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RAYMOND B. CATTELL (1905–1998) I POLA VEKA MULTIVARIJATNE EKSPERIMENTALNE METODOLOGIJE

Author(s): Aleksandar Vasić / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 02/2016

The previous year marked the 110th anniversary of Raymond Bernard Cattell’s (1905-1998) birth, and in this one (2016) nearly half a century has passed since the foundation of The Society for Multivariate Experimental Psychology, issuing the society’s today very influential journal and publishing a comprehensive handbook on multivariate experimental psychology. These represent but a few of Cattell’s contributions to modern psychology. The anniversary is a perfect occasion to take a look back on the work of one of the greatest researchers in the 20th century psychology, the basic principles and concepts of multivariate experimental methodology which Cattell untiringly supported during his entire career. In this paper among the fundamental concepts of multivariate methodology we single out the extending of the conception of experiment, the taxonomy of research designs, distinguishing mathematical and statistical models from the derived measuring models and theoretical models as well as crossvalidation. Some reasons are given as to certain pressing back and losing sight of this significant contribution to modern psychology, which motivated, in that time, Cattell’s sometimes harsh criticism of scientific endeavors. His target, in the first place, concerned psychologists who, uncritically following the example of more developed sciences created some sort of idolatry concerning the so-called methodological traditions. This uncritical acceptance of methodology has been one of the main factors causing inertia in academic circles represented in well-established reviewing practice, teaching process and mentorship of future psychologists within the traditional setting. Despite the ensuing advancement, or, better, survival of multivariate experimental methodology, Cattell’s warnings and criticism concerning the potential dangers of reduction to mathematical and statistical models and their abuse in psychological and related areas of research remains actual.

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The role of local framework luminance range in the Simultaneous Lightness Contrast illusion with double increments

Author(s): Elias Economou / Language(s): English Issue: 2/2015

In double increment Simultaneous Lightness Contrast two equiluminant squares rest on darker backgrounds that differ in luminance. Research on such displays has produced conflicting results as to whether an illusion is observed. Anchoring theory of lightness predicts no illusion with double increment displays. Here we test the hypothesis that an illusion can be predicted if the framework containing the target and the darkest background carries more weight in lightness computations. We tested two displays, one with a general white and one with a general black background. An illusion was obtained only in the first display. These results suggest that an illusion can occur with double increment displays when the global value of the targets differs from their local value, as these conditions allow different local framework weighting to affect the targets’ final lightness. We propose that this parameter be added to the Anchoring Theory.

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Picture surface illusion in parallel perspective

Author(s): John M. Kennedy,Sherief Hammad / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

In the picture-surface illusion, 2D features on the picture’s surface are seen biased towards their 3D referent e.g. an angle of 200 depicting a 900 corner of a cube is seen as 300 . We tested linear and parallel perspective drawings of cubes with cube drawings subtending 50 to 500 . The picture-surface illusion occurs for both parallel and linear perspective drawings, at about equal strength. We argue that the 3D information at work may be the aspect ratio of a quadrilateral depicting the tilt of the cube’s top face.

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On the notion of visual illusions

Author(s): Dejan Todorović / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2014

The usual definitions of illusions, as incorrect perceptions or cases of discrepancies between reality and our perception of reality, have been criticized as inadequate. The reason is that it is not clear how to apply this notion in a number of interesting cases. This paper is an attempt to provide an adequate definition of illusions, appropriate for many classical phenomena usually referred to as illusions.

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The anisotropy of perceived distance – the eyes story

Author(s): Oliver Tošković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2011

The aim of this study is to determine whether the eye position shift changes perceived distance, that is, whether kinesthetic information from eye muscles affects distance perception. Two experiments were done, in a dark room (reduced-cue situation), with 27 participants, psychology undergraduates. Participants had a task to match distances of three stimuli, on three viewing directions, 0, 30 and 60 deg rees relative to the body. Head and body of participants were fixed, and they changed viewing directions only by moving their eyes. Stimuli were 7cm*5cm large, and rectangular in shape. In the first experiment participants were sitting upright, and in the second they were lying on a left side of their body. Results have shown that perceived distance did not change with viewing direction, in both experiments. That is, kinesthetic information from eye muscles did not change perceived distance. Therefore, we can conclude that the anisotropy of perceived distance is not a consequence of the change in kinesthetic information from eye muscles.

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Eye-tracking study of animate objects

Author(s): Vanja Ković,Kim Plunkett,Gert Westermann / Language(s): English Issue: 3/2009

This study involved presentation of animate objects under labelling and non-labelling conditions and examination of participants’ looking pattern across these conditions. Results revealed a surprisingly consistent way in which adults look at the pictures of animate objects. The head/eyes of the animals were a typical region attracting a number of fixations, but also some other parts of animals (e.g. the tail in cats, or the udder in cows and the body in snakes). Furthermore, not only did participants tend to look at similar regions of the pictures of animate objects, but also the looking order to these regions was consistent across participants. However, contrary to the original predictions, these patterns of fixations were similar across the naming and non-naming conditions (‘Look at the !’, ‘Look at the picture!’ and ‘What’s this?’, respectively), which led to the conclusion that participants’ consistency in processing animate objects was not reflecting underlying mental representation evoked by labels, but was rather driven by the structural similarity of animate objects, in particular the presence of a head.

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Važnost vizuelnih i nevizuelnih informacija za anizotropiju opažene daljine

Author(s): Oliver Tošković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 2/2009

The aim of this research was to verify whether perceived distance anisotropy exists even when visual information are available, that is, to examine interaction of non-visual (vestibular and proprioceptive) and visual information in depth perception. An experiment was done in a forest, where there is a large number of equally distributed depth cues. Participants were instructed to equalize the distance of the stimuli towards horizon with the distance of the standard towards zenith. As a stimuli we used paper circles, 30cm in diameter, and participants performed their task from standing and lying position. Results have shown that estimated distances towards horizon were longer than physically identical distances towards zenith, which means that distances towards horizon are being perceived as shorter. Shortenage of perceived distances towards horizon was smaller from lying position. These findings point out significance of vestibular and proprioceptive information on percieved distance anisotropy, regardless of presence of visual information.

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Can deployment of attention be strategically controlled?

Author(s): Marjena Popović,Sunčica Zdravković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2009

The main goal of the experiment was to test whether deployment of attention could be strategically controlled. Subjects viewed five-letter arrays. Each array included a letter unique in shape (i.e. target). One of the letters in each array (target or non-target) also differed from other letters in color or in position in relation to the array. That letter will be referred to as a feature singleton. The probability ratio of the feature singleton being the target or a non-target letter was varied throughout three experiments. The ratios were (1) 0.5 (target) : 0.5 (non-target); (2) 0.2 (target) : 0.8 (non-target); (3) 0.8 (target) : 0.2 (non-target). Subjects in all three experimental conditions deployed serial processes, but failed to maintain complete intentional control during the course of the search.

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Color influences identification of the moving objects more than shape

Author(s): Vesna Vidaković,Sunčica Zdravković / Language(s): English Issue: 1/2009

When people track moving objects, they concentrate on different characteristics. Recent results show that people more often concentrate on spatiotemporal than featural properties of the objects. In other words, location and direction of motion seem to be more informative properties than the stable featural characteristics. This finding contradicts some of our knowledge about cognitive system. Current research was done in attempt to specify the effect of featural characteristics, especially color and shape. In Experiment 1, subjects were asked to track four mobile targets presented with another four moving objects. After the motion has stopped, they had to mark the initial four targets. Our results have shown that participants pay more attention to the featural properties than to spatiotemporal characteristics. Since our task was more difficult than the tasks typically reported in the literature, the results might be interpreted as if the subjects relied mostly on attentional processes. The task in Experiment 2 was made even more difficult: the subjects were asked to direct attention on identity of every target. Consequently, the task demanded more complex cognitive processes and emphasizing effects of featural properties. Results suggest that color and shape does not have the same influences on multiple object tracking, but that color has more significant effect.

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Pokušaj automatizacije vizuelne pretrage iluzornih kontura

Author(s): Vasilije Gvozdenović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2008

Recent research, which was mostly focused on assessing the types of visual search of illusory contours, showed that visual search is dependent on factors like target configuration and task type. Some experimental research supports the theory of parallel search while other research supports the theory of serial search of illusory contours. The inconsistency is most likely due to the fact that various types of illusory contour configurations were used in set creation. Up to this point, our research indicated that the serial search is used in most cases. Some exceptions of search type have been proven in some modification of task type but nevertheless the search profile remained serial. In this article, we are reporting on two visual search experiments. The first experiment was an investigation of a specific feature of a Kanisza type illusory triangle, orientation. The validity of the profile defined in the first experiment was tested in our second experiment with an attempt to automatize the visual search by the multiplication of the initial experimental trials. Our results confirmed that, regardless of the number of experimental trials, the visual search profile remains serial.

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Struktura olfaktornog doživljaja

Author(s): Slobodan Marković,Jelena Vulin / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2008

In this study the structure of olfactory experience was investigated. Olfactory experience was defined by a set of attributes, i.e. elementary dimensions, which were specified empirically using Osgood's Semantic Differential methodology. A set of 42 7-step scales were generated (36 bipolar and 7 monololar scales). 20 subjects judged 10 olfactory stimuli on this set of scales. The stimuli were specified in a preliminary study so as to cover the widest possible range of olfactory experience. Factor analysis with Varimax rotation revealed four factors, i.e. basic dimensions of olfactory experience (1) Affective factor (scales: beautiful, attractive, pleasant, etc), (2) Potency (scales: stable, impressive, strong, sharp, etc), (3) Closeness (scales: natural, warm, close, female, etc) and (4) The gustatory factor (scales: hot, sour, bitter, etc). The results have shown the primacy of Affective factor (circa 43% variance explained) in respect to the other factors (the other three factors in sum explained about 20% of the variance).

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Prepoznavanje identiteta na osnovu pojedinih delova lica

Author(s): Zorica Stevanov,Sunčica Zdravković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2007

Two opposing views dominate face identification literature, one suggesting that the face is processed as a whole and another suggesting analysis based on parts. Our research tried to establish which of these two is the dominant strategy and our results fell in the direction of analysis based on parts. The faces were covered with a mask and the participants were uncovering different parts, one at the time, in an attempt to identify a person. Already at the level of a single facial feature, such as mouth or eye and top of the nose, some observers were capable to establish the identity of a familiar face. Identification is exceptionally successful when a small assembly of facial parts is visible, such as eye, eyebrow and the top of the nose. Some facial parts are not very informative on their own but do enhance recognition when given as a part of such an assembly. Novel finding here is importance of the top of the nose for the face identification. Additionally observers have a preference toward the left side of the face. Typically subjects view the elements in the following order: left eye, left eyebrow, right eye, lips, region between the eyes, right eyebrow, region between the eyebrows, left check, right cheek. When observers are not in a position to see eyes, eyebrows or top of the nose, they go for lips first and then region between the eyebrows, region between the eyes, left check, right cheek and finally chin.

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Mentalna eksploracija distanci na mapama i u realnom prostoru

Author(s): Radmila Stojanović,Sunčica Zdravković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2007

The symbolic distance effect was investigated using both realistic distances and distances represented on the map. The influence of professional orientation and sex on mental visualization was measured. The results showed that an increase of distance leads to an increase in reaction time. The slope for realistic distances was steeper. Male subjects always had longer reaction times, although the effect differs for the two types of distances. Professional orientation did not play a role. The obtained relation between reaction time and distance is a confirmation of theories proposing that mental representations encompass structure and metric characteristics. The confirmed role of the effect of symbolic distance additionally supports Kosslyn’s theory: there is a linear relation between the time and distance.

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Boje i geometrijske forme u kodiranju informacija u procesu rada

Author(s): Svetlana Čizmić,Brankica Župunski / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2006

The aim of the research was to establish the meaning of the colors and geometric shapes in transmitting information in the work process. The sample of 100 students connected 50 situations which could be associated with regular tasks in the work process with 12 colors and 4 geometric forms in previously chosen color. Based on chosen color-geometric shape-situation regulation, the idea of the research was to find out regularities in coding of information and to examine if those regularities can provide meaningful data assigned to each individual code and to explain which codes are better and applicable represents of examined situations.

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Mikrogenetička analiza percepcije skrivenih figura

Author(s): Slobodan Marković,Vasilije Gvozdenović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 1/2006

In this study the phenomenological and processual aspects of the perception of hidden figures were compared. The question was whether the more probable percepts of hidden figures, compared to the less probable percepts, were generated in earlier stages of the perceptual process. In the pilot study the subjects were asked to say what they see in a complex linear pattern. The three most frequent and the three least frequent perceptual descriptions were selected. In the experiment the microgenesis of the perception of hidden figures was investigated. The primed matching paradigm and the same-different task were used. In each experiment two types of test figures were contrasted: the more frequent and the less frequent ones. There were two prime types: identical (equal to test figures) and complex (the pattern with hidden test figures). The prime duration was varied, 50 ms and 400 ms. The main result indicates that in the case of complex priming the more frequent test figures were processed significantly faster than the less frequent ones in both prime duration conditions. These results suggest that the faster the processing of a figure, the more probable the perceptual generation of this figure.

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Mikrogenetička analiza percepcije ahromatskih površina

Author(s): Slobodan Marković,Vasilije Gvozdenović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2004

In this study the microgenesis of transparency perception was investigated. Two intersecting squares were used as a basic stimulus model. Three surfaces was defined: surface which had the shape of capital Greek letter gamma, surface which had the shape of mirrored L and the little square nested between gamma and L. The gray levels of these surfaces were varied, whereas the background was constantly black. The gray levels variation can produce either transparency, spotlight or mosaic perception. All three categories can be described both locally (three juxtaposed surfaces) and globally (two overlapping squares). The primed matching paradigm and the same-different task were used. The global (squares) and the local (gammas or mirrored Ls) test stimuli were given as same or different pairs. There were the two prime types: identical (equal to test stimuli) and perceptual (related to the transparency, spotlight or mosaic). Prime duration were 50 ms and 400 ms, and the ISI was 30 ms. Ten subjects were asked to respond whether the test stimuli are same or different. The main result indicate that the difference in RT between perceptually primed global and local test stimuli is highly significant in both prime duration conditions and for transparency and spotlight patterns, and is marginally significant for mosaic patterns. The difference was such that the global tests were processed faster than the local tests. These results suggest that complex perceptual descriptions (transparency and the spotlight) are generated very early in the perceptual process (50 ms).

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Mikrogenetička analiza percepcije amodalnih kontura

Author(s): Vasilije Gvozdenović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2004

Microgenetic analysis was used to investigate perception of illusory contour figures which represent whole, completed forms on the basis of segmented, incomplete stimulation. The analysis provided an experimental approach to this phenomenon which was standardly investigated phenomenologically. Experimental procedure consisted of two phases: a) priming phase and b) test phase which consisted of visual search task. Two types of visual search tasks were applied: (i) classic detection, in which subjects were detecting presence or absence of the target stimuli and (ii) two-alternative forced choice, 2AFC, in which subjects performed discrimination between two concurrent targets (target A vs. target B). Variation of exposition of prim stimuli was used as an indication of the percept formation period. Concepts like early vision, visual attention and feature binding were investigated. Four experiments were conducted. Their outcome showed that (i) perception of amodal figure requires visual attention, (ii) features binding precedes spatial attention and (iii) time period of percept formation is dependent of task properties and varies between 50 – 150 ms. Some results obtained in this research could be explained by feature-integration theory (Treisman & Gelade, 1980; Treisman, 1986). Furthermore, percept formation period data comply with data acquired in Elliott & Müller's psychophysical research (1998).

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Vrste geometrijskih transformacija i perceptivna sličnost oblika

Author(s): Dragan Rangelov / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 4/2004

In this study it was investigated which of several types of geometrical transformations emerge as dominant principle in grouping forms. It was assumed that forms which have more similar features would be grouped together more often. The stimuli consisted of basic form (O) and its transformation: (T1) rotation; (T2) projection onto horizontal plane; (T3) projection onto vertical plane; (T4) stretching and (T5) twisting. There were two groups of stimuli: (G1) asymmetrical planes and (G2) linear patterns. Stimuli varied in complexity (i.e. number of lines they contain): (S1) four; (S2) five and (S3) six. The sets of stimuli were created given by formula O-Tm-Tn. Subjects were asked to choose which of the stimuli from the set doesn’t go along with others. Results showed that the stimuli would be grouped together more often if they had more common features. These results were obtained for both groups of stimuli and all levels of complexity.

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Amodalno kompletiranje poluzaklonjenih figura: Efekat orijentacije konture

Author(s): Slobodan Marković,Vasilije Gvozdenović / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2003

In present study the temporal dimension of amodal completion in visual occlusion was investigated. We supposed that the visual system prefers to complete normally (vertically-horizontally) oriented contours than the oblique ones. Using the prime-matching paradigm we investigated the strength of amodal primes effects on processing speed of relating test figures. Both, prime and test stimuli were presented in normal and oblique (45o ) orientations. The primes were pairs of identical figures: CC (truncked squares), SS (hexagons) and AA (amodal patterns: circle occludes either amodal C or amodal S). Temporal distribution of stimuli: prime 400ms, ISIs 20ms and test figures until response. Test figures were the “same” pairs, CC and SS, and the “different” pairs, SC and CS. Each “same” test figures had its identical prime (CC => CC or SS => SS) and its amodal prime (AA => CC and AA => SS). The subjects were asked to answer wether the figures in test stimuli were same or different. The “same” RTs were analysed. The effect of amodal prime was systematically weaker (longer RT) than the effect of identical primes. Orientation was not significant factor. The significant partial interaction prime x orientation was obtained for C test figures: the effect of amodal prime was closer to effect of identical prime when the contour was normally oriented. In the case of S test figures the interaction was not obtained. We concluded that the more symmetric test figure (S) was resistent to the prime effect.

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Opažanje dubine u pokretnim dvodimenzionalnim stimulusima

Author(s): Sunčica Zdravković / Language(s): Serbian Issue: 3/2003

Depth perception is one of the oldest and most intriguing problems in visual perception. This paper presents four sets of experiments in which the depth effect is induced by motion. Geometrical model depicting amodal percept, created by two mobile dots, was tested in the first two sets of experiments. The dots were presented on a CRT screen and the percept was quantified. The length and the angle of inclination were measured. Four factors were varied in the experiments: 1) length of an amodal rod, 2) its angle of inclination, 3) shape of the rod’s paths and 4) angle of inclination of the plains which contained the paths. All of the factors were statistically significant confirming proposed geometrical model. A full mobile line was a stimulus in the other two sets of experiments. The end points of the line moved on the same paths as the mobile dots from the first two sets of experiments. According to geometry the line should not provide more information than the mobile dots. Nevertheless perceptually the line and the dots were not identical: there was a significant difference on all four varied factors. Consequently the geometrical model cannot be applied to this type of stimuli.

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