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Индивидуални различия при вземане на решения

Author(s): Georgi Karastoyanov / Language(s): Bulgarian

The monograph attempts to provide an empirically grounded answer to a number of discussional scientific issues related to individual decision-making differences by building a comprehensive conceptual model and constructing a specifically selected toolbox as a prerequisite for creating an empirically validated methodology in the field of research of individual differences in decision-making. Original empirical results have been obtained confirming that the style of decision-making is not identical to cognitive style (nor is it a subset, but contains a cognitive component that does not exhaust any of the styles) and is related to mental self-regulation due to individual differences, generated by the ways of satisfying the hedonistic motif (regulatory focus and fashion), the need to control excitement (stress control), and the need for connectivity and increased self-esteem. These results are a prerequisite for the further development of individual decision-making research as well as the decision-making theory itself, because it allows for a fuller consideration of individual differences and their interaction with the characteristics of the situation and the problem that is being solved.The methodological basis of the study is the cognitive survival theory of Seymour Epstein. The results and theoretical summaries obtained empirically confirm the validity of the global personality theory that has the potential to explain new scientific problems, incorporating private theories such as E. Tory Higgins' motivational theory and Mark R. Leary's sociometric mechanism.

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Experiences, Choice and Well-Being: An Economics of Psychological Energy

Author(s): David Allen Axelrod / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

This paper proposes an economic model of psychological energy used toward the production of experiences. A review of ideas at the nexus of economics and psychology, and how they lead to the thesis of this paper, is presented. A simple mathematical economic model is developed, with two main uses of psychological energy toward well-being. These are the generation of impressions (inward experiences that are sense-like) and expression (outward experiences that are action-like). Choosing is understood as investing energy to change the probabilities of an outcome. The model optimizes energy use between intensity of impressions and capacity for expression. For a fixed energy level, as experiential intensity increases resources are substituted out of decision making and implementation, leading to choices of lower utility. If the material losses are substantial during an experience, the share of psychological energy used to modify impressions will increase, and away from influencing seemingly random external outcomes. Over multiple periods, this generates a feedback loop where the person feels increasingly disempowered, and thus less concerned about making better choices. This feedback loop can be stopped by an external entity providing sufficient resources for the person to experience greater expression.

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Taste Preference Differences in Juvenile Delinquency

Author(s): Ligiana Mihaela Petre,Alina Atalay / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Smart food policy models for improving dietary intake recommend tailoring intervention to people's food preference. Food choice plays a major role in the psychological, economic, and social aspects of life by expressing preferences, identities, and cultural meaning. Poor health behavior has been associated with delinquency and antisocial personality features have been associated with taste preferences. The purpose of this study was to identify the taste preferences differences between non-delinquent and delinquent population. PrefQuest (PQ) was used for measuring food preferences. 56 participants were included. The results show a statistically significant difference (18.03) between experimental (n=21, M=158.13, SD=30.89) and control groups (n=35, M=176.17, SD=31.19) related to sweet taste preferences, t (54)=2.10, p=0.040, 95% CI [.82, 35.23] and a statistically significant difference (29.30) between experimental (n=21, M=195.13, SD=50.84) and control groups (n=35, M=224.46, SD=47.78) regarding to sweet & fatty taste preferences, t(54)=2.16, p=0.035, 95% CI [2.21, 56.38]. There were no statistically significant differences between control and experimental groups related to salty and salty & fatty taste preferences. The findings could bring a novel insight into the crime prevention strategy based on improving eating behavior, which may contribute to booster the health of the young people with the added benefit of reducing delinquency. Efforts to control delinquency should consider that the adequate emotional reward offered by the food, as an identity and social marker, could be a pathway to psychological rehabilitation in juvenile delinquency.

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Increasing Self-Confidence in Students from Different Universities through Exercises in Body Technique and Dance Therapy

Author(s): Vlad Teodor Grosu,Hanna Vari,Mircea-Nicolae Ordean,Gheorghe Balint,Radu Adrian Rozsnyai,Emilia Florina Grosu / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Objectives of this article refer to ways to increase self-confidence in students from different universities in Transylvania manifested by the values of self-depreciation, infatuation and self-esteem. These are realized through the use of complex exercises on music in the form of dance-therapy and body technique.Purpose: elaboration of an action strategy to modify the self-depreciation, self-esteem, infatuation.Hypothesis: by introducing the exercises of body technique and dance-therapy, the aim is to modify the components of the ASSI psychological test: self-depreciation, infatuation and self-esteemMaterial and Methods: statistical processing was performed with the program Stats Direct v.2.7.2. The graphical representation of the results was done with the Excel application (from the Microsoft Office 2010 package). The tests used are: ASSI and an intervention program based on exercises in body technique and dance therapy.The subjects participating in the experiment with a duration of 6 months by 200 students at the Technical University Cluj-Napoca, and the extension from Baia-Mare and from the Academy of Music "Gheorghe Dima" from Cluj-Napoca.The period: of development was between October 2019 and March 2020.The results: of this study are due to the intervention program through exercises in body technique and dance therapy performed by the experimental group compared to the control group. In the case of A-SN it is a good correlation but of the opposite direction, which means that if (A) self-depreciation decreases then (SN) self-esteem increases. In the case of I-SN it is an acceptable correlation and of the same meaning, which means that if (I) the infatuation increases and (SN) the self-esteem increases, were observed statistically significantly significant differences between the two times (p <0.001).Conclusions: Statistically significant differences were observed in the indicators of the ASSI tests (self-depreciation, self-esteem, infatuation) which indicates, that our intervention program in the preliminary study had a positive and measurable impact on students in terms of improving self-depreciation and infatuation, as well as increasing self-esteem.

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Modulating effects of acute stress on cognitive flexibility in semantic search paradigms

Author(s): Drahomír Michalko,Anton Kováč,Martin Marko / Language(s): English Publication Year: 0

Both semantic fluency and remote associates test (RAT) are believed to load on cognitive flexibility to some extent. We hypothesized that overall performance on remote associates test (in our study: concept access test – CAT) will be related to switching component of semantic fluency, which is believed to reflect cognitive flexibility, but not to clustering component that represents automatic retrieval of closely related concepts. To further investigate these relationships a between-subject experiment was conducted where we utilized a hybrid stress protocol similar to Trier Social Stress Test with physiological measures of electrodermal activity (EDA) and psychological measures of state anxiety STAI-X1. We didn’t observed significant correlation between switching and CAT. Clustering was weakly related to CAT after controlling for shared variance with EDA. We observed weak negative relationship between overall CAT performance and EDA. Switching component was significantly higher in experimental (stress) group than in controls. Clustering was more effective in control group than i n experimental. R esults s uggest t hat CAT/RAT p erformance might t o some degree depend on relatively automatic search processes with low requirements on cognitive control rather than on willful processes reflected in switching. Distinct types of search strategies in semantic fluency test and RAT paradigms are also discussed with attempts to interpret different modulating effects of acute stress on their performance.

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