lexical meanings. The resource is evaluated against two test sets, demonstrating that WEISS obtains a better performance with respect to a baseline encoding word associations. Moreover, an extensive qualitative analysis of the WEISS output provides examples of the model potentialities in capturing several semantic phenomena. Two variants of WEISS are released and made easily accessible via web through the SNAUT graphic interface.

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OBSERVATIONAL STUDY UPON THE THERAPEUTICAL SPACE AS A CO-CREATIVE ACTIVITY.
LIMITATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES IN THE STUDENTS PRACTICE.
„THE NEED ORGANISES THE FIELD” (DAVE MANN)

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OBSERVATIONAL STUDY UPON THE THERAPEUTICAL SPACE AS A CO-CREATIVE ACTIVITY. LIMITATIONS AND PERSPECTIVES IN THE STUDENTS PRACTICE. „THE NEED ORGANISES THE FIELD” (DAVE MANN)

Author(s): Corina Neguț / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2023

The present observational study had developed during my practice with the students and it mostly illustrates the digital -mediated experience relational field. The HERE AND NOW EXPERIENCE, trademark for the Gestalt work, with classical physical coordinates in space and time becomes more of an abstract nature supported by the digital platform. The embodied empathy that is usually involved in the Gestalt work is more cerebral, shared by language-mediated messages. I focus my observation in the way the Aesthetical Relation at distance is built-up priory by tele-senses (as eye-site and listening), living the proximity senses (like touch and smell) a lesser spectrum of involvement. Note: I chose these terms ( eye-site and listening) to emphasize the attention phenomena for seeing and hearing, due to the stream of conscious that we were involved during exercises.In what may concern the Phenomenological field, my practice was to identify Resistantial Mechanisms in coping with Cycle of Experience (the way we meet or fail in fulfilling our needs). Homeostasia vs. Dysfunctional background. Collected data are also presented in the study.

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Aiming-Catching Skills, Manual Dexterity and Spatial Reasoning in Preschool Children: A Moderated Meditation Model

Author(s): Karolina Dworska,Jakub Romaneczko / Language(s): English Issue: 4/2022

In the early years of life, motor skills contribute to the formation of cognitive skills. The aim o the present study (conducted in June 2021) was to determine mutual relationships between motor variables: aiming-catching as well as manual dexterity, and the cognitive variable of spatial reasoning. It was assumed that manual dexterity played a mediating role in the relationship between agility skills and spatial reasoning. A second aim of study was to test the assumption that age played a moderating role in the relationship between manual dexterity and spatial reasoning. The participants were Polish preschool children (N = 83), including 42 boys (100% white race of children from Eastern Poland). The results indicated that manual dexterity mediated the relationship between aiming-catching skills and spatial reasoning. Age as an important moderator of the relationship between manual dexterity and spatial reasoning.

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